Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Family Violence 4/2007

01-05-2007 | Original Article

Early Exposure to Violence in the Family of Origin and Positive Attitudes towards Marital Violence: Chinese Immigrant Male Batterers vs. Controls

Authors: Xiaochun Jin, Morris Eagle, Marianne Yoshioka

Published in: Journal of Family Violence | Issue 4/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

This study examined self-reported early exposure to violence in the family of origin and positive attitudes towards marital violence as risk factors in court-referred Chinese immigrant male batterers (N = 64) versus controls (N = 62). Early exposure to violence was positively correlated with marital violence, but it alone did not differentiate the batterers from the controls, as both groups were widely exposed to it. While it was significantly correlated with marital violence in the batterer group, it was significantly correlated with depression in the control group. Positive attitudes towards marital violence were not only correlated with marital violence but also sufficient to differentiate the batterers from the controls. It also partially mediated the effect of early exposure to violence on marital violence. These two risk factors together accounted for 21.9% of the variance in marital violence over and above sociodemographic variables and marital dissatisfaction. Research and treatment implications based on these findings were outlined.
Footnotes
1
Copyright © 1998 by The Psychological Corporation, a Harcourt Assessment Company. Chinese translation copyright © 2001 by The Psychological corporation, a Harcourt Assessment Company. Translated, adapted, and reproduced by permission. All rights reserved.
 
2
Beck Depression Inventory, Short Form is copyrighted by Aaron T. Beck, M.D. All rights reserved.
 
3
We would like to thank Patrick Ross, Ph.D., for directing us to this simple way of examining the mediating effect among our three variables.
 
4
We chose part correlation, because by squaring the part correlation coefficients, our results would be identical to the results from testing three separate regression equations as recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986).
 
Literature
go back to reference Abraham, K. (1948). Notes on psychoanalytic investigation and treatment of manic-depressive insanity and applied conditions. In Selected papers of Karl Abraham, M.D. (D. Bryan & A. Strachey, Trans.). London: Hogarth. Original work published 1911. Abraham, K. (1948). Notes on psychoanalytic investigation and treatment of manic-depressive insanity and applied conditions. In Selected papers of Karl Abraham, M.D. (D. Bryan & A. Strachey, Trans.). London: Hogarth. Original work published 1911.
go back to reference Bandura, A. (1979). The social learning perspective: Mechanisms of aggression. In H. Toch (Ed.), Psychology of crime and criminal justice (pp. 298–336). New York: Holt, Rihehart and Winston. Bandura, A. (1979). The social learning perspective: Mechanisms of aggression. In H. Toch (Ed.), Psychology of crime and criminal justice (pp. 298–336). New York: Holt, Rihehart and Winston.
go back to reference Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Beck, A. T., & Beck, R. W. (1972). Screening depressed patients in family practice. Postgraduate Medicine, 52(6), 81–85.PubMed Beck, A. T., & Beck, R. W. (1972). Screening depressed patients in family practice. Postgraduate Medicine, 52(6), 81–85.PubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. E., & Erbaugh, J. K. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.PubMed Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. E., & Erbaugh, J. K. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.PubMed
go back to reference Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace. Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace.
go back to reference Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., et al. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136.PubMed Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., et al. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136.PubMed
go back to reference Dibble, U., & Straus, M. A. (1980). Some social structure determinants of inconsistency between attitudes and behavior: The case of family violence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 71–80.CrossRef Dibble, U., & Straus, M. A. (1980). Some social structure determinants of inconsistency between attitudes and behavior: The case of family violence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 71–80.CrossRef
go back to reference Doe, S. S. (2000). Cultural factors in child maltreatment and domestic violence in Korea. Children and Youth Services Review, 22, 231–236.CrossRef Doe, S. S. (2000). Cultural factors in child maltreatment and domestic violence in Korea. Children and Youth Services Review, 22, 231–236.CrossRef
go back to reference Drabman, R. S., & Thomas, M. H. (1974). Does media violence increase children’s tolerance of real-life aggression? Developmental Psychology, 10, 418–421.CrossRef Drabman, R. S., & Thomas, M. H. (1974). Does media violence increase children’s tolerance of real-life aggression? Developmental Psychology, 10, 418–421.CrossRef
go back to reference Dutton, D. G., & Hart, S. D. (1992). Evidence for long-term, specific effects of childhood abuse and neglect on criminal behavior in men. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 36, 129–137.CrossRef Dutton, D. G., & Hart, S. D. (1992). Evidence for long-term, specific effects of childhood abuse and neglect on criminal behavior in men. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 36, 129–137.CrossRef
go back to reference Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. G. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 741–753.PubMedCrossRef Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. G. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 741–753.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense (C. Baines, Trans.). New York: International Universities. Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense (C. Baines, Trans.). New York: International Universities.
go back to reference Freud, S. (1957). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Rickman (Ed.), A general selection from the works of Sigmund Freud. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Original work published in 1917. Freud, S. (1957). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Rickman (Ed.), A general selection from the works of Sigmund Freud. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Original work published in 1917.
go back to reference Funk, J. B., Baldacci, H. B., Pasold, T., & Baumgardner, J. (2004). Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: Is there desensitization? Journal of Adolescence, 27, 23–39.PubMedCrossRef Funk, J. B., Baldacci, H. B., Pasold, T., & Baumgardner, J. (2004). Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: Is there desensitization? Journal of Adolescence, 27, 23–39.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579.PubMedCrossRef Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gordon, M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion and national origins. New York: Oxford University Press. Gordon, M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion and national origins. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Ho, D. Y. F. (1986). Chinese patterns of socialization: A critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 1–37). New York: Oxford University Press. Ho, D. Y. F. (1986). Chinese patterns of socialization: A critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 1–37). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Bates, L., Smutzler, N., & Sandin, E. (1997a). A brief review of the research on husband violence (Part I: Maritally violent versus nonviolent men). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2, 65–99.CrossRef Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Bates, L., Smutzler, N., & Sandin, E. (1997a). A brief review of the research on husband violence (Part I: Maritally violent versus nonviolent men). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2, 65–99.CrossRef
go back to reference Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Smutzler, N., & Bates, L. (1997b). A brief review of the research on husband violence (Part III: Sociodemographic factors, relationship factors, and differing consequences of husband and wife violence). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 285–307.CrossRef Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Smutzler, N., & Bates, L. (1997b). A brief review of the research on husband violence (Part III: Sociodemographic factors, relationship factors, and differing consequences of husband and wife violence). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 285–307.CrossRef
go back to reference Hotaling, G. T., & Sugarman, D. B. (1986). An analysis of risk markers in husband to wife violence: The current state of knowledge. Violence and Victims, 1, 101–124.PubMed Hotaling, G. T., & Sugarman, D. B. (1986). An analysis of risk markers in husband to wife violence: The current state of knowledge. Violence and Victims, 1, 101–124.PubMed
go back to reference Hudson, W. W. (1982). The clinical measurement package: A field manual. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press. Hudson, W. W. (1982). The clinical measurement package: A field manual. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
go back to reference Kalmuss, D. D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and Family, 46, 11–19.CrossRef Kalmuss, D. D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and Family, 46, 11–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Kaufman, J., & Zigler, E. (1993). The intergenerational transmission of abuse is overstated. In R. J. Gells & D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 209–221). London: Sage. Kaufman, J., & Zigler, E. (1993). The intergenerational transmission of abuse is overstated. In R. J. Gells & D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 209–221). London: Sage.
go back to reference Kaufman Kantor, G., Jasinski, J. L., & Aldarondo, E. (1994). Sociocultural status and incidence of marital violence in Hispanic families. Violence and Victims, 9, 207–222. Kaufman Kantor, G., Jasinski, J. L., & Aldarondo, E. (1994). Sociocultural status and incidence of marital violence in Hispanic families. Violence and Victims, 9, 207–222.
go back to reference Kraus, S. (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: Meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58–75.CrossRef Kraus, S. (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: Meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58–75.CrossRef
go back to reference MacEwen, K. E., & Barling, J. (1988). Multiple stressors, violence in the family of origin, and marital aggression: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Family Violence, 3, 73–87.CrossRef MacEwen, K. E., & Barling, J. (1988). Multiple stressors, violence in the family of origin, and marital aggression: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Family Violence, 3, 73–87.CrossRef
go back to reference O’Leary, K. D., & Curley, A. D. (1986). Assertion and family violence: Correlates of spouse abuse. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12, 281–289. O’Leary, K. D., & Curley, A. D. (1986). Assertion and family violence: Correlates of spouse abuse. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12, 281–289.
go back to reference O’Leary, K. D., Malone, J., & Tyree, A. (1994). Physical aggression in early marriage: Prerelationship and relationship effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 594–602.PubMedCrossRef O’Leary, K. D., Malone, J., & Tyree, A. (1994). Physical aggression in early marriage: Prerelationship and relationship effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 594–602.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rosenbaum, A., & O’Leary, K. D. (1981). Marital violence: Characteristics of abusive of abusive couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 63–71.PubMedCrossRef Rosenbaum, A., & O’Leary, K. D. (1981). Marital violence: Characteristics of abusive of abusive couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 63–71.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49–65.PubMedCrossRef Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49–65.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Saunders, D. G., Lynch, A. B., Grayson, M., & Linz, D. (1987). The inventory of beliefs about wife beating: The construction and initial validation of a measure of beliefs and attitudes. Violence and Victims, 2, 39–57.PubMed Saunders, D. G., Lynch, A. B., Grayson, M., & Linz, D. (1987). The inventory of beliefs about wife beating: The construction and initial validation of a measure of beliefs and attitudes. Violence and Victims, 2, 39–57.PubMed
go back to reference Schafer, J., Caetano, R., & Cunradi, C. B. (2004). A path model of risk factors for intimate partner violence among couples in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 127–142.PubMedCrossRef Schafer, J., Caetano, R., & Cunradi, C. B. (2004). A path model of risk factors for intimate partner violence among couples in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 127–142.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schumacher, J. A., Feldbau-Kohn, S., Slep, A. M. S., & Heyman, R. E. (2001). Risk factors for male-to-female partner physical abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 281–352.CrossRef Schumacher, J. A., Feldbau-Kohn, S., Slep, A. M. S., & Heyman, R. E. (2001). Risk factors for male-to-female partner physical abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 281–352.CrossRef
go back to reference Snyder, M., & DeBono, K. G. (1989). Understanding the functions of attitudes: Lessons from personality and social behavior. In A. R. Pratkanis & S. J. Breckler, et al. (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 339–359). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Snyder, M., & DeBono, K. G. (1989). Understanding the functions of attitudes: Lessons from personality and social behavior. In A. R. Pratkanis & S. J. Breckler, et al. (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 339–359). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Stith, S. M., & Farley, S. C. (1993). A predictive model of male spousal violence. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 183–201.CrossRef Stith, S. M., & Farley, S. C. (1993). A predictive model of male spousal violence. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 183–201.CrossRef
go back to reference Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88.CrossRef Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88.CrossRef
go back to reference Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (1986). Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 465–479.CrossRef Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (1986). Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 465–479.CrossRef
go back to reference Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1980). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. New York: Anchor. Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1980). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. New York: Anchor.
go back to reference Tang, C. S. (1994). Prevalence of spouse aggression in Hong Kong. Journal of Family Violence, 9, 347–356.CrossRef Tang, C. S. (1994). Prevalence of spouse aggression in Hong Kong. Journal of Family Violence, 9, 347–356.CrossRef
go back to reference White, H. R., & Widom, C. S. (2003). Intimate partner violence among abused and neglected children in young adulthood: The mediating effects of early aggression, antisocial personality, hostility and alcohol problems. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 332–345.CrossRef White, H. R., & Widom, C. S. (2003). Intimate partner violence among abused and neglected children in young adulthood: The mediating effects of early aggression, antisocial personality, hostility and alcohol problems. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 332–345.CrossRef
go back to reference Widow, C. S. (1997). Child abuse, neglect, and witnessing violence. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 159–170). New York: Wiley. Widow, C. S. (1997). Child abuse, neglect, and witnessing violence. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 159–170). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Yick, A. G. (2000). Predictors of physical spousal/intimate violence in Chinese American families. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 249–267.CrossRef Yick, A. G. (2000). Predictors of physical spousal/intimate violence in Chinese American families. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 249–267.CrossRef
go back to reference Yoshioka, M. R. (2000). The family violence report: A study of Cambodian, Chinese, Korean, South Asian, and Vietnamese communities in Massachusetts. Boston, MA: The Asian Task Force against Domestic Violence. Yoshioka, M. R. (2000). The family violence report: A study of Cambodian, Chinese, Korean, South Asian, and Vietnamese communities in Massachusetts. Boston, MA: The Asian Task Force against Domestic Violence.
Metadata
Title
Early Exposure to Violence in the Family of Origin and Positive Attitudes towards Marital Violence: Chinese Immigrant Male Batterers vs. Controls
Authors
Xiaochun Jin
Morris Eagle
Marianne Yoshioka
Publication date
01-05-2007
Published in
Journal of Family Violence / Issue 4/2007
Print ISSN: 0885-7482
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2851
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9073-3

Other articles of this Issue 4/2007

Journal of Family Violence 4/2007 Go to the issue