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Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10/2013

01-10-2013 | Retinal Disorders

Disruption of the human cone photoreceptor mosaic from a defect in NR2E3 transcription factor function in young adults

Authors: Sung Pyo Park, In Hwan Hong, Stephen H. Tsang, Winston Lee, Jason Horowitz, Suzanne Yzer, Rando Allikmets, Stanley Chang

Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology | Issue 10/2013

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Abstract

Background

Enhanced S-cone syndrome is an orphan disease caused by mutations in the NR2E3 gene which result in an increased number of S-cones overpopulating the retina. Although the characteristic onset of enhanced S-cone syndrome can be well-documented by current ophthalmic imaging modalities, techniques such as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) fail to provide sufficient details regarding the microstructure of photoreceptors in retinal diseases. Adaptive optics (AO) provides a unique opportunity to analyze the effects of genetic mutations on photoreceptors by compensating aberrations of human eyes.

Methods

Three eyes of three young adults with enhanced S-cone syndrome were studied by clinical examination, genetic screening, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, SD-OCT, and electroretinography (ERG). Cone mosaic imaging was accomplished by an AO-SLO equipped with a dual crystal on silicon spatial light modulator. Qualitative image analyses and genetic findings were investigated in each patient.

Results

The diagnosis of patients was confirmed by ERG finding. Genetic screening confirmed the presence of two disease-causing mutations in the NR2E3 gene in each study patient, as well as identified a novel mutation (202 A > G, S68G). Fundus photograph, FAF, and SD-OCT found rosette-like lesion within the mid-periphery along the vascular arcades of the retina. In all AO-SLO images of patients, sparse distribution and asymmetric size of cone mosaic pattern were found within central retina. There were regions of dark space between groups of photoreceptors, distinguishable from shadowing and artifacts.

Conclusions

AO-SLO provided an in-depth window into the retina of live enhanced S-cone syndrome patients beyond the ability of other current imaging modalities. Dark lesions within the central retina in each patient contain structurally dysfunctional cones which account for retinal mosaic disorganization, and may predispose affected areas to other abnormalities such as rosette lesions. AO-SLO can be an efficient diagnostic tool in clinics for examining cellular-level pathologies in various retinal dystrophies.
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Metadata
Title
Disruption of the human cone photoreceptor mosaic from a defect in NR2E3 transcription factor function in young adults
Authors
Sung Pyo Park
In Hwan Hong
Stephen H. Tsang
Winston Lee
Jason Horowitz
Suzanne Yzer
Rando Allikmets
Stanley Chang
Publication date
01-10-2013
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology / Issue 10/2013
Print ISSN: 0721-832X
Electronic ISSN: 1435-702X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-013-2296-5

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