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Open Access 01-12-2016

Discordant CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA in patients with unexplained low-level viraemia

Authors: Sam Nightingale, Anna Maria Geretti, Apostolos Beloukas, Martin Fisher, Alan Winston, Laura Else, Mark Nelson, Stephen Taylor, Andrew Ustianowski, Jonathan Ainsworth, Richard Gilson, Lewis Haddow, Edmund Ong, Victoria Watson, Clifford Leen, Jane Minton, Frank Post, Munir Pirmohamed, Tom Solomon, Saye Khoo

Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology | Issue 6/2016

Abstract

The central nervous system has been proposed as a sanctuary site where HIV can escape antiretroviral control and develop drug resistance. HIV-1 RNA can be at higher levels in CSF than plasma, termed CSF/plasma discordance. We aimed to examine whether discordance in CSF is associated with low level viraemia (LLV) in blood. In this MRC-funded multicentre study, we prospectively recruited patients with LLV, defined as one or more episode of unexplained plasma HIV-1 RNA within 12 months, and undertook CSF examination. Separately, we prospectively collected CSF from patients undergoing lumbar puncture for a clinical indication. Patients with durable suppression of viraemia and no evidence of CNS infection were identified as controls from this group. Factors associated with CSF/plasma HIV-1 discordance overall were examined. One hundred fifty-three patients were recruited across 13 sites; 40 with LLV and 113 undergoing clinical lumbar puncture. Seven of the 40 (18 %) patients with LLV had CSF/plasma discordance, which was significantly more than 0/43 (0 %) with durable suppression in blood from the clinical group (p = 0.005). Resistance associated mutations were shown in six CSF samples from discordant patients with LLV (one had insufficient sample for testing), which affected antiretroviral therapy at sampling in five. Overall discordance was present in 20/153 (13 %) and was associated with nadir CD4 but not antiretroviral concentrations in plasma or CSF. CSF/plasma discordance is observed in patients with LLV and is associated with antiretroviral resistance associated mutations in CSF. The implications for clinical practice require further investigation.

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Title: Discordant CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA in patients with unexplained low-level viraemia
Authors: Sam Nightingale
Anna Maria Geretti
Apostolos Beloukas
Martin Fisher
Alan Winston
Laura Else
Mark Nelson
Stephen Taylor
Andrew Ustianowski
Jonathan Ainsworth
Richard Gilson
Lewis Haddow
Edmund Ong
Victoria Watson
Clifford Leen
Jane Minton
Frank Post
Munir Pirmohamed
Tom Solomon
Saye Khoo
Publication date: 01-12-2016
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology / Issue 6/2016
Print ISSN: 1355-0284
Electronic ISSN: 1538-2443
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-016-0448-1

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Discordant CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA in patients with unexplained low-level viraemia

Abstract

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