Tissue Doppler sonographic assessment of diaphragmatic excursion kinetics is depicted in Fig. 1. At bedside, with patient in 30°-semi-recumbent position, using an ultrasound machine equipped with a sectorial (1.8–4.2 MHz) probe and a dedicated cardiac tissue Doppler application (Xario 200, Canon Medical System, Europe), on the right side, the transducer is positioned between midclavicular and anterior axillary lines, and medially, cranially, and dorsally oriented to find the hepatic veins confluence into inferior vena cava. With the ultrasound beam perpendicularly directed towards diaphragmatic line and the tissue Doppler application working, diaphragmatic image is optimized reducing gain and excluding high-frequency signals. Pulsed Doppler cursor with max amplitude sample box is perpendicularly positioned on diaphragmatic line to acquire its excursion. Thus, inspiratory and expiratory mean and peak velocity, acceleration (from diaphragmatic displacement onset to peak velocity), and excursion (velocity integral over time) are acquired.