Top

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Published in:

01-10-2010

Depression and Anxiety as Possible Mediators of the Association Between Smoking and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Authors: Gilat L. Grunau, Pamela A. Ratner, Shahadut Hossain, Joy L. Johnson

Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction | Issue 4/2010

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between depression and anxiety and adolescents’ smoking status, and to determine whether depression or anxiety mediate the association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and smoking. A cross-sectional survey of tobacco use was conducted in regional school districts located outside the Greater Vancouver area of British Columbia, Canada. The sample included 6,943 students. Having taken medications for depression, anxiety, or ADHD; ethnicity/race; and parental, peer, and sibling smoking status were significantly associated with smoking status. ADHD was significantly associated with depression and anxiety. In multivariate analysis, although depression/anxiety and ADHD were found to be significant correlates of regular smoking when each variable was independently included in a multinomial logistic regression model, ADHD did not remain significant when it was included with depression/anxiety. Depression and anxiety may mediate the relationship between ADHD and smoking.

Brook, J. S., Duan, T., Zhang, C., Cohen, P. R., & Brook, D. W. (2008). The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence and smoking in adulthood. American Journal on Addictions, 17(1), 54–59.CrossRefPubMed

Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. (2001). Which aspects of ADHD are associated with tobacco use in early adolescence? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(4), 493–502.CrossRefPubMed

Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., White, H. R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Pardini, D. A. (2007). Inattention as a key predictor of tobacco use in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(2), 249–259.CrossRefPubMed

Center for Disease Control. (2008a). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/default.htm. Date Accessed: September 16, 2008.

Center for Disease Control. (2008b). What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/what.htm. Date Accessed: September 16, 2008.

Dudas, R. B., Hans, K., & Barabas, K. (2005). Anxiety, depression and smoking in schoolchildren—implications for smoking prevention. Journal of the Royal Society of Health, 125(2), 87–92.CrossRef

Elkins, I. J., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2007). Prospective effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and sex on adolescent substance use and abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(10), 1145–1152.CrossRefPubMed

Fuemmeler, B. F., Kollins, S. H., & McClernon, F. J. (2007). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms predict nicotine dependence and progression to regular smoking from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(10), 1203–1213.CrossRefPubMed

Goodman, E., & Capitman, J. (2000). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics, 106(4), 748–755.CrossRefPubMed

Hutchinson, P. J., Richardson, C. G., & Bottoroff, J. L. (2008). Emergent cigarette smoking, correlations with depression and interest in cessation among Aboriginal adolescents in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 99, 418–422.PubMed

Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., MacLean, C. J., Heath, A. C., Eaves, L. J., & Kessler, R. C. (1993). Smoking and major depression. A causal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(1), 36–43.PubMed

Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Papandonatos, G., Kazura, A., Stanton, C., & Niaura, R. (2002). Differentiating stages of smoking intensity among adolescents: stage-specific psychological and social influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 998–1009.CrossRefPubMed

Milberger, S., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Chen, L., & Jones, J. (1997). ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(1), 37–44.CrossRefPubMed

Munafo, M. R., Hitsman, B., Rende, R., Metcalfe, C., & Niaura, R. (2008). Effects of progression to cigarette smoking on depressed mood in adolescents: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Addiction, 103(1), 162–171.CrossRefPubMed

Okoli, C. T. C., Richardson, C. G., Ratner, P. A., & Johnson, J. L. (2008). An examination of the smoking identities and taxonomies of smoking behaviour of youth. Tobacco Control, 17, 151–158.CrossRefPubMed

Patton, G. C., Carlin, J. B., Coffey, C., Wolfe, R., Hibbert, M., & Bowes, G. (1998). Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. American Journal of Public Health, 88(10), 1518–1522.CrossRefPubMed

Richardson, C. G., Johnson, J. L., Ratner, P. A., Zumbo, B. D., Bottorff, J. L., Shoveller, J. A., et al. (2007). Validation of the dimensions of tobacco dependence scale for adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 32(7), 1498–1504.CrossRefPubMed

Schimert, J., Schafer, J. L., Hesterberg, T., Fraley, C., & Clarkson, D. (2001). Analyzing data with missing values in S-PLUS. Retrieved from http://www.msi.co.jp/splus/support/download/missing.pdf. Date Accessed: January 15, 2008.

Steuber, T. L., & Danner, F. (2006). Adolescent smoking and depression: which comes first? Addictive Behaviors, 31(1), 133–136.CrossRefPubMed

Tercyak, K. P., Lerman, C., & Audrain, J. (2002). Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms with levels of cigarette smoking in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(7), 799–805.CrossRefPubMed

Tu, A. W., Ratner, P. A., & Johnson, J. L. (2008). Gender differences in the correlates of adolescents’ cannabis use. Substance Use and Misuse, 43, 1438–1463.CrossRefPubMed

Whalen, C. K., Jamner, L. D., Henker, B., Delfino, R. J., & Lozano, J. M. (2002). The ADHD spectrum and everyday life: experience sampling of adolescent moods, activities, smoking, and drinking. Child Development, 73(1), 209–227.CrossRefPubMed

Whalen, C. K., Jamner, L. D., Henker, B., Gehricke, J. G., & King, P. S. (2003). Is there a link between adolescent cigarette smoking and pharmacotherapy for ADHD? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(4), 332–335.CrossRefPubMed

Wilens, T. E., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Gunawardene, S. (2003). Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 111(1), 179–185.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Depression and Anxiety as Possible Mediators of the Association Between Smoking and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Gilat L. Grunau
Pamela A. Ratner
Shahadut Hossain
Joy L. Johnson
Publication date: 01-10-2010
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction / Issue 4/2010
Print ISSN: 1557-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1882
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9244-y

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Depression and Anxiety as Possible Mediators of the Association Between Smoking and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2010

Recovery From Psychosis: A Phenomenological Inquiry

Drug Trafficking: Time to Abolish the Death Penalty

Young Adults with Gambling Problems: The Impact of Childhood Maltreatment

Psychosis and transformation: A phenomenological inquiry

Erratum to: Identifying Community Needs and Resources in a Native Community: A Research Partnership in the Pacific Northwest

If These Walls Could Talk: Reflective Practice in Addiction Studies Among Undergraduates in New Zealand