Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cancer Cell International 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Primary research

Decreased therapeutic effects of noscapine combined with imatinib mesylate on human glioblastoma in vitro and the effect of midkine

Authors: Mine Erguven, Ayhan Bilir, Nuray Yazihan, Ezgi Ermis, Akin Sabanci, Esin Aktas, Yavuz Aras, Vehbi Alpman

Published in: Cancer Cell International | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Glioblastoma (GBM) develops resistance to the advances in chemotherapy leading to poor prognosis and life quality. Consequently, new treatment modalities are needed. Our aims were to investigate the effects of combined noscapine (NOS) and imatinib mesylate (IM) on human GBM in vitro and the role of midkine (MK) in this new combination treatment.

Methods

Monolayer and spheroid cultures of T98G human GBM cell line were used to evaluate the effects of IM (10 μM), Nos (10 μM) and their combination on cell proliferation and apoptotic indexes, cell cycle, the levels of antiapoptotic MK, MRP-1, p170, PFGFR-α, EGFR, bcl-2 proteins, apoptotic caspase-3 levels, morphology (SEM) and ultrastructure (TEM) for 72 hrs. Results were statistically analyzed using the Student's t-test.

Results

The combination group induced highest decrease in cell proliferation and apoptotic indexes, caspase-3 levels, MRP-1 and PDGFR-α levels. The decrease in p170 levels were lower than IM but higher that NOS. The highest increases were in EGFR, MK, bcl-2 and cAMP levels in the combination group. The G0+G1 cell cycle arrest at the end of 72nd hr was the lowest in the combination group. Apoptotic appearence was observed rarely both in the morphologic and ultrastructural evaluation of the combination group. In addition, autophagic vacuoles which were frequently observed in the IM group were observed rarely.

Conclusions

The combination of Nos with IM showed antagonist effect in T98G human GBM cells in vitro. This antagonist effect was correlated highly with MK levels. The effects of NOS on MRP-1, MK and receptor tyrosine kinase levels were firstly demonstrated in our report. In addition, we proposed that MK is one of the modulator in the switch of autophagy to cell death or survival/resistance.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Furnari FB, Fenton T, Bachoo RM, Mukasa A, Stommel JM, Stegh A, Hahn WC, Ligon KL, Louis DN, Brennan C, Chin L, DePinho RA, Cavenee WK: Malignant astrocytic glioma: genetics, biology, and paths to treatment. Genes Dev. 2007, 21: 2683-2710. 10.1101/gad.1596707.CrossRefPubMed Furnari FB, Fenton T, Bachoo RM, Mukasa A, Stommel JM, Stegh A, Hahn WC, Ligon KL, Louis DN, Brennan C, Chin L, DePinho RA, Cavenee WK: Malignant astrocytic glioma: genetics, biology, and paths to treatment. Genes Dev. 2007, 21: 2683-2710. 10.1101/gad.1596707.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Zhou Q, Guo P, Gallo JM: Impact of angiogenesis inhibition by sunitinib on tumor distribution of temozolomide. Clin Cancer Rev. 2008, 14: 1540-1549. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4544.CrossRef Zhou Q, Guo P, Gallo JM: Impact of angiogenesis inhibition by sunitinib on tumor distribution of temozolomide. Clin Cancer Rev. 2008, 14: 1540-1549. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4544.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Bilir A, Erguven M, Yazihan N, Aktas E, Oktem G, Sabanci A: Enhancement of vinorelbine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis by clomipramine and lithium chloride in human neuroblastoma cancer cell line SH-SY5Y. J Neurooncol. 2010, 100: 385-395. 10.1007/s11060-010-0209-6.CrossRefPubMed Bilir A, Erguven M, Yazihan N, Aktas E, Oktem G, Sabanci A: Enhancement of vinorelbine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis by clomipramine and lithium chloride in human neuroblastoma cancer cell line SH-SY5Y. J Neurooncol. 2010, 100: 385-395. 10.1007/s11060-010-0209-6.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Aneja R, Miyagi T, Karna P, Ezell T, Shukla D, Vij Gupta M, Yates C, Chinni SR, Zhau H, Chung LW, Joshi HC: A novel microtubule-modulating agent induces mitochondrially driven caspasedependent apoptosis via mitotic checkpoint activation in human prostate cancer cells. Eur J Cancer. 2010, 46: 1668-1678. 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.017.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Aneja R, Miyagi T, Karna P, Ezell T, Shukla D, Vij Gupta M, Yates C, Chinni SR, Zhau H, Chung LW, Joshi HC: A novel microtubule-modulating agent induces mitochondrially driven caspasedependent apoptosis via mitotic checkpoint activation in human prostate cancer cells. Eur J Cancer. 2010, 46: 1668-1678. 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.017.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Zhou J, Gupta K, Yao J, Ye K, Panda D, Giannakakou P, Joshi HC: Paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells undergo c-Jun NH2-terminal kinasemediated apoptosis in response to noscapine. J Biol Chem. 2002, 277: 39777-39785. 10.1074/jbc.M203927200.CrossRefPubMed Zhou J, Gupta K, Yao J, Ye K, Panda D, Giannakakou P, Joshi HC: Paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells undergo c-Jun NH2-terminal kinasemediated apoptosis in response to noscapine. J Biol Chem. 2002, 277: 39777-39785. 10.1074/jbc.M203927200.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference De Vita S, De Matteis S, Laurenti L, Chiusolo P, Sorà F, Piccirillo N, Reddiconto G, Fiorini A, Leone G, Sica S: Imatinib for secondary Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia induces response in concomitant GBM. Ann Oncol. 2006, 17: 720-721. 10.1093/annonc/mdj056.CrossRefPubMed De Vita S, De Matteis S, Laurenti L, Chiusolo P, Sorà F, Piccirillo N, Reddiconto G, Fiorini A, Leone G, Sica S: Imatinib for secondary Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia induces response in concomitant GBM. Ann Oncol. 2006, 17: 720-721. 10.1093/annonc/mdj056.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Wen PY, Yung WK, Lamborn KR: Phase I/II study of imatinib mesylate for recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 99-08. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 4899-4907. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0773.CrossRefPubMed Wen PY, Yung WK, Lamborn KR: Phase I/II study of imatinib mesylate for recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 99-08. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 4899-4907. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0773.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Bayraktar UD, Bayraktar S, Rocha-Lima CM: Molecular basis and management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. World J Gastroenterol. 2010, 16: 2726-2734. 10.3748/wjg.v16.i22.2726.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bayraktar UD, Bayraktar S, Rocha-Lima CM: Molecular basis and management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. World J Gastroenterol. 2010, 16: 2726-2734. 10.3748/wjg.v16.i22.2726.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Ha HT, Lee JS, Urba S, Koenig RJ, Sisson J, Giordano T, Worden FP: A phase II study of imatinib in patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2010, 20: 975-980. 10.1089/thy.2010.0057.CrossRefPubMed Ha HT, Lee JS, Urba S, Koenig RJ, Sisson J, Giordano T, Worden FP: A phase II study of imatinib in patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2010, 20: 975-980. 10.1089/thy.2010.0057.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Ustach CV, Huang W, Conley-LaComb MK, Lin CY, Che M, Abrams J, Kim HR: A Novel Signaling Axis of Matriptase/PDGF-D/{beta}-PDGFR in Human Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 2010 Ustach CV, Huang W, Conley-LaComb MK, Lin CY, Che M, Abrams J, Kim HR: A Novel Signaling Axis of Matriptase/PDGF-D/{beta}-PDGFR in Human Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 2010
11.
go back to reference Ranza E, Mazzini G, Facoetti A, Nano R: In-vitro effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib on glioblastoma cell proliferation. J Neurooncol. 2010, 96: 349-57. 10.1007/s11060-009-9975-4.CrossRefPubMed Ranza E, Mazzini G, Facoetti A, Nano R: In-vitro effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib on glioblastoma cell proliferation. J Neurooncol. 2010, 96: 349-57. 10.1007/s11060-009-9975-4.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Bihorel S, Camenisch G, Lemaire M, Scherrmann JM: Influence of breast cancer resistance protein (Abcg2) and p-glycoprotein (Abcb1a) on the transport of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) across the mouse blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem. 2007, 102: 1749-1757. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04808.x.CrossRefPubMed Bihorel S, Camenisch G, Lemaire M, Scherrmann JM: Influence of breast cancer resistance protein (Abcg2) and p-glycoprotein (Abcb1a) on the transport of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) across the mouse blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem. 2007, 102: 1749-1757. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04808.x.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Reardon DA, Dresemann G, Taillibert S, Campone M, van den Bent M, Clement P, Blomquist E, Gordower L, Schultz H, Raizer J, Hau P, Easaw J, Gil M, Tonn J, Gijtenbeek A, Schlegel U, Bergstrom P, Green S, Weir A, Nikolova Z: Multicentre phase II studies evaluating imatinib plus hydroxyurea in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Br J Cancer. 2009, 101: 1995-2004. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605411.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Reardon DA, Dresemann G, Taillibert S, Campone M, van den Bent M, Clement P, Blomquist E, Gordower L, Schultz H, Raizer J, Hau P, Easaw J, Gil M, Tonn J, Gijtenbeek A, Schlegel U, Bergstrom P, Green S, Weir A, Nikolova Z: Multicentre phase II studies evaluating imatinib plus hydroxyurea in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Br J Cancer. 2009, 101: 1995-2004. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605411.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Declèves X, Bihorel S, Debray M, Yousif S, Camenisch G, Scherrmann JM: ABC transporters and the accumulation of imatinib and its active metabolite CGP74588 in rat C6 glioma cells. Pharmacol Res. 2008, 57: 214-222. 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.01.006.CrossRefPubMed Declèves X, Bihorel S, Debray M, Yousif S, Camenisch G, Scherrmann JM: ABC transporters and the accumulation of imatinib and its active metabolite CGP74588 in rat C6 glioma cells. Pharmacol Res. 2008, 57: 214-222. 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.01.006.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Muramatsu T: Midkine (MK), the product of a retinoic acid responsive gene, and pleiotrophin constitute a new protein family regulating growth and differentiation. Int J Dev Biol. 1993, 37: 183-8.PubMed Muramatsu T: Midkine (MK), the product of a retinoic acid responsive gene, and pleiotrophin constitute a new protein family regulating growth and differentiation. Int J Dev Biol. 1993, 37: 183-8.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Garver RI, Chan CS, Milner PG: Reciprocal expression of pleiotrophin and midkine in normal versus malignant lung tissues. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993, 9: 463-466.CrossRefPubMed Garver RI, Chan CS, Milner PG: Reciprocal expression of pleiotrophin and midkine in normal versus malignant lung tissues. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993, 9: 463-466.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Garver RI, Radford DM, Donis-Keller H, Wick MR, Milner PG: Midkine and pleiotrophin expression in normal and malignant breast tissue. Cancer. 1994, 74: 1584-1590. 10.1002/1097-0142(19940901)74:5<1584::AID-CNCR2820740514>3.0.CO;2-V.CrossRefPubMed Garver RI, Radford DM, Donis-Keller H, Wick MR, Milner PG: Midkine and pleiotrophin expression in normal and malignant breast tissue. Cancer. 1994, 74: 1584-1590. 10.1002/1097-0142(19940901)74:5<1584::AID-CNCR2820740514>3.0.CO;2-V.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Konishi N, Nakamura M, Nakaoka S, Hiasa Y, Cho M, Uemura H, Hirao Y, Muramatsu T, Kadomatsu K: Immunohistochemical analysis of midkine expression in human prostate carcinoma. Oncology. 1999, 57: 253-257. 10.1159/000012039.CrossRefPubMed Konishi N, Nakamura M, Nakaoka S, Hiasa Y, Cho M, Uemura H, Hirao Y, Muramatsu T, Kadomatsu K: Immunohistochemical analysis of midkine expression in human prostate carcinoma. Oncology. 1999, 57: 253-257. 10.1159/000012039.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Ye C, Qi M, Fan QW, Ito K, Akiyama S, Kasai Y, Matsuyama M, Muramatsu T, Kadomatsu K: Expression of midkine in the early stage of carcinogenesis in human colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999, 79: 179-184. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690030.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ye C, Qi M, Fan QW, Ito K, Akiyama S, Kasai Y, Matsuyama M, Muramatsu T, Kadomatsu K: Expression of midkine in the early stage of carcinogenesis in human colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999, 79: 179-184. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690030.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Mishima K, Asai A, Kadomatsu K, Ino Y, Nomura K, Narita Y, Muramatsu T, Kirino T: Increased expression of midkine during the progression of human astrocytomas. Neurosci Lett. 1997, 233: 29-32. 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00619-8.CrossRefPubMed Mishima K, Asai A, Kadomatsu K, Ino Y, Nomura K, Narita Y, Muramatsu T, Kirino T: Increased expression of midkine during the progression of human astrocytomas. Neurosci Lett. 1997, 233: 29-32. 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00619-8.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Landen JW, Hau V, Wang M, Davis T, Ciliax B, Wainer BH, Van Meir EG, Glass JD, Joshi HC, Archer DR: Noscapine crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits glioblastoma growth. Clin Cancer Rev. 2004, 1: 5187-5201.CrossRef Landen JW, Hau V, Wang M, Davis T, Ciliax B, Wainer BH, Van Meir EG, Glass JD, Joshi HC, Archer DR: Noscapine crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits glioblastoma growth. Clin Cancer Rev. 2004, 1: 5187-5201.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Newcomb EW, Lukyanov Y, Smirnova I, Schnee T, Zagzag D: Noscapine induces apoptosis in human glioma cells by an apoptosisinducing factor-dependent pathway. Anticancer Drug. 2008, 19: 553-563. 10.1097/CAD.0b013e3282ffd68d.CrossRef Newcomb EW, Lukyanov Y, Smirnova I, Schnee T, Zagzag D: Noscapine induces apoptosis in human glioma cells by an apoptosisinducing factor-dependent pathway. Anticancer Drug. 2008, 19: 553-563. 10.1097/CAD.0b013e3282ffd68d.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Erguven M, Yazihan N, Aktas E, Sabanci A, Li CJ, Oktem G, Bilir A: Carvedilol in glioma treatment alone and with imatinib in vitro. Int J Oncol. 2010, 36: 857-66.CrossRefPubMed Erguven M, Yazihan N, Aktas E, Sabanci A, Li CJ, Oktem G, Bilir A: Carvedilol in glioma treatment alone and with imatinib in vitro. Int J Oncol. 2010, 36: 857-66.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Torres KE, Castillo G, Horwitz SB: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1997, 38: 530- Torres KE, Castillo G, Horwitz SB: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1997, 38: 530-
25.
go back to reference Fan W, Miller MC, Cheng RL, Willingham MC: Induction of apoptosis by low concentrations of Taxol is not dependent on a G2/M block. Microsc Microanal. 1998, 4: 1042-1043. Fan W, Miller MC, Cheng RL, Willingham MC: Induction of apoptosis by low concentrations of Taxol is not dependent on a G2/M block. Microsc Microanal. 1998, 4: 1042-1043.
26.
go back to reference Miller MC, Johnson KR, Willingham MC, Fan W: Apoptotic cell death induced by baccatin III, a precursor of Taxol, occurs without G2/M arrest. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999, 44: 444-452. 10.1007/s002800051117.CrossRefPubMed Miller MC, Johnson KR, Willingham MC, Fan W: Apoptotic cell death induced by baccatin III, a precursor of Taxol, occurs without G2/M arrest. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999, 44: 444-452. 10.1007/s002800051117.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Razis E, Selviaridis P, Labropoulos S, Norris JL, Zhu MJ, Song DD, Kalebic T, Torrens M, Kalogera-Fountzila A, Karkavelas G, Karanastasi S, Fletcher JA, Fountzilas G: Phase II study of neoadjuvant imatinib in glioblastoma: evaluation of clinical and molecular effects of the treatment. Clin Cancer Res. 2009, 15: 6258-6266. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1867.CrossRefPubMed Razis E, Selviaridis P, Labropoulos S, Norris JL, Zhu MJ, Song DD, Kalebic T, Torrens M, Kalogera-Fountzila A, Karkavelas G, Karanastasi S, Fletcher JA, Fountzilas G: Phase II study of neoadjuvant imatinib in glioblastoma: evaluation of clinical and molecular effects of the treatment. Clin Cancer Res. 2009, 15: 6258-6266. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1867.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Ozawa T, Brennan CW, Wang L, Squatrito M, Sasayama T, Nakada M, Huse JT, Pedraza A, Utsuki S, Yasui Y, Tandon A, Fomchenko EI, Oka H, Levine RL, Fujii K, Ladanyi M, Holland EC: PDGFRA gene rearrangements are frequent genetic events in PDGFRAamplified glioblastomas. Genes Dev. 2010, 24: 2205-2218. 10.1101/gad.1972310.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ozawa T, Brennan CW, Wang L, Squatrito M, Sasayama T, Nakada M, Huse JT, Pedraza A, Utsuki S, Yasui Y, Tandon A, Fomchenko EI, Oka H, Levine RL, Fujii K, Ladanyi M, Holland EC: PDGFRA gene rearrangements are frequent genetic events in PDGFRAamplified glioblastomas. Genes Dev. 2010, 24: 2205-2218. 10.1101/gad.1972310.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Buchroithner J, Elbling L, Steiner E, Wurm G, Bodenteich A, Fischer J, Micksche M, Berger W: Expression and functional activity of the ABC-transporter proteins P-glycoprotein and multidrug-resistance protein 1 in human brain tumor cells and astrocytes. J Neurooncol. 2002, 57: 27-36. 10.1023/A:1015735815111.CrossRefPubMed Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Buchroithner J, Elbling L, Steiner E, Wurm G, Bodenteich A, Fischer J, Micksche M, Berger W: Expression and functional activity of the ABC-transporter proteins P-glycoprotein and multidrug-resistance protein 1 in human brain tumor cells and astrocytes. J Neurooncol. 2002, 57: 27-36. 10.1023/A:1015735815111.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Mukai M, Che XF, Furukawa T, Sumizawa T, Aoki S, Ren XQ, Haraguchi M, Sugimoto Y, Kobayashi M, Takamatsu H, Akiyama S: Reversal of the resistance to STI571 in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Cancer Sci. 2003, 94: 557-563. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01482.x.CrossRefPubMed Mukai M, Che XF, Furukawa T, Sumizawa T, Aoki S, Ren XQ, Haraguchi M, Sugimoto Y, Kobayashi M, Takamatsu H, Akiyama S: Reversal of the resistance to STI571 in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Cancer Sci. 2003, 94: 557-563. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01482.x.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Maiuri MC, Le Toumelin G, Criollo A, Rain JC, Gautier F, Juin P, Tasdemir E, Pierron G, Troulinaki K, Tavernarakis N, Hickman JA, Geneste O, Kroemer G: Functional and physical interaction between Bcl-X(L) and a BH3-like domain in Beclin-1. EMBO J. 2007, 26: 2527-2539. 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601689.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Maiuri MC, Le Toumelin G, Criollo A, Rain JC, Gautier F, Juin P, Tasdemir E, Pierron G, Troulinaki K, Tavernarakis N, Hickman JA, Geneste O, Kroemer G: Functional and physical interaction between Bcl-X(L) and a BH3-like domain in Beclin-1. EMBO J. 2007, 26: 2527-2539. 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601689.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S: Cell death mechanisms: cross-talk and role in disease. Exp Cell Res. 2010, 316: 1374-1383. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.037.CrossRefPubMed Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S: Cell death mechanisms: cross-talk and role in disease. Exp Cell Res. 2010, 316: 1374-1383. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.037.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Bilir A, Erguven M, Oktem G, Ozdemir A, Uslu A, Aktas E, Bonavida B: Potentiation of cytotoxicity by combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine in glioma. Int J Oncol. 2008, 32: 829-839.PubMed Bilir A, Erguven M, Oktem G, Ozdemir A, Uslu A, Aktas E, Bonavida B: Potentiation of cytotoxicity by combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine in glioma. Int J Oncol. 2008, 32: 829-839.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Muramatsu T: Midkine, a heparin-binding cytokine with multiple roles in development, repair and diseases. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2010, 86: 410-425. 10.2183/pjab.86.410.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Muramatsu T: Midkine, a heparin-binding cytokine with multiple roles in development, repair and diseases. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2010, 86: 410-425. 10.2183/pjab.86.410.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Hu R, Yan Y, Li Q, Lin Y, Jin W, Li H, Lu Y, Pang T: Increased drug efflux along with midkine gene high expression in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Int J Hematol. 2010, 92: 105-110. 10.1007/s12185-010-0613-x.CrossRefPubMed Hu R, Yan Y, Li Q, Lin Y, Jin W, Li H, Lu Y, Pang T: Increased drug efflux along with midkine gene high expression in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Int J Hematol. 2010, 92: 105-110. 10.1007/s12185-010-0613-x.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Decreased therapeutic effects of noscapine combined with imatinib mesylate on human glioblastoma in vitro and the effect of midkine
Authors
Mine Erguven
Ayhan Bilir
Nuray Yazihan
Ezgi Ermis
Akin Sabanci
Esin Aktas
Yavuz Aras
Vehbi Alpman
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Cancer Cell International / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2867
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2867-11-18

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Cancer Cell International 1/2011 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine