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Journal of Neuroinflammation

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Open Access 01-12-2005 | Research

Cytokine responses during chronic denervation

Authors: Saku Ruohonen, Mohsen Khademi, Maja Jagodic, Hanna-Stiina Taskinen, Tomas Olsson, Matias Röyttä

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2005

Abstract

Background

The aim of the present study was to examine inflammatory responses during Wallerian degeneration in rat peripheral nerve when the regrowth of axons was prevented by suturing.

Methods

Transected rat sciatic nerve was sutured and ligated to prevent reinnervation. The samples were collected from the left sciatic nerve distally and proximally from the point of transection. The endoneurium was separated from the surrounding epi- and perineurium to examine the expression of cytokines in both of these compartments. Macrophage invasion into endoneurium was investigated and Schwann cell proliferation was followed as well as the expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α mRNA. The samples were collected from 1 day up to 5 weeks after the primary operation.

Results

At days 1 to 3 after injury in the epi-/perineurium of the proximal and distal stump, a marked expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was observed. Concurrently, numerous macrophages started to gather into the epineurium of both proximal and distal stumps. At day 7 the number of macrophages decreased in the perineurium and increased markedly in the endoneurium of both stumps. At this time point marked expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA was observed in the endo- and epi-/perineurium of the proximal stump. At day 14 a marked increase in the expression of IL-1β could be noted in the proximal stump epi-/perineurium and in the distal stump endoneurium. At that time point many macrophages were observed in the longitudinally sectioned epineurium of the proximal 2 area as well as in the cross-section slides from the distal stump. At day 35 TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 mRNA appeared abundantly in the proximal epi-/perineurium together with macrophages.

Conclusion

The present studies show that even during chronic denervation there is a cyclic expression pattern for the studied cytokines. Contrary to the previous findings on reinnervating nerves the studied cytokines show increased expression up to 35 days. The high expressions of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the proximal epi-/perineurial area at day 35 may be involved in the formation of fibrosis due to irreversible nerve injury and thus may have relevance to the formation of traumatic neuroma.

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Title: Cytokine responses during chronic denervation
Authors: Saku Ruohonen
Mohsen Khademi
Maja Jagodic
Hanna-Stiina Taskinen
Tomas Olsson
Matias Röyttä
Publication date: 01-12-2005
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2005
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-2-26

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Cytokine responses during chronic denervation

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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