Current concept of abdominal sepsis: WSES position paper

go back to reference Mazuski JE, Solomkin JS: Intra-abdominal infections. Surg Clin North Am. 2009, 89 (2): 421-437. 10.1016/j.suc.2008.12.001.PubMed Mazuski JE, Solomkin JS: Intra-abdominal infections. Surg Clin North Am. 2009, 89 (2): 421-437. 10.1016/j.suc.2008.12.001.PubMed

go back to reference Babinchak T, Ellis-Grosse E, Dartois N, Rose GM, Loh E: The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: analysis of pooled clinical data. Clin Infect Dis. 2005, 41 (Suppl 5): S354-S367.PubMed Babinchak T, Ellis-Grosse E, Dartois N, Rose GM, Loh E: The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: analysis of pooled clinical data. Clin Infect Dis. 2005, 41 (Suppl 5): S354-S367.PubMed

go back to reference Merlino JI, Malangoni MA, Smith CM, Lange RL: Prospective randomized trials affect the outcomes of intraabdominal infection. Ann Surg. 2001, 233 (6): 859-866. 10.1097/00000658-200106000-00017.PubMedCentralPubMed Merlino JI, Malangoni MA, Smith CM, Lange RL: Prospective randomized trials affect the outcomes of intraabdominal infection. Ann Surg. 2001, 233 (6): 859-866. 10.1097/00000658-200106000-00017.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Mazuski JE, Sawyer RG, Nathens AB, DiPiro JT, Schein M, Kudsk KA, Yowler C: Therapeutic agents committee of the surgical infections society. The surgical infection society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: evidence for the recommendations. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2002, 3 (3): 175-233. 10.1089/109629602761624180. Mazuski JE, Sawyer RG, Nathens AB, DiPiro JT, Schein M, Kudsk KA, Yowler C: Therapeutic agents committee of the surgical infections society. The surgical infection society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: evidence for the recommendations. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2002, 3 (3): 175-233. 10.1089/109629602761624180.

go back to reference Sartelli M, Catena F, Ansaloni L, Leppaniemi A, Taviloglu K, van Goor H, Viale P, Lazzareschi DV, Coccolini F, Corbella D, de Werra C, Marrelli D, Colizza S, Scibè R, Alis H, Torer N, Navarro S, Sakakushev B, Massalou D, Augustin G, Catani M, Kauhanen S, Pletinckx P, Kenig J, di Saverio S, Jovine E, Guercioni G, Skrovina M, Diaz-Nieto R, Ferrero A, et al: Complicated intra-abdominal infections in Europe: a comprehensive review of the CIAO study. World J Emerg Surg. 2012, 7 (1): 36-10.1186/1749-7922-7-36.PubMedCentralPubMed Sartelli M, Catena F, Ansaloni L, Leppaniemi A, Taviloglu K, van Goor H, Viale P, Lazzareschi DV, Coccolini F, Corbella D, de Werra C, Marrelli D, Colizza S, Scibè R, Alis H, Torer N, Navarro S, Sakakushev B, Massalou D, Augustin G, Catani M, Kauhanen S, Pletinckx P, Kenig J, di Saverio S, Jovine E, Guercioni G, Skrovina M, Diaz-Nieto R, Ferrero A, et al: Complicated intra-abdominal infections in Europe: a comprehensive review of the CIAO study. World J Emerg Surg. 2012, 7 (1): 36-10.1186/1749-7922-7-36.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference LaRosa SP: Sepsis: Menu of new approaches replaces one therapy for all. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002, 69: 65-73. 10.3949/ccjm.69.1.65.PubMed LaRosa SP: Sepsis: Menu of new approaches replaces one therapy for all. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002, 69: 65-73. 10.3949/ccjm.69.1.65.PubMed

go back to reference Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G: SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS international sepsis definitions conference. Crit Care Med. 2001, 2003 (31): 1250-1256. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G: SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS international sepsis definitions conference. Crit Care Med. 2001, 2003 (31): 1250-1256.

go back to reference Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ: American college of chest physicians/society of critical care medicine consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidlines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest. 1992, 101: 1644-1655. 10.1378/chest.101.6.1644.PubMed Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ: American college of chest physicians/society of critical care medicine consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidlines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest. 1992, 101: 1644-1655. 10.1378/chest.101.6.1644.PubMed

go back to reference Jones AE, Yiannibas V, Johnson C, Kline JA: Emergency department hypotension predicts sudden unexpected in-hospital mortality: a prospective cohort study. Chest. 2006, 130: 941-946.PubMed Jones AE, Yiannibas V, Johnson C, Kline JA: Emergency department hypotension predicts sudden unexpected in-hospital mortality: a prospective cohort study. Chest. 2006, 130: 941-946.PubMed

go back to reference Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Peñuelas O, Lorente JA, Gordo F, Honrubia T, Algora A, Bustos A, García G, Diaz-Regañón IR, de Luna RR: Sepsis incidence and outcome: contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35 (5): 1284-1289. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000260960.94300.DE.PubMed Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Peñuelas O, Lorente JA, Gordo F, Honrubia T, Algora A, Bustos A, García G, Diaz-Regañón IR, de Luna RR: Sepsis incidence and outcome: contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35 (5): 1284-1289. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000260960.94300.DE.PubMed

go back to reference Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R: Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines committee including the pediatric subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013, 39 (2): 165-228. 10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8.PubMed Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R: Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines committee including the pediatric subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013, 39 (2): 165-228. 10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8.PubMed

go back to reference Tsukada K, Katoh H, Shiojima M, Suzuki T, Takenoshita S, Nagamachi Y: Concentrations of cytokines in peritoneal fluid after abdominal surgery. Eur J Surg. 1993, 159: 475-479.PubMed Tsukada K, Katoh H, Shiojima M, Suzuki T, Takenoshita S, Nagamachi Y: Concentrations of cytokines in peritoneal fluid after abdominal surgery. Eur J Surg. 1993, 159: 475-479.PubMed

go back to reference Patel RT, Deen KI, Youngs D, Warwick J, Keighley MR: Interleukin 6 is a prognostic indicator of outcome in severe intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg. 1994, 81: 1306-1308. 10.1002/bjs.1800810914.PubMed Patel RT, Deen KI, Youngs D, Warwick J, Keighley MR: Interleukin 6 is a prognostic indicator of outcome in severe intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg. 1994, 81: 1306-1308. 10.1002/bjs.1800810914.PubMed

go back to reference Damas P, Ledoux D, Nys M, Vrindts Y, de Groote D, Franchimont P, Lamy M: Cytokine serum level during severe sepsis in human. Il6 as a marker of severity. Ann Surg. 1992, 215: 356-362. 10.1097/00000658-199204000-00009.PubMedCentralPubMed Damas P, Ledoux D, Nys M, Vrindts Y, de Groote D, Franchimont P, Lamy M: Cytokine serum level during severe sepsis in human. Il6 as a marker of severity. Ann Surg. 1992, 215: 356-362. 10.1097/00000658-199204000-00009.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Holzheimer RG, Schein M, Wittmann DH: Inflammatory response in peritoneal exudate and plasma of patients undergoing planned relaparotomy for severe secondary peritonitis. Arch Surg. 1995, 130: 1314-1319. 10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430120068010.PubMed Holzheimer RG, Schein M, Wittmann DH: Inflammatory response in peritoneal exudate and plasma of patients undergoing planned relaparotomy for severe secondary peritonitis. Arch Surg. 1995, 130: 1314-1319. 10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430120068010.PubMed

go back to reference Cavaillon JM, Munoz C, Fitting C, Misset B, Carlet J: Circulating cytokines: the tip of the iceberg?. Circ Shock. 1992, 38 (2): 145-152.PubMed Cavaillon JM, Munoz C, Fitting C, Misset B, Carlet J: Circulating cytokines: the tip of the iceberg?. Circ Shock. 1992, 38 (2): 145-152.PubMed

go back to reference Martineau L, Shek PN: Peritoneal cytokine concentrations and survival outcome in an experimental bacterial infusion model of peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2000, 28 (3): 788-794. 10.1097/00003246-200003000-00030.PubMed Martineau L, Shek PN: Peritoneal cytokine concentrations and survival outcome in an experimental bacterial infusion model of peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2000, 28 (3): 788-794. 10.1097/00003246-200003000-00030.PubMed

go back to reference Hendriks T, Bleichrodt RP, Lomme RM, de Man BM, van Goor H, Buyne OR: Peritoneal cytokines predict mortality after surgical treatment of secondary peritonitis in the rat. J Am Coll Surg. 2010, 211: 263-270. 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.03.038.PubMed Hendriks T, Bleichrodt RP, Lomme RM, de Man BM, van Goor H, Buyne OR: Peritoneal cytokines predict mortality after surgical treatment of secondary peritonitis in the rat. J Am Coll Surg. 2010, 211: 263-270. 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.03.038.PubMed

go back to reference Riché F, Gayat E, Collet C, Matéo J, Laisné MJ, Launay JM, Valleur P, Payen D, Cholley BP: Local and systemic innate immune response to secondary human peritonitis. Crit Care. 2013, 17 (5): R201-10.1186/cc12895.PubMedCentralPubMed Riché F, Gayat E, Collet C, Matéo J, Laisné MJ, Launay JM, Valleur P, Payen D, Cholley BP: Local and systemic innate immune response to secondary human peritonitis. Crit Care. 2013, 17 (5): R201-10.1186/cc12895.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Angus DC, van der Poll T: Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013, 369 (9): 840-851. 10.1056/NEJMra1208623.PubMed Angus DC, van der Poll T: Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013, 369 (9): 840-851. 10.1056/NEJMra1208623.PubMed

go back to reference Sartelli M, Viale P, Catena F, Ansaloni L, Moore E, Malangoni M, Moore FA, Velmahos G, Coimbra R, Ivatury R, Peitzman A, Koike K, Leppaniemi A, Biffl W, Burlew CC, Balogh ZJ, Boffard K, Bendinelli C, Gupta S, Kluger Y, Agresta F, di Saverio S, Wani I, Escalona A, Ordonez C, Fraga GP, Junior GA, Bala M, Cui Y, Marwah S, et al: 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2013, 8 (1): 3-10.1186/1749-7922-8-3. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-8-3PubMedCentralPubMed Sartelli M, Viale P, Catena F, Ansaloni L, Moore E, Malangoni M, Moore FA, Velmahos G, Coimbra R, Ivatury R, Peitzman A, Koike K, Leppaniemi A, Biffl W, Burlew CC, Balogh ZJ, Boffard K, Bendinelli C, Gupta S, Kluger Y, Agresta F, di Saverio S, Wani I, Escalona A, Ordonez C, Fraga GP, Junior GA, Bala M, Cui Y, Marwah S, et al: 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2013, 8 (1): 3-10.1186/1749-7922-8-3. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-8-3PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Emmi V, Sganga G: Diagnosis of intra-abdominal infections: clinical findings and imaging. Infez Med. 2008, 16 (Suppl 1): 19-30.PubMed Emmi V, Sganga G: Diagnosis of intra-abdominal infections: clinical findings and imaging. Infez Med. 2008, 16 (Suppl 1): 19-30.PubMed

go back to reference Jaramillo EJ, Treviño JM, Berghoff KR, Franklin ME Jr: Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy in the intensive care unit: a 13-year experience. JSLS. 2006, 10 (2): 155-159.PubMedCentralPubMed Jaramillo EJ, Treviño JM, Berghoff KR, Franklin ME Jr: Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy in the intensive care unit: a 13-year experience. JSLS. 2006, 10 (2): 155-159.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Ceribelli C, Adami EA, Mattia S, Benini B: Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy for critically ill patients: a retrospective study of 62 patients. Surg Endosc. 2012, 26 (12): 3612-5. 10.1007/s00464-012-2383-4.PubMed Ceribelli C, Adami EA, Mattia S, Benini B: Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy for critically ill patients: a retrospective study of 62 patients. Surg Endosc. 2012, 26 (12): 3612-5. 10.1007/s00464-012-2383-4.PubMed

go back to reference Shani V, Muchtar E, Kariv G, Robenshtok E, Leibovici L: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010, 54 (11): 4851-4863. 10.1128/AAC.00627-10.PubMedCentralPubMed Shani V, Muchtar E, Kariv G, Robenshtok E, Leibovici L: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010, 54 (11): 4851-4863. 10.1128/AAC.00627-10.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D, Palencia E, Levy MM, Arenzana A, Pérez XL, Sirvent JM, Edusepsis Study Group: Edusepsis study group: effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009, 180: 861-866. 10.1164/rccm.200812-1912OC. Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D, Palencia E, Levy MM, Arenzana A, Pérez XL, Sirvent JM, Edusepsis Study Group: Edusepsis study group: effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009, 180: 861-866. 10.1164/rccm.200812-1912OC.

go back to reference Castellanos-Ortega A, Suberviola B, García-Astudillo LA, Holanda MS, Ortiz F, Llorca J, Delgado-Rodríguez M: Impact of the surviving sepsis campaign protocols on hospital length of stay and mortality in septic shock patients: results of a three-year follow-up quasi-experimental study. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 1036-1043. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d455b6.PubMed Castellanos-Ortega A, Suberviola B, García-Astudillo LA, Holanda MS, Ortiz F, Llorca J, Delgado-Rodríguez M: Impact of the surviving sepsis campaign protocols on hospital length of stay and mortality in septic shock patients: results of a three-year follow-up quasi-experimental study. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 1036-1043. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d455b6.PubMed

go back to reference Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, rnold RC, Horton JM, Studnek JR, Kline JA, Jones AE, Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMSHOCKNET): Emergency medicine shock research network (EMSHOCKNET): association between timing of antibiotic administration and mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative resuscitation protocol. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 2066-2071. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e87ab.PubMedCentralPubMed Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, rnold RC, Horton JM, Studnek JR, Kline JA, Jones AE, Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMSHOCKNET): Emergency medicine shock research network (EMSHOCKNET): association between timing of antibiotic administration and mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative resuscitation protocol. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 2066-2071. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e87ab.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Riché FC, Dray X, Laisné MJ, Matéo J, Raskine L, Sanson-Le Pors MJ, Payen D, Valleur P, Cholley BP: Factors associated with septic shock and mortality in generalized peritonitis: comparison between community-acquired and postoperative peritonitis. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (3): R99-10.1186/cc7931.PubMedCentralPubMed Riché FC, Dray X, Laisné MJ, Matéo J, Raskine L, Sanson-Le Pors MJ, Payen D, Valleur P, Cholley BP: Factors associated with septic shock and mortality in generalized peritonitis: comparison between community-acquired and postoperative peritonitis. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (3): R99-10.1186/cc7931.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Fry D: The generic response. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 1369-1370. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31816a11e9.PubMed Fry D: The generic response. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 1369-1370. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31816a11e9.PubMed

go back to reference Tang BM, McLean AS, Dawes IW, Huang SJ, Cowley MJ, Lin RC: Gene-expression profiling of gram-positive and gram-negative sepsis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 1125-1128. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181692c0b.PubMed Tang BM, McLean AS, Dawes IW, Huang SJ, Cowley MJ, Lin RC: Gene-expression profiling of gram-positive and gram-negative sepsis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 1125-1128. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181692c0b.PubMed

go back to reference Montravers P, Andremont A, Massias L, Carbon C: Investigation of the potential role of Enterococcus faecalis in the pathophysiology of experimental peritonitis. J Infect Dis. 1994, 169: 821-830. 10.1093/infdis/169.4.821.PubMed Montravers P, Andremont A, Massias L, Carbon C: Investigation of the potential role of Enterococcus faecalis in the pathophysiology of experimental peritonitis. J Infect Dis. 1994, 169: 821-830. 10.1093/infdis/169.4.821.PubMed

go back to reference Montravers P, Mohler J, Saint Julien L, Carbon C: Evidence of the proinflammatory role of enterococcus faecalis in polymicrobial peritonitis in rats. Infect Immun. 1997, 65: 144-149.PubMedCentralPubMed Montravers P, Mohler J, Saint Julien L, Carbon C: Evidence of the proinflammatory role of enterococcus faecalis in polymicrobial peritonitis in rats. Infect Immun. 1997, 65: 144-149.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Höffken G, Niederman M: Nosocomial pneumonia. The importance of a de-escalating strategy for antibiotic treatment of pneumonia in the ICU. Chest. 2002, 122: 2183-2196. 10.1378/chest.122.6.2183.PubMed Höffken G, Niederman M: Nosocomial pneumonia. The importance of a de-escalating strategy for antibiotic treatment of pneumonia in the ICU. Chest. 2002, 122: 2183-2196. 10.1378/chest.122.6.2183.PubMed

go back to reference Rello J, Vidaur L, Sandiumenge A, Rodríguez A, Gualis B, Boque C, Diaz E: De-escalation therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2004, 32: 2183-2190.PubMed Rello J, Vidaur L, Sandiumenge A, Rodríguez A, Gualis B, Boque C, Diaz E: De-escalation therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2004, 32: 2183-2190.PubMed

go back to reference Pea F, Viale P: Bench-to-bedside review: appropriate antibiotic therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock–does the dose matter?. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (3): 214-10.1186/cc7774.PubMedCentralPubMed Pea F, Viale P: Bench-to-bedside review: appropriate antibiotic therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock–does the dose matter?. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (3): 214-10.1186/cc7774.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ: Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1996, 124: 717-725. 10.7326/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00003.PubMed Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ: Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1996, 124: 717-725. 10.7326/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00003.PubMed

go back to reference McKenzie C: Antibiotic dosing in critical illness. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66 (Suppl 2): ii25-ii31.PubMed McKenzie C: Antibiotic dosing in critical illness. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66 (Suppl 2): ii25-ii31.PubMed

go back to reference Roberts JA, Lipman J, Blot S, Rello J: Better outcomes through continuous infusion of time-dependent antibiotics to critically ill patients?. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008, 14 (4): 390-396. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283021b3a.PubMed Roberts JA, Lipman J, Blot S, Rello J: Better outcomes through continuous infusion of time-dependent antibiotics to critically ill patients?. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008, 14 (4): 390-396. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283021b3a.PubMed

go back to reference Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ, O’Neill PJ, Chow AW, Dellinger EP, Eachempati SR, Gorbach S, Hilfiker M, May AK, Nathens AB, Sawyer RG, Bartlett JG: Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010, 50 (2): 133-164. 10.1086/649554.PubMed Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ, O’Neill PJ, Chow AW, Dellinger EP, Eachempati SR, Gorbach S, Hilfiker M, May AK, Nathens AB, Sawyer RG, Bartlett JG: Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010, 50 (2): 133-164. 10.1086/649554.PubMed

go back to reference Powell LL, Wilson SE: The role of beta-lactam antimicrobials as single agents in treatment of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2000, 1 (1): 57-63. 10.1089/109629600321308. Powell LL, Wilson SE: The role of beta-lactam antimicrobials as single agents in treatment of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2000, 1 (1): 57-63. 10.1089/109629600321308.

go back to reference Al-Hasan MN, Lahr BD, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM: Antimicrobial resistance trends of Escherichia coli bloodstream isolates: a population-based study, 1998–2007. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009, 64 (1): 169-174. 10.1093/jac/dkp162.PubMedCentralPubMed Al-Hasan MN, Lahr BD, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM: Antimicrobial resistance trends of Escherichia coli bloodstream isolates: a population-based study, 1998–2007. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009, 64 (1): 169-174. 10.1093/jac/dkp162.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Jones RN, Huynh HK, Biedenbach DJ, Fritsche TR, Sader HS: Doripenem (S-4661), a novel carbapenem: comparative activity against contemporary pathogens including bactericidal action and preliminary in vitro methods evaluations. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004, 54 (1): 144-154. 10.1093/jac/dkh298.PubMed Jones RN, Huynh HK, Biedenbach DJ, Fritsche TR, Sader HS: Doripenem (S-4661), a novel carbapenem: comparative activity against contemporary pathogens including bactericidal action and preliminary in vitro methods evaluations. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004, 54 (1): 144-154. 10.1093/jac/dkh298.PubMed

go back to reference Brown SD, Traczewski MM: Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of a new carbapenem, doripenem: tentative disc diffusion criteria and quality control. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 55 (6): 944-949. 10.1093/jac/dki134.PubMed Brown SD, Traczewski MM: Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of a new carbapenem, doripenem: tentative disc diffusion criteria and quality control. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 55 (6): 944-949. 10.1093/jac/dki134.PubMed

go back to reference Michalopoulos AS, Karatza DC: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: the use of colistin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010, 8 (9): 1009-1017. 10.1586/eri.10.88.PubMed Michalopoulos AS, Karatza DC: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: the use of colistin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010, 8 (9): 1009-1017. 10.1586/eri.10.88.PubMed

go back to reference Papaparaskevas J, Tzouvelekis LS, Tsakris A, Pittaras TE, Legakis NJ: Hellenic tigecycline study group: in vitro activity of tigecycline against 2423 clinical isolates and comparison of the available interpretation breakpoints. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010, 66 (2): 187-194. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.09.012.PubMed Papaparaskevas J, Tzouvelekis LS, Tsakris A, Pittaras TE, Legakis NJ: Hellenic tigecycline study group: in vitro activity of tigecycline against 2423 clinical isolates and comparison of the available interpretation breakpoints. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010, 66 (2): 187-194. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.09.012.PubMed

go back to reference Sekowska A, Gospodarek E: Susceptibility of Klebsiella spp. to tigecycline and other selected antibiotics. Med Sci Monit. 2010, 16 (6): BR193-BR196.PubMed Sekowska A, Gospodarek E: Susceptibility of Klebsiella spp. to tigecycline and other selected antibiotics. Med Sci Monit. 2010, 16 (6): BR193-BR196.PubMed

go back to reference Stein GE, Babinchak T: Tigecycline: an update. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013, 75 (4): 331-336. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.12.004.PubMed Stein GE, Babinchak T: Tigecycline: an update. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013, 75 (4): 331-336. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.12.004.PubMed

go back to reference US Food and Drug Administration: FDA drug safety communication: increased risk of death with Tygacil (tigecycline) compared to other antibiotics used to treat similar infections [online]. Available from URL: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm224370.htm US Food and Drug Administration: FDA drug safety communication: increased risk of death with Tygacil (tigecycline) compared to other antibiotics used to treat similar infections [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​fda.​gov/​Drugs/​DrugSafety/​ucm224370.​htm

go back to reference Stein GE, Smith CL, Missavage A, Saunders JP, Nicolau DP, Battjes SM, Kepros JP: Tigecycline penetration into skin and soft tissue. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2011, 12 (6): 465-467. 10.1089/sur.2011.022. Stein GE, Smith CL, Missavage A, Saunders JP, Nicolau DP, Battjes SM, Kepros JP: Tigecycline penetration into skin and soft tissue. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2011, 12 (6): 465-467. 10.1089/sur.2011.022.

go back to reference Zonios DI, Bennett JE: Update on azole antifungals. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 29 (2): 198-210. 10.1055/s-2008-1063858.PubMed Zonios DI, Bennett JE: Update on azole antifungals. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 29 (2): 198-210. 10.1055/s-2008-1063858.PubMed

go back to reference Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ: Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007, 20: 133-163. 10.1128/CMR.00029-06.PubMedCentralPubMed Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ: Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007, 20: 133-163. 10.1128/CMR.00029-06.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Glockner A: Treatment and prophylaxis of invasive candidiasis with anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin: review of the literature. Eur J Med Res. 2011, 16 (4): 167-179. 10.1186/2047-783X-16-4-167.PubMedCentralPubMed Glockner A: Treatment and prophylaxis of invasive candidiasis with anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin: review of the literature. Eur J Med Res. 2011, 16 (4): 167-179. 10.1186/2047-783X-16-4-167.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Chen SC, Slavin MA, Sorrell TC: Echinocandin antifungal drugs in fungal infections: a comparison. Drugs. 2011, 71 (1): 11-41. 10.2165/11585270-000000000-00000.PubMed Chen SC, Slavin MA, Sorrell TC: Echinocandin antifungal drugs in fungal infections: a comparison. Drugs. 2011, 71 (1): 11-41. 10.2165/11585270-000000000-00000.PubMed

go back to reference Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH, Pappas PG, Hamill RJ, Larsen RA, Horowitz HW, Powderly WG, Hyslop N, Kauffman CA, Cleary J, Mangino JE, Lee J: Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2,000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003, 47: 3149-3154. 10.1128/AAC.47.10.3149-3154.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH, Pappas PG, Hamill RJ, Larsen RA, Horowitz HW, Powderly WG, Hyslop N, Kauffman CA, Cleary J, Mangino JE, Lee J: Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2,000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003, 47: 3149-3154. 10.1128/AAC.47.10.3149-3154.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Karimova A, Pinsky DJ: The endothelial response to oxygen eprivation: biology and clinical implications. Intensive Care Med. 2001, 27: 19-31. 10.1007/s001340000790.PubMed Karimova A, Pinsky DJ: The endothelial response to oxygen eprivation: biology and clinical implications. Intensive Care Med. 2001, 27: 19-31. 10.1007/s001340000790.PubMed

go back to reference Benjamin E, Leibowitz AB, Oropello J, Iberti TJ: Systemic hypoxic and inflammatory syndrome: An alternative designation for “sepsis syndrome”. Crit Care Med. 1992, 20: 680-682. 10.1097/00003246-199205000-00022.PubMed Benjamin E, Leibowitz AB, Oropello J, Iberti TJ: Systemic hypoxic and inflammatory syndrome: An alternative designation for “sepsis syndrome”. Crit Care Med. 1992, 20: 680-682. 10.1097/00003246-199205000-00022.PubMed

go back to reference Rivers E: Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Eng J Med. 2001, 345: 1368-1377. Rivers E: Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Eng J Med. 2001, 345: 1368-1377.

go back to reference Aduen J, Bernstein WK, Khastgir T, Miller J, Kerzner R, Bhatiani A, Miller J, Kerzner R, Bhatiani A, Lustgarten J, Bassin AS, Davison L, Chernow B: The use and clinical importance of a substrate-specific electrode for rapid determination of blood lactate concentrations. JAMA. 1994, 272: 1678-1685. 10.1001/jama.1994.03520210062033.PubMed Aduen J, Bernstein WK, Khastgir T, Miller J, Kerzner R, Bhatiani A, Miller J, Kerzner R, Bhatiani A, Lustgarten J, Bassin AS, Davison L, Chernow B: The use and clinical importance of a substrate-specific electrode for rapid determination of blood lactate concentrations. JAMA. 1994, 272: 1678-1685. 10.1001/jama.1994.03520210062033.PubMed

go back to reference Mikkelsen ME, Miltiades AN, Gaieski DF, Goyal M, Fuchs BD, Shah CV, Bellamy SL, Christie JD: Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med. 2009, 37: 1670-1677. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819fcf68.PubMed Mikkelsen ME, Miltiades AN, Gaieski DF, Goyal M, Fuchs BD, Shah CV, Bellamy SL, Christie JD: Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med. 2009, 37: 1670-1677. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819fcf68.PubMed

go back to reference Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Chansky ME, Arnold RC, Schorr C, Milcarek B, Hollenberg SM, Parrillo JE: Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in patients with infection. Intensive Care Med. 2007, 33: 970-977. 10.1007/s00134-007-0563-9.PubMed Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Chansky ME, Arnold RC, Schorr C, Milcarek B, Hollenberg SM, Parrillo JE: Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in patients with infection. Intensive Care Med. 2007, 33: 970-977. 10.1007/s00134-007-0563-9.PubMed

go back to reference Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, Nathanson LA, Lisbon A, Wolfe RE, Weiss JW: Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2005, 45: 524-528. 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.12.006.PubMed Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, Nathanson LA, Lisbon A, Wolfe RE, Weiss JW: Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2005, 45: 524-528. 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.12.006.PubMed

go back to reference Pearse RM: Extending the role of lactate measurement into the prehospital environment. Crit Care. 2009, 13: 115-10.1186/cc7687.PubMedCentralPubMed Pearse RM: Extending the role of lactate measurement into the prehospital environment. Crit Care. 2009, 13: 115-10.1186/cc7687.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, Jacobsen G, Muzzin A, Ressler JA, Tomlanovich MC: Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004, 32: 1637-1642. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000132904.35713.A7.PubMed Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, Jacobsen G, Muzzin A, Ressler JA, Tomlanovich MC: Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004, 32: 1637-1642. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000132904.35713.A7.PubMed

go back to reference James JH, Luchette FA, McCarter FD, Fischer JE: Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis. Lancet. 1999, 354: 505-508. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)91132-1.PubMed James JH, Luchette FA, McCarter FD, Fischer JE: Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis. Lancet. 1999, 354: 505-508. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)91132-1.PubMed

go back to reference Dugas D, Mackenhauer J, Joyce N, Donnino M: Prevalence and characteristics of nonlactate and lactate expressors in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2009, 37 (Suppl): A227- Dugas D, Mackenhauer J, Joyce N, Donnino M: Prevalence and characteristics of nonlactate and lactate expressors in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2009, 37 (Suppl): A227-

go back to reference Cannon CM, for the Multicenter Severe S, Septic Shock Collaborative G. The GENESIS Project (GENeralization of Early Sepsis InterventionS): A multicenter quality improvement collaborative. Acad Emerg Med. 2010, 17: 1258- Cannon CM, for the Multicenter Severe S, Septic Shock Collaborative G. The GENESIS Project (GENeralization of Early Sepsis InterventionS): A multicenter quality improvement collaborative. Acad Emerg Med. 2010, 17: 1258-

go back to reference Perel P, Roberts I: Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011, 3: CD000567-PubMed Perel P, Roberts I: Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011, 3: CD000567-PubMed

go back to reference Walker J, Criddle LM: Pathophysiology and management of abdominal compartment syndrome. Am J Crit Care. 2003, 12 (4): 367-371.PubMed Walker J, Criddle LM: Pathophysiology and management of abdominal compartment syndrome. Am J Crit Care. 2003, 12 (4): 367-371.PubMed

go back to reference Brandt S, Regueira T, Bracht H, Porta F, Djafarzadeh S, Takala J, Gorrasi J, Borotto E, Krejci V, Hiltebrand LB, Bruegger LE, Beldi G, Wilkens L, Lepper PM, Kessler U, Jakob SM: Effect of fluid resuscitation on mortality and organ function in experimental sepsis models. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (6): R186-10.1186/cc8179.PubMedCentralPubMed Brandt S, Regueira T, Bracht H, Porta F, Djafarzadeh S, Takala J, Gorrasi J, Borotto E, Krejci V, Hiltebrand LB, Bruegger LE, Beldi G, Wilkens L, Lepper PM, Kessler U, Jakob SM: Effect of fluid resuscitation on mortality and organ function in experimental sepsis models. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (6): R186-10.1186/cc8179.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Harvey S, Young D, Brampton W, Cooper AB, Doig G, Sibbald W, Rowan K: Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, 19 (3): CD003408 Harvey S, Young D, Brampton W, Cooper AB, Doig G, Sibbald W, Rowan K: Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, 19 (3): CD003408

go back to reference Charron C, Caille V, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A: Echocardiographic measurement of fluid responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006, 12 (3): 249-254. 10.1097/01.ccx.0000224870.24324.cc.PubMed Charron C, Caille V, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A: Echocardiographic measurement of fluid responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006, 12 (3): 249-254. 10.1097/01.ccx.0000224870.24324.cc.PubMed

go back to reference Manasia AR, Nagaraj HM, Kodali RB, Croft LB, Oropello JM, Kohli-Seth R, Leibowitz AB, DelGiudice R, Hufanda JF, Benjamin E, Goldman ME: Feasibility and potential clinical utility of goal-directed transthoracic echocardiography performed by noncardiologist intensivists using a small hand-carried device (SonoHeart) in critically ill patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005, 19 (2): 155-9. 10.1053/j.jvca.2005.01.023.PubMed Manasia AR, Nagaraj HM, Kodali RB, Croft LB, Oropello JM, Kohli-Seth R, Leibowitz AB, DelGiudice R, Hufanda JF, Benjamin E, Goldman ME: Feasibility and potential clinical utility of goal-directed transthoracic echocardiography performed by noncardiologist intensivists using a small hand-carried device (SonoHeart) in critically ill patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005, 19 (2): 155-9. 10.1053/j.jvca.2005.01.023.PubMed

go back to reference Zhang Z, Xu X, Yao M, Chen H, Ni H, Fan H: Use of the PiCCO system in critically ill patients with septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013, 14: 32-10.1186/1745-6215-14-32.PubMedCentralPubMed Zhang Z, Xu X, Yao M, Chen H, Ni H, Fan H: Use of the PiCCO system in critically ill patients with septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013, 14: 32-10.1186/1745-6215-14-32.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, Saux P, Gouin F: Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock?. Chest. 1993, 103 (6): 1826-1831. 10.1378/chest.103.6.1826.PubMed Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, Saux P, Gouin F: Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock?. Chest. 1993, 103 (6): 1826-1831. 10.1378/chest.103.6.1826.PubMed

go back to reference de Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL: Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40 (3): 725-730. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823778ee.PubMed de Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL: Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40 (3): 725-730. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823778ee.PubMed

go back to reference Regnier B, Rapin M, Gory G, Lemaire F, Teisseire B, Harari A: Haemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 1977, 3: 47-53. 10.1007/BF01683060.PubMed Regnier B, Rapin M, Gory G, Lemaire F, Teisseire B, Harari A: Haemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 1977, 3: 47-53. 10.1007/BF01683060.PubMed

go back to reference Seguin P, Bellissant E, Le Tulzo Y, Laviolle B, Lessard Y, Thomas R, Mallédant Y: Effects of epinephrine compared with the combination of dobutamine and norepinephrine on gastric perfusion in septic shock. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002, 71: 381-388. 10.1067/mcp.2002.122471.PubMed Seguin P, Bellissant E, Le Tulzo Y, Laviolle B, Lessard Y, Thomas R, Mallédant Y: Effects of epinephrine compared with the combination of dobutamine and norepinephrine on gastric perfusion in septic shock. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002, 71: 381-388. 10.1067/mcp.2002.122471.PubMed

go back to reference Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A, CAT Study investigators: A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 2226-2234. 10.1007/s00134-008-1219-0.PubMed Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A, CAT Study investigators: A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 2226-2234. 10.1007/s00134-008-1219-0.PubMed

go back to reference Holmes CL, Patel BM, Russell JA, Walley KR, Walley KR: Physiology of vasopressin relevant to management of septic shock. Chest. 2001, 120: 989-1002. 10.1378/chest.120.3.989.PubMed Holmes CL, Patel BM, Russell JA, Walley KR, Walley KR: Physiology of vasopressin relevant to management of septic shock. Chest. 2001, 120: 989-1002. 10.1378/chest.120.3.989.PubMed

go back to reference White LE, Hassoun HT, Bihorac A, Moore LJ, Sailors RM, McKinley BA, Valdivia A, Moore FA: Acute kidney injury is surprisingly common and a powerful predictor of mortality in surgical sepsis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013, 75 (3): 432-438. 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829de6cd.PubMed White LE, Hassoun HT, Bihorac A, Moore LJ, Sailors RM, McKinley BA, Valdivia A, Moore FA: Acute kidney injury is surprisingly common and a powerful predictor of mortality in surgical sepsis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013, 75 (3): 432-438. 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829de6cd.PubMed

go back to reference Marshall JC: Principles of source control in the early management of sepsis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010, 12 (5): 345-353. 10.1007/s11908-010-0126-z.PubMed Marshall JC: Principles of source control in the early management of sepsis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010, 12 (5): 345-353. 10.1007/s11908-010-0126-z.PubMed

go back to reference Marshall JC, al Naqbi A: Principles of source control in the management of sepsis. Crit Care Clin. 2009, 25 (4): 753-768. 10.1016/j.ccc.2009.08.001.PubMed Marshall JC, al Naqbi A: Principles of source control in the management of sepsis. Crit Care Clin. 2009, 25 (4): 753-768. 10.1016/j.ccc.2009.08.001.PubMed

go back to reference Wacha H, Hau T, Dittmer R, Ohmann C: Risk factors associated with intraabdominal infections: a prospective multicenter study. Peritonitis study group. langenbecks Arch Surg. 1999, 384: 24-32. 10.1007/s004230050169.PubMed Wacha H, Hau T, Dittmer R, Ohmann C: Risk factors associated with intraabdominal infections: a prospective multicenter study. Peritonitis study group. langenbecks Arch Surg. 1999, 384: 24-32. 10.1007/s004230050169.PubMed

go back to reference Sugimoto K, Hirata M, Kikuno T, Takishima T, Maekawa K, Ohwada T: Large-volume intraoperative peritoneal lavage with an assistant device for treatment of peritonitis caused by blunt traumatic rupture of the small bowel. J Trauma. 1995, 39 (4): 689-692. 10.1097/00005373-199510000-00013.PubMed Sugimoto K, Hirata M, Kikuno T, Takishima T, Maekawa K, Ohwada T: Large-volume intraoperative peritoneal lavage with an assistant device for treatment of peritonitis caused by blunt traumatic rupture of the small bowel. J Trauma. 1995, 39 (4): 689-692. 10.1097/00005373-199510000-00013.PubMed

go back to reference Lopez N, Kobayashi L, Coimbra R: A Comprehensive review of abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2011, 6: 7-10.1186/1749-7922-6-7.PubMedCentralPubMed Lopez N, Kobayashi L, Coimbra R: A Comprehensive review of abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2011, 6: 7-10.1186/1749-7922-6-7.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Agresta F, Ciardo LF, Mazzarolo G, Michelet I, Orsi G, Trentin G, Bedin N: Peritonitis: laparoscopic approach. World J Emerg Surg. 2006, 24: 1-9. Agresta F, Ciardo LF, Mazzarolo G, Michelet I, Orsi G, Trentin G, Bedin N: Peritonitis: laparoscopic approach. World J Emerg Surg. 2006, 24: 1-9.

go back to reference Anderson ID, Fearon KC, Grant IS: Laparotomy for abdominal sepsis in the critically ill. Br J Surg. 1996, 83 (4): 535-539. 10.1002/bjs.1800830434.PubMed Anderson ID, Fearon KC, Grant IS: Laparotomy for abdominal sepsis in the critically ill. Br J Surg. 1996, 83 (4): 535-539. 10.1002/bjs.1800830434.PubMed

go back to reference Koperna T, Semmler D, Marian F: Risk stratification in emergency surgical patients: is the APACHE II score a reliable marker of physiological impairment?. Arch Surg. 2001, 136 (1): 55-59. 10.1001/archsurg.136.1.55.PubMed Koperna T, Semmler D, Marian F: Risk stratification in emergency surgical patients: is the APACHE II score a reliable marker of physiological impairment?. Arch Surg. 2001, 136 (1): 55-59. 10.1001/archsurg.136.1.55.PubMed

go back to reference van Ruler O, Kiewiet JJ, Boer KR, Lamme B, Gouma DJ, Boermeester MA, Reitsma JB: Failure of available scoring systems to predict ongoing infection in patients with abdominal sepsis after their initial emergency laparotomy. BMC Surg. 2011, 23: 11-38. van Ruler O, Kiewiet JJ, Boer KR, Lamme B, Gouma DJ, Boermeester MA, Reitsma JB: Failure of available scoring systems to predict ongoing infection in patients with abdominal sepsis after their initial emergency laparotomy. BMC Surg. 2011, 23: 11-38.

go back to reference Koperna T, Schulz F: Relaparotomy in peritonitis: prognosis and treatment of patients with persisting intraabdominal infection. World J Surg. 2000, 24 (1): 32-37. 10.1007/s002689910007.PubMed Koperna T, Schulz F: Relaparotomy in peritonitis: prognosis and treatment of patients with persisting intraabdominal infection. World J Surg. 2000, 24 (1): 32-37. 10.1007/s002689910007.PubMed

go back to reference van Ruler O, Lamme B, de Vos R, Obertop H, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Decision making for relaparotomy in secondary peritonitis. Dig Surg. 2008, 25 (5): 339-346. 10.1159/000158911.PubMed van Ruler O, Lamme B, de Vos R, Obertop H, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Decision making for relaparotomy in secondary peritonitis. Dig Surg. 2008, 25 (5): 339-346. 10.1159/000158911.PubMed

go back to reference Lamme B, Mahler CW, van Ruler O, Gouma DJ, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Clinical predictors of ongoing infection in secondary peritonitis: systematic review. World J Surg. 2006, 30 (12): 2170-2181. 10.1007/s00268-005-0333-1.PubMed Lamme B, Mahler CW, van Ruler O, Gouma DJ, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Clinical predictors of ongoing infection in secondary peritonitis: systematic review. World J Surg. 2006, 30 (12): 2170-2181. 10.1007/s00268-005-0333-1.PubMed

go back to reference Hinsdale JG, Jaffe BM: Re-operation for intra-abdominal sepsis. Indications and results in modern critical care setting. Ann Surg. 1984, 199 (1): 31-36. 10.1097/00000658-198401000-00006.PubMedCentralPubMed Hinsdale JG, Jaffe BM: Re-operation for intra-abdominal sepsis. Indications and results in modern critical care setting. Ann Surg. 1984, 199 (1): 31-36. 10.1097/00000658-198401000-00006.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Hutchins RR, Gunning MP, Lucas DN, Allen-Mersh TG, Soni NC: Relaparotomy for suspected intraperitoneal sepsis after abdominal surgery. World J Surg. 2004, 28 (2): 137-141. 10.1007/s00268-003-7067-8.PubMed Hutchins RR, Gunning MP, Lucas DN, Allen-Mersh TG, Soni NC: Relaparotomy for suspected intraperitoneal sepsis after abdominal surgery. World J Surg. 2004, 28 (2): 137-141. 10.1007/s00268-003-7067-8.PubMed

go back to reference van Ruler O, Lamme B, Gouma DJ, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Variables associated with positive findings at relaparotomy in patients with secondary peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35 (2): 468-476. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000253399.03545.2D.PubMed van Ruler O, Lamme B, Gouma DJ, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Variables associated with positive findings at relaparotomy in patients with secondary peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35 (2): 468-476. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000253399.03545.2D.PubMed

go back to reference Holzheimer RG, Gathof B: Re-operation for complicated secondary peritonitis-how to identify patients at risk for persistent sepsis. Eur J Med Res. 2003, 8 (3): 125-134.PubMed Holzheimer RG, Gathof B: Re-operation for complicated secondary peritonitis-how to identify patients at risk for persistent sepsis. Eur J Med Res. 2003, 8 (3): 125-134.PubMed

go back to reference van Ruler O, Mahler CW, Boer KR, Reuland EA, Gooszen HG, Opmeer BC, de Graaf PW, Lamme B, Gerhards MF, Steller EP, van Till JW, de Borgie CJ, Gouma DJ, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Comparison of on-demand vs planned relaparotomy strategy in patients with severe peritonitis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007, 298: 865-872. 10.1001/jama.298.8.865.PubMed van Ruler O, Mahler CW, Boer KR, Reuland EA, Gooszen HG, Opmeer BC, de Graaf PW, Lamme B, Gerhards MF, Steller EP, van Till JW, de Borgie CJ, Gouma DJ, Reitsma JB, Boermeester MA: Comparison of on-demand vs planned relaparotomy strategy in patients with severe peritonitis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007, 298: 865-872. 10.1001/jama.298.8.865.PubMed

go back to reference Robledo FA, Luque-de-León E, Suárez R, Sánchez P, de-la-Fuente M, Vargas A, Mier J: Open versus closed management of the abdomen in the surgical treatment of severe secondary peritonitis: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2007, 8: 63-72. 10.1089/sur.2006.8.016. Robledo FA, Luque-de-León E, Suárez R, Sánchez P, de-la-Fuente M, Vargas A, Mier J: Open versus closed management of the abdomen in the surgical treatment of severe secondary peritonitis: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2007, 8: 63-72. 10.1089/sur.2006.8.016.

go back to reference Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, de Waele J, Jaeschke R, Malbrain ML, de Keulenaer B, Duchesne J, Bjorck M, Leppaniemi A, Ejike JC, Sugrue M, Cheatham M, Ivatury R, Ball CG, Reintam Blaser A, Regli A, Balogh ZJ, D’Amours S, Debergh D, Kaplan M, Kimball E, Olvera C: Pediatric Guidelines Sub-Committee for the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013, 39 (7): 1190-1206. 10.1007/s00134-013-2906-z.PubMedCentralPubMed Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, de Waele J, Jaeschke R, Malbrain ML, de Keulenaer B, Duchesne J, Bjorck M, Leppaniemi A, Ejike JC, Sugrue M, Cheatham M, Ivatury R, Ball CG, Reintam Blaser A, Regli A, Balogh ZJ, D’Amours S, Debergh D, Kaplan M, Kimball E, Olvera C: Pediatric Guidelines Sub-Committee for the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013, 39 (7): 1190-1206. 10.1007/s00134-013-2906-z.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Merrell RC: The abdomen as source of sepsis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Clin. 1995, 11 (2): 255-272.PubMed Merrell RC: The abdomen as source of sepsis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Clin. 1995, 11 (2): 255-272.PubMed

go back to reference Waibel BH, Rotondo MF: Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38 (9 Suppl): S421-S430.PubMed Waibel BH, Rotondo MF: Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38 (9 Suppl): S421-S430.PubMed

go back to reference Jansen JO, Loudon MA: Damage control surgery in a non-trauma setting. Br J Surg. 2007, 94 (7): 789-790. 10.1002/bjs.5922.PubMed Jansen JO, Loudon MA: Damage control surgery in a non-trauma setting. Br J Surg. 2007, 94 (7): 789-790. 10.1002/bjs.5922.PubMed

go back to reference Amin AI, Shaikh IA: Topical negative pressure in managing severe peritonitis: a positive contribution?. World J Gastroenterol. 2009, 15 (27): 3394-3397. 10.3748/wjg.15.3394.PubMedCentralPubMed Amin AI, Shaikh IA: Topical negative pressure in managing severe peritonitis: a positive contribution?. World J Gastroenterol. 2009, 15 (27): 3394-3397. 10.3748/wjg.15.3394.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Schmelzle M, Alldinger I, Matthaei H, Aydin F, Wallert I, Eisenberger CF, Schulte Am Esch J, Dizdar L, Topp SA, Yang Q, Knoefel WT: Long-term vacuum-assisted closure in open abdomen due to secondary peritonitis: a retrospective evaluation of a selected group of patients. Dig Surg. 2010, 27 (4): 272-278. 10.1159/000314609.PubMed Schmelzle M, Alldinger I, Matthaei H, Aydin F, Wallert I, Eisenberger CF, Schulte Am Esch J, Dizdar L, Topp SA, Yang Q, Knoefel WT: Long-term vacuum-assisted closure in open abdomen due to secondary peritonitis: a retrospective evaluation of a selected group of patients. Dig Surg. 2010, 27 (4): 272-278. 10.1159/000314609.PubMed

go back to reference Schein M: Planned reoperations and open management in critical intra-abdominal infections: prospective experience in 52 cases. World J Surg. 1991, 15: 537-545. 10.1007/BF01675658.PubMed Schein M: Planned reoperations and open management in critical intra-abdominal infections: prospective experience in 52 cases. World J Surg. 1991, 15: 537-545. 10.1007/BF01675658.PubMed

go back to reference Adkins AL, Robbins J, Villalba M, Bendick P, Shanley CJ: Open abdomen management of intra-abdominal sepsis. Am Surg. 2004, 70: 137-140.PubMed Adkins AL, Robbins J, Villalba M, Bendick P, Shanley CJ: Open abdomen management of intra-abdominal sepsis. Am Surg. 2004, 70: 137-140.PubMed

go back to reference Horwood J, Akbar F, Maw A: Initial experience of laparostomy with immediate vacuum therapy in patients with severe peritonitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2009, 91 (8): 681-687. 10.1308/003588409X12486167520993.PubMedCentralPubMed Horwood J, Akbar F, Maw A: Initial experience of laparostomy with immediate vacuum therapy in patients with severe peritonitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2009, 91 (8): 681-687. 10.1308/003588409X12486167520993.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Demetriades D: Total management of the open abdomen. Int Wound J. 2012, 9 (Suppl 1): 17-24.PubMed Demetriades D: Total management of the open abdomen. Int Wound J. 2012, 9 (Suppl 1): 17-24.PubMed

go back to reference Paul JS, Ridolfi TJ: A case study in intra-abdominal sepsis. Surg Clin North Am. 2012, 92 (6): 1661-1677. 10.1016/j.suc.2012.08.014.PubMed Paul JS, Ridolfi TJ: A case study in intra-abdominal sepsis. Surg Clin North Am. 2012, 92 (6): 1661-1677. 10.1016/j.suc.2012.08.014.PubMed

go back to reference Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, McGonigal MD, Phillips GR, Fruchterman TM, Kauder DR, Latenser BA, Angood PA: ‘Damage control’: an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma. 1993, 35 (3): 375-382. 10.1097/00005373-199309000-00008.PubMed Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, McGonigal MD, Phillips GR, Fruchterman TM, Kauder DR, Latenser BA, Angood PA: ‘Damage control’: an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma. 1993, 35 (3): 375-382. 10.1097/00005373-199309000-00008.PubMed

go back to reference Godat L, Kobayashi L, Costantini T, Coimbra R: Abdominal damage control surgery and reconstruction: World society of emergency surgery position paper. World J Emerg Surg. 2013, 8 (1): 53-10.1186/1749-7922-8-53.PubMedCentralPubMed Godat L, Kobayashi L, Costantini T, Coimbra R: Abdominal damage control surgery and reconstruction: World society of emergency surgery position paper. World J Emerg Surg. 2013, 8 (1): 53-10.1186/1749-7922-8-53.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Waibel BH, Rotondo MM: Damage control surgery: it’s evolution over the last 20 years. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2012, 39 (4): 314-321. 10.1590/S0100-69912012000400012.PubMed Waibel BH, Rotondo MM: Damage control surgery: it’s evolution over the last 20 years. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2012, 39 (4): 314-321. 10.1590/S0100-69912012000400012.PubMed

go back to reference Moore LJ, Moore FA: Epidemiology of sepsis in surgical patients. Surg Clin North Am. 2012, 92 (6): 1425-1443. 10.1016/j.suc.2012.08.009.PubMed Moore LJ, Moore FA: Epidemiology of sepsis in surgical patients. Surg Clin North Am. 2012, 92 (6): 1425-1443. 10.1016/j.suc.2012.08.009.PubMed

go back to reference Ordoñez CA, Pino LF, Badiel M, Sánchez AI, Loaiza J, Ballestas L, Puyana JC: Safety of performing a delayed anastomosis during damage control laparotomy in patients with destructive colon injuries. J Trauma. 2011, 71 (6): 1512-1517. 10.1097/TA.0b013e31823d0691.PubMedCentralPubMed Ordoñez CA, Pino LF, Badiel M, Sánchez AI, Loaiza J, Ballestas L, Puyana JC: Safety of performing a delayed anastomosis during damage control laparotomy in patients with destructive colon injuries. J Trauma. 2011, 71 (6): 1512-1517. 10.1097/TA.0b013e31823d0691.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Ordonez CA, Sanchez AI, Pineda JA, Badiel M, Mesa R, Cardona U, Arias R, RossoF , Granados M, Gutiérrez-Martínez MI, Ochoa JB, Peitzman A, Puyana JC: Deferred primary anastomosis versus diversion in patients with severe secondary peritonitis managed with staged laparotomies. World J Surg. 2010, 34: 169-176. 10.1007/s00268-009-0285-y.PubMedCentralPubMed Ordonez CA, Sanchez AI, Pineda JA, Badiel M, Mesa R, Cardona U, Arias R, RossoF , Granados M, Gutiérrez-Martínez MI, Ochoa JB, Peitzman A, Puyana JC: Deferred primary anastomosis versus diversion in patients with severe secondary peritonitis managed with staged laparotomies. World J Surg. 2010, 34: 169-176. 10.1007/s00268-009-0285-y.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Perathoner A, Klaus A, Muhlmann G, Oberwalder M, Margreiter R, Kafka-Ritsch , Oberwalder M, Margreiter R, Kafka-Ritsch Q: Damage control with abdominal vacuum therapy (VAC) to manage perforated diverticulitis with advanced generalized peritonitis – a proof of concept. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010, 25: 767-774. 10.1007/s00384-010-0887-8.PubMed Perathoner A, Klaus A, Muhlmann G, Oberwalder M, Margreiter R, Kafka-Ritsch , Oberwalder M, Margreiter R, Kafka-Ritsch Q: Damage control with abdominal vacuum therapy (VAC) to manage perforated diverticulitis with advanced generalized peritonitis – a proof of concept. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010, 25: 767-774. 10.1007/s00384-010-0887-8.PubMed

go back to reference Kafka-Ritsch R, Birkfellner F, Perathoner A, Raab H, Nehoda H, Pratschke J, Zitt M: Damage control surgery with abdominal vacuum and delayed bowel reconstruction in patients with perforated diverticulitis Hinchey III/IV. J Gastroenterol Surg. 2012, 16: 1915-1922. 10.1007/s11605-012-1977-4. Kafka-Ritsch R, Birkfellner F, Perathoner A, Raab H, Nehoda H, Pratschke J, Zitt M: Damage control surgery with abdominal vacuum and delayed bowel reconstruction in patients with perforated diverticulitis Hinchey III/IV. J Gastroenterol Surg. 2012, 16: 1915-1922. 10.1007/s11605-012-1977-4.

go back to reference Yuan Y, Ren J, He Y: Current status of the open abdomen treatment for intra-abdominal infection. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013, 532013-Epub 2013 Oct 2 Yuan Y, Ren J, He Y: Current status of the open abdomen treatment for intra-abdominal infection. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013, 532013-Epub 2013 Oct 2

go back to reference Regner JL, Kobayashi L, Coimbra R: Surgical strategies for management of the open abdomen. World J Surg. 2012, 36 (3): 497-510. 10.1007/s00268-011-1203-7.PubMed Regner JL, Kobayashi L, Coimbra R: Surgical strategies for management of the open abdomen. World J Surg. 2012, 36 (3): 497-510. 10.1007/s00268-011-1203-7.PubMed

go back to reference Padalino P, Dionigi G, Minoja G, Carcano G, Rovera F, Boni L, Dionigi R: Fascia-to-fascia closure with abdominal topical negative pressure for severe abdominal infections: preliminary results in a department of general surgery and intensive care unit. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2010, 11 (6): 523-528. 10.1089/sur.2010.042. Padalino P, Dionigi G, Minoja G, Carcano G, Rovera F, Boni L, Dionigi R: Fascia-to-fascia closure with abdominal topical negative pressure for severe abdominal infections: preliminary results in a department of general surgery and intensive care unit. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2010, 11 (6): 523-528. 10.1089/sur.2010.042.

go back to reference Tsuei BJ, Skinner JC, Bernard AC, Kearney PA, Boulanger BR: The open peritoneal cavity: etiology correlates with the likelihood of fascial closure. Am Surg. 2004, 70 (7): 652-656.PubMed Tsuei BJ, Skinner JC, Bernard AC, Kearney PA, Boulanger BR: The open peritoneal cavity: etiology correlates with the likelihood of fascial closure. Am Surg. 2004, 70 (7): 652-656.PubMed

go back to reference Pliakos I, Papavramidis TS, Mihalopoulos N, Koulouris H, Kesisoglou I, Sapalidis K, Deligiannidis N, Papavramidis S: Vacuum-assisted closure in severe abdominal sepsis with or without retention sutured sequential fascial closure: a clinical trial. Surgery. 2010, 148 (5): 947-953. 10.1016/j.surg.2010.01.021.PubMed Pliakos I, Papavramidis TS, Mihalopoulos N, Koulouris H, Kesisoglou I, Sapalidis K, Deligiannidis N, Papavramidis S: Vacuum-assisted closure in severe abdominal sepsis with or without retention sutured sequential fascial closure: a clinical trial. Surgery. 2010, 148 (5): 947-953. 10.1016/j.surg.2010.01.021.PubMed

go back to reference Roberts DJ, Zygun DA, Grendar J, Ball CG, Robertson HL, Ouellet JF, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick AW: Negative-pressure wound therapy for critically ill adults with open abdominal wounds: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012, 73 (3): 629-639. 10.1097/TA.0b013e31825c130e.PubMed Roberts DJ, Zygun DA, Grendar J, Ball CG, Robertson HL, Ouellet JF, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick AW: Negative-pressure wound therapy for critically ill adults with open abdominal wounds: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012, 73 (3): 629-639. 10.1097/TA.0b013e31825c130e.PubMed

go back to reference Kubiak BD, Albert SP, Gatto LA, Snyder KP, Maier KG, Vieau CJ, Roy S, Nieman GF: Peritoneal negative pressure therapy prevents multiple organ injury in a chronic porcine sepsis and ischemia/reperfusion model. Shock. 2010, 34: 525-534. 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181e14cd2.PubMed Kubiak BD, Albert SP, Gatto LA, Snyder KP, Maier KG, Vieau CJ, Roy S, Nieman GF: Peritoneal negative pressure therapy prevents multiple organ injury in a chronic porcine sepsis and ischemia/reperfusion model. Shock. 2010, 34: 525-534. 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181e14cd2.PubMed

go back to reference Plaudis H, Rudzats A, Melberga L, Kazaka I, Suba O, Pupelis G: Abdominal negative-pressure therapy: a new method in countering abdominal compartment and peritonitis - prospective study and critical review of literature. Ann Intensive Care. 2012, 20 (2 Suppl 1): S23- Plaudis H, Rudzats A, Melberga L, Kazaka I, Suba O, Pupelis G: Abdominal negative-pressure therapy: a new method in countering abdominal compartment and peritonitis - prospective study and critical review of literature. Ann Intensive Care. 2012, 20 (2 Suppl 1): S23-

go back to reference Boele van Hensbroek P, Wind J, Dijkgraaf MG, Busch OR, Goslings JC: Temporary closure of the open abdomen: a systematic review on delayed primary fascial closure in patients with an open abdomen. World J Surg. 2009, 33 (2): 199-207. 10.1007/s00268-008-9867-3.PubMedCentralPubMed Boele van Hensbroek P, Wind J, Dijkgraaf MG, Busch OR, Goslings JC: Temporary closure of the open abdomen: a systematic review on delayed primary fascial closure in patients with an open abdomen. World J Surg. 2009, 33 (2): 199-207. 10.1007/s00268-008-9867-3.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Rasilainen SK, Mentula PJ, Leppäniemi AK: Vacuum and mesh-mediated fascial traction for primary closure of the open abdomen in critically ill surgical patients. Br J Surg. 2012, 99 (12): 1725-1732. 10.1002/bjs.8914.PubMed Rasilainen SK, Mentula PJ, Leppäniemi AK: Vacuum and mesh-mediated fascial traction for primary closure of the open abdomen in critically ill surgical patients. Br J Surg. 2012, 99 (12): 1725-1732. 10.1002/bjs.8914.PubMed

go back to reference Kissane NA, Itani KM: A decade of ventral incisional hernia repairs with biologic acellular dermal matrix: what have we learned?. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012, 130 (5 Suppl 2): 194S-202S.PubMed Kissane NA, Itani KM: A decade of ventral incisional hernia repairs with biologic acellular dermal matrix: what have we learned?. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012, 130 (5 Suppl 2): 194S-202S.PubMed

go back to reference Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, Reinhart K, Angus DC, Brun-Buisson C, Beale R, Calandra T, Dhainaut JF, Gerlach H, Harvey M, Marini JJ, Marshall J, Ranieri M, Ramsay G, Sevransky J, Thompson BT, Townsend S, Vender JS, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL, International Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses; American College of Chest Physicians; American College of Emergency Physicians; Canadian Critical Care Society; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; European Respiratory Society; International Sepsis Forum; Japanese Association for Acute Medicine; Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Hospital Medicine; Surgical Infection Society; World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 296-327. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41.PubMed Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, Reinhart K, Angus DC, Brun-Buisson C, Beale R, Calandra T, Dhainaut JF, Gerlach H, Harvey M, Marini JJ, Marshall J, Ranieri M, Ramsay G, Sevransky J, Thompson BT, Townsend S, Vender JS, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL, International Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses; American College of Chest Physicians; American College of Emergency Physicians; Canadian Critical Care Society; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; European Respiratory Society; International Sepsis Forum; Japanese Association for Acute Medicine; Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Hospital Medicine; Surgical Infection Society; World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 296-327. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41.PubMed

go back to reference Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr: Recombinant human protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study group. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001, 344: 699-709. 10.1056/NEJM200103083441001.PubMed Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr: Recombinant human protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study group. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001, 344: 699-709. 10.1056/NEJM200103083441001.PubMed

go back to reference Hodder RV, Hall R, Russell JA, Fisher HN, Lee B: Early drotrecogin alpha (activated) administration in severe sepsis is associated with lower mortality: a retrospective analysis of the Canadian ENHANCE cohort. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (3): R78-10.1186/cc7893.PubMedCentralPubMed Hodder RV, Hall R, Russell JA, Fisher HN, Lee B: Early drotrecogin alpha (activated) administration in severe sepsis is associated with lower mortality: a retrospective analysis of the Canadian ENHANCE cohort. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (3): R78-10.1186/cc7893.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Finfer S, Ranieri VM, Thompson BT, Barie PS, Dhainaut JF, Douglas IS, Gårdlund B, Marshall JC, Rhodes A: Design, conduct, analysis and reporting of a multi-national placebo-controlled trial of activated protein C for persistent septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34 (11): 1935-1947. 10.1007/s00134-008-1266-6.PubMedCentralPubMed Finfer S, Ranieri VM, Thompson BT, Barie PS, Dhainaut JF, Douglas IS, Gårdlund B, Marshall JC, Rhodes A: Design, conduct, analysis and reporting of a multi-national placebo-controlled trial of activated protein C for persistent septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34 (11): 1935-1947. 10.1007/s00134-008-1266-6.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Savel RH, Munro CL: Evidence-based backlash: the tale of drotrecogin alfa. Am J Crit Care. 2012, 21 (2): 81-83. 10.4037/ajcc2012903.PubMed Savel RH, Munro CL: Evidence-based backlash: the tale of drotrecogin alfa. Am J Crit Care. 2012, 21 (2): 81-83. 10.4037/ajcc2012903.PubMed

go back to reference Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Confalonieri M, de Gaudio R, Keh D, Kupfer Y, Oppert M, Meduri GU: Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review. JAMA. 2009, 301 (22): 2362-2375. 10.1001/jama.2009.815.PubMed Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Confalonieri M, de Gaudio R, Keh D, Kupfer Y, Oppert M, Meduri GU: Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review. JAMA. 2009, 301 (22): 2362-2375. 10.1001/jama.2009.815.PubMed

go back to reference Annane D: Corticosteroids for severe sepsis: an evidence-based guide for physicians. Ann Intensive Care. 2011, 1 (1): 7-10.1186/2110-5820-1-7.PubMedCentralPubMed Annane D: Corticosteroids for severe sepsis: an evidence-based guide for physicians. Ann Intensive Care. 2011, 1 (1): 7-10.1186/2110-5820-1-7.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Cohen J, Chin wD: Nutrition and sepsis. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2013, 105: 116-125.PubMed Cohen J, Chin wD: Nutrition and sepsis. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2013, 105: 116-125.PubMed

go back to reference Marik PE, Zaloga GP: Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2001, 29: 2264-2270. 10.1097/00003246-200112000-00005.PubMed Marik PE, Zaloga GP: Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2001, 29: 2264-2270. 10.1097/00003246-200112000-00005.PubMed

go back to reference Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, Gramlich L, Dodek P: Canadian critical care clinical practice guidelines committee: Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003, 27: 355-373. 10.1177/0148607103027005355.PubMed Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, Gramlich L, Dodek P: Canadian critical care clinical practice guidelines committee: Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003, 27: 355-373. 10.1177/0148607103027005355.PubMed

go back to reference Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F, Sweetman EA, Davies AR: Early enteral nutrition, provided within 24 h of injury or intensive care unit admission, significantly reduces mortality in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2009, 35: 2018-2027. 10.1007/s00134-009-1664-4.PubMed Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F, Sweetman EA, Davies AR: Early enteral nutrition, provided within 24 h of injury or intensive care unit admission, significantly reduces mortality in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2009, 35: 2018-2027. 10.1007/s00134-009-1664-4.PubMed