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BMC Infectious Diseases
Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Research article

Cross-sectional study of availability and pharmaceutical quality of antibiotics requested with or without prescription (Over The Counter) in Surabaya, Indonesia

Authors: Usman Hadi, Peterhans van den Broek, Erni P Kolopaking, Nun Zairina, Widjoseno Gardjito, Inge C Gyssens, the Study Group 'Antimicrobial Resistance in Indonesia: Prevalence and Prevention' (AMRIN)

Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases | Issue 1/2010

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Abstract

Background

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem in developing countries and antibiotic use is widespread. Our previous surveys in Java, Indonesia, revealed that most antibiotic use was probably unnecessary or ineffective. The aim of this study was to explore a potential connection between resistance and substandard antibiotics sold in the area.

Methods

A cross-sectional field study using the simulated client method was conducted in Surabaya. Five first-line antibiotics were requested with or without prescription (OTC). A certified laboratory analysed the drug content using validated methods. Possible determinants of substandard quality were explored.

Results

In total, 104 samples from 75 pharmacies, ten drug stores and 39 roadside stalls (kiosks) were obtained. Pharmacy employees filled all OTC requests. Three quarters of kiosks sold antibiotics. Antibiotics were dispensed as single blister strips or repackaged (16%) without label. Ninety five percent of samples carried the label of 14 Indonesian manufacturers. The pharmaceutical quality did not meet BP standards for 18% of samples. Deviations (less active ingredient) were small. There was no association between low content and type of outlet, sold with or without prescription, registration type, price or packaging. Median retail prices of products carrying the same label varied up to 20 fold.

Conclusions

Antibiotics were available OTC in all visited pharmacies and sold in the streets of an Indonesian city. Most samples contained an active ingredient. We urge to increase enforcement of existing regulations, including legislation that categorizes antibiotics as prescription-only drugs for all types of medicine outlets, to limit further selection of antimicrobial resistance.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Cross-sectional study of availability and pharmaceutical quality of antibiotics requested with or without prescription (Over The Counter) in Surabaya, Indonesia
Authors
Usman Hadi
Peterhans van den Broek
Erni P Kolopaking
Nun Zairina
Widjoseno Gardjito
Inge C Gyssens
the Study Group 'Antimicrobial Resistance in Indonesia: Prevalence and Prevention' (AMRIN)
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Infectious Diseases / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2334
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-203

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