Top

Published in:

01-04-2021 | Original Article

Correlation between some haematological parameters, leukocyte ratios, parasitaemia and their prognostic value in canine trypanosomosis

Authors: S. A. Ode, M. F. Acham, W. U. Anike, J. N. Abenga, M. Adamu

Published in: Comparative Clinical Pathology | Issue 2/2021

Abstract

African trypanosomosis is a disease of high economic importance in animals and humans caused by an apicomplexan haemoparasite of the genus Trypanosoma. Canine trypanosomosis is relatively common in Nigeria because of the high prevalence of the insect vector. The haematology, erythrocyte, and serum sialic acid levels of dogs experimentally infected with Federe strain of Trypanosoma brucei brucei was studied in a total of five (5) 4-month old dogs. Three of the dogs were randomly selected and inoculated subcutaneously with 1 × 10⁶ of T. brucei, while the remaining two dogs served as the uninfected control. The parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), total and differential white blood cell count, erythrocyte surface sialic acid (ESSA) and free serum sialic acid (FSSA) were determined twice a week. The lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were calculated. The infected dogs had a significantly lower PCV, total white blood cell count (TWBC), LMR and ESSA compared to the uninfected control group. There was a strong positive correlation between NLR and PCV decrease, moderate negative correlation between LMR and PCV decrease, strong negative correlation between LMR and ESSA changes, and a moderate positive correlation between ESSA changes and parasitaemia. The higher NLR in trypanosome infection associated with decreasing levels of PCV indicates a poor prognosis, and NLR may be a useful tool in estimating trypanosomosis effect on PCV in dogs. Similarly, the moderate negative and strong negative correlations between LMR with decreases in PCV and ESSA respectively indicates poor prognosis in the response to trypanosomosis in dogs. Thus, NLR, LMR and ESSA levels can be used as markers for predicting disease outcome in trypanosome infection in dogs. This is, however, not the case with parasitaemia as the clinico-pathologic effect of trypanosomosis cannot be estimated from the level of parasitaemia alone.

Abenga JN, Ezebuiro CO, Kehinder D, Fajinmi AO, Samdi S (2005) Studies on anaemia in Nigerian local puppies infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Vet Arh 75(2):65–174

Abenga JN, Ode SA, Agishi G (2016) Haematological derangement patterns in Nigerian dogs infected with Trypanosoma brucei: a simple prototype for assessing tolerance to trypanosome infections in animals. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol 17(1):25–34CrossRef

Abubakar A, Iliyasu B, Yusuf AB, Igweh AC, Onyekwelu NA, Shamaki BA, Afolayan DO, Ogbadoyi EO (2005) Antitrypanosomal and haematological effects of selected Nigerian medicinal plants in Wistar rats. Biokemistri 17:95–99

Ahmed AB (2007) High trypanosome infections in Glossina palpalis palpalis in Southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Sci World J 2(2):1–7

Akpa PO, Ezeokonkwo RC, Eze CA, Anene BM (2008) Comparative efficiency assessment of pentamidine isethionate and diminazene in dogs. Vet Parasitol 151:139–149CrossRef

Aminoff D (1961) Methods of quantitative estimation of N-acetylneuraminic acid and their application to hydrolysates of sialomucoids. Biochem J 81:384–392CrossRef

Annette KM, Erick A, Sheldon EL, Harry RH, Christiane ML (2006) Serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi: evaluation of three enzyme immunoassays and an indirect immunofluorescent assay. J Med Microbiol 55:171–178CrossRef

Anosa VO (1988) Haematological and biochemical changes in human and animal trypanosomiasis part II. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 41:151–164

Cnops J, De Trez C, Stijlemans B, Keirsse J, Kauffmann F, Barkhuizen M, Keeton R, Boon L, Brombacher F, Magez S (2015) NK, NKT and CD8derived IFNγ drives myeloid cell activation and erythrophagocytosis, resulting in trypanosomosis associated acute anemia. PLoS Pathog 11(6):e1004964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004964CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Coles EH (1986) Veterinary clinical pathology, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia

Coustou V, Plazolles N, Guegan F, Baltz T (2012) Sialidases play a key role in infection and anaemia in Trypanosoma congolense animal trypanosomiasis. Cell Microbiol 14(3):431–445CrossRef

Dodge JT, Mitchell C, Hanachan DJ (1963) The preparation and chemical characteristics of haemoglobin-free ghosts of human erythrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 100(1):110–130CrossRef

Engstler M, Reuter G, Schauer R, Brun R (1995) Purification and characterization of a novel sialidase found in procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 54:21–30CrossRef

Esievo KAN, Jaye A, Andrews JN, Ukoha AI, Eduviet LO, Saror DI, Njoku CO (1990) Electrophoresis of bovine erythrocyte sialic acids: existence of additional band in trypanotolerant N’Dama cattle. J Comp Pathobiol 102(4):357–361CrossRef

Franciscato C, Lopes STA, Teixeira MMG, Monteiro SG, Wolkmer P, Garmatz BC (2007) Cao naturalmente infectado por trypanosome evansi em santa maria, RS, Brasil. Ciênc Rural 37(1):288–291CrossRef

Herbert WJ, Lumsden WHR (1976) Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid “matching” method for estimating the host’s parasitaemia. Exp Parasitol 40:427–431CrossRef

Igbokwe IO, Anosa VO (1989) Leucopenia in Trypanosoma vivax infection of sheep. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 42(2):219–221PubMed

Ikede BO, Losos GJ (1972) Spontaneous canine trypanosomiasis caused by T. brucei: meningo-encephalomyelitis with extravascular localization of trypanosomes in the brain. Bull Epizoot Dis Afr 20(3):221–8

Jancik J, Schauer R (1974) Sialic acid- a determinant of the life-time of rabbit erythrocytes. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 355:395–400CrossRef

Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW (2000) Molestias causadas por protozoarios. In: Jone TC, Hunt D, King NW (eds) Patologia Veterinaria. 6^thEd. Manole, Sao Paulo, pp 559–610

Losos GJ (1986) Infectious tropical diseases of domestic animals. Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York

Majekodunmi AO, Fajinmi A, Dongkum C, Picozzi K, MacLeod E, Thrusfield MV, Shaw APM, Welburn S (2013) Social factors affecting seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 6(293):1–9

Murray M, Trail JCM, D’Iteren GDM (1990) Trypanotolerance in cattle and prospects for the control of trypanosomiasis by selective breeding. Rev Sci Tech OIE 9(2):369–386CrossRef

Naessens J (2006) Bovine trypanotolerance: a natural ability to prevent severe anaemia and haemophagocytic syndrome? Int J Parasitol 36(5):521–528CrossRef

Nwoha RIO, Anene BN (2011) Clinical signs and pathological changes in dogs with single and conjunct experimental infections of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Ancylostoma caninum. J Vet Parasitol 24(2):91–102

Ode S, Adamu M, Taioe M, Thekisoe O, Adamu S, Saror DI (2017) Molecular occurrence of trypanosomes, erythrocyte and serum sialic acid concentrations of Muturu and Bunaji cattle in Benue State, Nigeria. Veterinary Parasitology 242:10–13

O’Garra A, Murphy K (1994) Role of cytokines in determining T-lymphocyte function. Current Opinion in Immunology 6 (3):458–466

Ohaeri CC, Eluwa MC (2011) Abnormal biochemical and hematological inices in trypanosomiasis as a threat to heard production. Vet Parasitol 177:199–202CrossRef

Powrie F, Menon S, Coffman RL (1993) Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 synergize to inhibit cell-mediated immunityin vivo. European Journal of Immunology 23(11):3043–3049

Raina AK, Kumar R, Rajora VS, Sridhar SRP (1985) Oral transmission of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs and mice. Vet Parasitol 18(1):67–69CrossRef

Samdi SM, Abenga JN, Kalgo AM (2006) Trypanosomosis in hunting dogs in Kaduna, North Central Nigeria; Implications on the disease in humans. J Biomed Investig 4:15–18

Stijlemans B, Cnops J, Naniima P, Vaast A, Bockstael V et al (2015) Development of a pHrodo TMbased assay for the assessment of in vitro and in vivo erythrophagocytosis during experimental trypanosomosis. PLoS Neglect Trop D 9(3):e0003561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003561CrossRef

Taiwo VO, Ogunsanmi AO (2000) Erythrocyte membrane Sialoglycoproteins. I. Qualitative and quantitative differences in zebu and taurine cattle and buffalo. J Appl Anim Res 18:199–208CrossRef

Taylor KA, Authie ML (2004) Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA (eds) The trypanosomiases. CABI Publishing, pp 331–353

Uilenberg G (1998) A field guide for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of African animal trypanosomosis. FAO Rome, 158

Useh NM, Adenike IA, Adeiza AA, Nok AJ (2007) Erythrocyte surface sialic acid levels of clinically healthy mongrel and exotic (Alsatian and Terrier) breeds of dogs. Glycoconj J 24:491–495CrossRef

Warren L (1963) Thiobarbituric acid assay of sialic acids. Meth Enzymol 6:463–465CrossRef

Title: Correlation between some haematological parameters, leukocyte ratios, parasitaemia and their prognostic value in canine trypanosomosis
Authors: S. A. Ode
M. F. Acham
W. U. Anike
J. N. Abenga
M. Adamu
Publication date: 01-04-2021
Publisher: Springer London
Published in: Comparative Clinical Pathology / Issue 2/2021
Print ISSN: 1618-5641
Electronic ISSN: 1618-565X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-021-03203-6

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Correlation between some haematological parameters, leukocyte ratios, parasitaemia and their prognostic value in canine trypanosomosis

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2021

Risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep

Thrombocytes of diploid and triploid rainbow trouts assessed by flow cytometry and aggregation assay

Safety assessment and antimalarial property of methanol extract of Fagara zanthoxyloides root-bark on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

Alleviating effects of Lavandula aqueous extract on asthmatic complications in a mouse model

Haematological profiles of indigenous Boschveld chickens on probiotic-yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) supplementation

Critical roles of TLRs on the polarization of mesenchymal stem cells for cell therapy of viral infections: a notice for COVID-19 treatment