Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Human Resources for Health 1/2020

Open Access 01-12-2020 | Coronavirus | Review

Maternal and newborn care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya: re-contextualising the community midwifery model

Authors: Rachel Wangari Kimani, Rose Maina, Constance Shumba, Sheila Shaibu

Published in: Human Resources for Health | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Peripartum deaths remain significantly high in low- and middle-income countries, including Kenya. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted essential services, which could lead to an increase in maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, the lockdowns, curfews, and increased risk for contracting COVID-19 may affect how women access health facilities. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that requires a community-centred response, not just hospital-based interventions. In this prolonged health crisis, pregnant women deserve a safe and humanised birth that prioritises the physical and emotional safety of the mother and the baby. There is an urgent need for innovative strategies to prevent the deterioration of maternal and child outcomes in an already strained health system. We propose strengthening community-based midwifery to avoid unnecessary movements, decrease the burden on hospitals, and minimise the risk of COVID-19 infection among women and their newborns.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Schwartz DA. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020. Schwartz DA. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020.
3.
go back to reference Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, Yan K, Xiao F, Shao J, et al. Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr. 2020. Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, Yan K, Xiao F, Shao J, et al. Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr. 2020.
4.
go back to reference Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809–15.CrossRef Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809–15.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Luo Y, Yin K. Management of pregnant women infected with COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020. Luo Y, Yin K. Management of pregnant women infected with COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020.
6.
go back to reference Alzamora MC, Paredes T, Caceres D, Webb CM, Valdez LM, La Rosa M. Severe COVID-19 during pregnancy and possible vertical transmission. Am J Perinatol. 2020. Alzamora MC, Paredes T, Caceres D, Webb CM, Valdez LM, La Rosa M. Severe COVID-19 during pregnancy and possible vertical transmission. Am J Perinatol. 2020.
7.
go back to reference Wong SF, Chow KM, Leung TN, Ng WF, Ng TK, Shek CC, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(1):292–7.CrossRef Wong SF, Chow KM, Leung TN, Ng WF, Ng TK, Shek CC, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(1):292–7.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Lam CM, Wong SF, Leung TN, Chow KM, Yu WC, Wong TY, et al. A case-controlled study comparing clinical course and outcomes of pregnant and non-pregnant women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;111(8):771–4.CrossRef Lam CM, Wong SF, Leung TN, Chow KM, Yu WC, Wong TY, et al. A case-controlled study comparing clinical course and outcomes of pregnant and non-pregnant women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;111(8):771–4.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020.
11.
go back to reference Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: a systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020. Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: a systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020.
12.
go back to reference Duran P, Berman S, Niermeyer S, Jaenisch T, Forster T, Gomez Ponce de Leon R, et al. COVID-19 and newborn health: systematic review. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e54-e10.26633/RPSP.2020.54. Duran P, Berman S, Niermeyer S, Jaenisch T, Forster T, Gomez Ponce de Leon R, et al. COVID-19 and newborn health: systematic review. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e54-e10.26633/RPSP.2020.54.
13.
go back to reference MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;103629. MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;103629.
14.
go back to reference Nacoti M, Ciocca A, Giupponi A, Brambillasca P, Lussana F, Pisano M, et al. At the epicenter of the Covid-19 pandemic and humanitarian crises in Italy: changing perspectives on preparation and mitigation. NEJM Catalyst Innov Care Del. 2020;1(2). Nacoti M, Ciocca A, Giupponi A, Brambillasca P, Lussana F, Pisano M, et al. At the epicenter of the Covid-19 pandemic and humanitarian crises in Italy: changing perspectives on preparation and mitigation. NEJM Catalyst Innov Care Del. 2020;1(2).
19.
go back to reference Pallangyo E, Nakate MG, Maina R, Fleming V. The impact of covid-19 on midwives’ practice in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania: a reflective account. Midwifery. 2020. Pallangyo E, Nakate MG, Maina R, Fleming V. The impact of covid-19 on midwives’ practice in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania: a reflective account. Midwifery. 2020.
20.
go back to reference Delamou A, El Ayadi AM, Sidibe S, Delvaux T, Camara BS, Sandouno SD, et al. Effect of Ebola virus disease on maternal and child health services in Guinea: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(4):e448–e57.CrossRef Delamou A, El Ayadi AM, Sidibe S, Delvaux T, Camara BS, Sandouno SD, et al. Effect of Ebola virus disease on maternal and child health services in Guinea: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(4):e448–e57.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Tomori C, Gribble K, Palmquist AE, Ververs MT, Gross MS. When separation is not the answer: breastfeeding mothers and infants affected by COVID-19. Matern Child Nutr. 2020:e13033. Tomori C, Gribble K, Palmquist AE, Ververs MT, Gross MS. When separation is not the answer: breastfeeding mothers and infants affected by COVID-19. Matern Child Nutr. 2020:e13033.
25.
go back to reference Widström AM, Brimdyr K, Svensson K, Cadwell K, Nissen E. Skin-to-skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). 2019;108(7):1192-20410.1111/apa.14754. Widström AM, Brimdyr K, Svensson K, Cadwell K, Nissen E. Skin-to-skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). 2019;108(7):1192-20410.1111/apa.14754.
26.
go back to reference Kelley M, Ferrand RA, Muraya K, Chigudu S, Molyneux S, Pai M, et al. An appeal for practical social justice in the COVID-19 global response in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(7):e888-e910.1016/s2214-109x(20)30249-7. Kelley M, Ferrand RA, Muraya K, Chigudu S, Molyneux S, Pai M, et al. An appeal for practical social justice in the COVID-19 global response in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(7):e888-e910.1016/s2214-109x(20)30249-7.
27.
go back to reference Coxon K, Sandall J, Fulop NJ. To what extent are women free to choose where to give birth? How discourses of risk, blame and responsibility influence birth place decisions. Health Risk Soc. 2014;16(1):51–67.CrossRef Coxon K, Sandall J, Fulop NJ. To what extent are women free to choose where to give birth? How discourses of risk, blame and responsibility influence birth place decisions. Health Risk Soc. 2014;16(1):51–67.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Mannah MT, Warren C, Kuria S, Adegoke AA. Opportunities and challenges in implementing community based skilled birth attendance strategy in Kenya. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14(1):27910.1186/1471-2393-14-279. Mannah MT, Warren C, Kuria S, Adegoke AA. Opportunities and challenges in implementing community based skilled birth attendance strategy in Kenya. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14(1):27910.1186/1471-2393-14-279.
33.
go back to reference Mwangi A, Warren CE. Taking critical services to the home: scaling-up home-based maternal and postnatal care, including family planning, through community midwifery in Kenya; 2008.CrossRef Mwangi A, Warren CE. Taking critical services to the home: scaling-up home-based maternal and postnatal care, including family planning, through community midwifery in Kenya; 2008.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Wangalwa G, Cudjoe B, Wamalwa D, Machira Y, Ofware P, Ndirangu M, et al. Effectiveness of Kenya’s Community Health Strategy in delivering community-based maternal and newborn health care in Busia County, Kenya: non-randomized pre-test post test study. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;13(Suppl 1):12.PubMedPubMedCentral Wangalwa G, Cudjoe B, Wamalwa D, Machira Y, Ofware P, Ndirangu M, et al. Effectiveness of Kenya’s Community Health Strategy in delivering community-based maternal and newborn health care in Busia County, Kenya: non-randomized pre-test post test study. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;13(Suppl 1):12.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
go back to reference Shikuku DN, Tanui G, Wabomba M, Wanjala D, Friday J, Peru T, et al. Community midwifery model’s effect on availability, utilization and outcomes of maternal and newborn health services in hard-to-reach communities of Busia Kenya: a quasi-experimental study. 2020. Shikuku DN, Tanui G, Wabomba M, Wanjala D, Friday J, Peru T, et al. Community midwifery model’s effect on availability, utilization and outcomes of maternal and newborn health services in hard-to-reach communities of Busia Kenya: a quasi-experimental study. 2020.
36.
go back to reference Kitui JE, Dutton V, Bester D, Ndirangu R, Wangai S, Ngugi S. Traditional birth attendant reorientation and Motherpacks incentive’s effect on health facility delivery uptake in Narok County, Kenya: an impact analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):125.CrossRef Kitui JE, Dutton V, Bester D, Ndirangu R, Wangai S, Ngugi S. Traditional birth attendant reorientation and Motherpacks incentive’s effect on health facility delivery uptake in Narok County, Kenya: an impact analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):125.CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Kermode M, Morgan A, Nyagero J, Nderitu F, Caulfield T, Reeve M, et al. Walking together: towards a collaborative model for maternal health care in pastoralist communities of Laikipia and Samburu, Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21(10):1867-7310.1007/s10995-017-2337-5. Kermode M, Morgan A, Nyagero J, Nderitu F, Caulfield T, Reeve M, et al. Walking together: towards a collaborative model for maternal health care in pastoralist communities of Laikipia and Samburu, Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21(10):1867-7310.1007/s10995-017-2337-5.
38.
go back to reference Tiruneh GT, Shiferaw CB, Worku A. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home-based postpartum care on neonatal mortality and exclusive breastfeeding practice in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):507.CrossRef Tiruneh GT, Shiferaw CB, Worku A. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home-based postpartum care on neonatal mortality and exclusive breastfeeding practice in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):507.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Mwilike B, Nalwadda G, Kagawa M, Malima K, Mselle L, Horiuchi S. Knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy and subsequent healthcare seeking actions among women in Urban Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):4.CrossRef Mwilike B, Nalwadda G, Kagawa M, Malima K, Mselle L, Horiuchi S. Knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy and subsequent healthcare seeking actions among women in Urban Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):4.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Amenu G, Mulaw Z, Seyoum T, Bayu H. Knowledge about danger signs of obstetric complications and associated factors among postnatal mothers of Mechekel District Health Centers, East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. Scientifica. 2016;2016. Amenu G, Mulaw Z, Seyoum T, Bayu H. Knowledge about danger signs of obstetric complications and associated factors among postnatal mothers of Mechekel District Health Centers, East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. Scientifica. 2016;2016.
41.
go back to reference Lassi ZS, Kumar R, Bhutta ZA. Community-based care to improve maternal, newborn, and child health. In: Black RE, Laxminarayan R, Temmerman M, Walker N, editors. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: disease control priorities, third edition (Volume 2). Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2016. Lassi ZS, Kumar R, Bhutta ZA. Community-based care to improve maternal, newborn, and child health. In: Black RE, Laxminarayan R, Temmerman M, Walker N, editors. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: disease control priorities, third edition (Volume 2). Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2016.
42.
go back to reference Filby A, McConville F, Portela A. What prevents quality midwifery care? A systematic mapping of barriers in low and middle income countries from the provider perspective. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0153391.CrossRef Filby A, McConville F, Portela A. What prevents quality midwifery care? A systematic mapping of barriers in low and middle income countries from the provider perspective. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0153391.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Smith J. Overcoming the ‘tyranny of the urgent’: integrating gender into disease outbreak preparedness and response. Gend Dev. 2019;27(2):355–69.CrossRef Smith J. Overcoming the ‘tyranny of the urgent’: integrating gender into disease outbreak preparedness and response. Gend Dev. 2019;27(2):355–69.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Njuguna J. Impact of nurses’ strike in Kenya on number of fully immunized infants in 18 county referral hospitals. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2018;29(4):1281–7.CrossRef Njuguna J. Impact of nurses’ strike in Kenya on number of fully immunized infants in 18 county referral hospitals. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2018;29(4):1281–7.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Maternal and newborn care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya: re-contextualising the community midwifery model
Authors
Rachel Wangari Kimani
Rose Maina
Constance Shumba
Sheila Shaibu
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Human Resources for Health / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 1478-4491
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00518-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Human Resources for Health 1/2020 Go to the issue