Top

Published in:

01-04-2018 | Review Article

Contemporary Drug Treatment of Hypertension: Focus on Recent Guidelines

Authors: Wilbert S. Aronow, William H. Frishman

Published in: Drugs | Issue 5/2018

Abstract

The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association hypertension guidelines diagnose hypertension if systolic blood pressure (SBP) is ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is ≥ 80 mmHg. Increased BP is SBP 120–129 mmHg with DBP < 80 mmHg. Lifestyle measures should be used to treat individuals with increased BP. Lifestyle measures plus BP-lowering drugs should be used for secondary prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events in individuals with clinical cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, or stroke) and an average SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or an average DBP ≥ 80 mmHg. Lifestyle measures plus BP-lowering drugs should be used for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals with an estimated 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) ≥ 10% and an average SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or an average DBP ≥ 80 mmHg. Lifestyle measures plus BP-lowering drugs should be used for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals with an estimated 10-year risk of ASCVD < 10% and an average SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or an average DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. White coat hypertension must be excluded before starting antihypertensive drug treatment in individuals with hypertension with a low risk for ASCVD. BP should be lowered to < 130/80 mmHg in patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease; after renal transplantation; for secondary stroke prevention; in lacunar stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and diabetes mellitus; and in ambulatory community-dwelling adults aged > 65 years. The selection of antihypertensive drug treatment is discussed.

Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21–181.CrossRefPubMed

Aronow WS, Ahmed MI, Ekundayo OJ, Allman RM, Ahmed A. A propensity-matched study of the association of PAD with CV outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:130–5.CrossRefPubMed

Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, Artinian NT, Bakris G, Brown AS, et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Neurology, American Geriatrics Society, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Association of Black Cardiologists, and European Society of Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:2037–114.CrossRefPubMed

Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortalty: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–13.CrossRefPubMed

Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, Rocco MV, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103–16.CrossRefPubMed

Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, Berlowitz DR, Campbell RC, Chertow GM, et al. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and CVD outcomes in adults aged ≥ 75 years. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:2673–82.PubMed

Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:957–67.CrossRefPubMed

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Jr, Collins KJ, Himmelfarb CD, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation and management of high blood pressure in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.005.

10.

Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887–98.CrossRefPubMed

11.

SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 1991;265:3255–64.CrossRef

12.

Perry HM Jr, Davis BR, Price TR, Applegate WB, Fields WS, Guralnik JM, et al. Effect of treating isolated systolic hypertension on the risk of developing various types and subtypes of stroke: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 2000;284:465–71.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, Grimm RH Jr, Berge KG, Cohen JD, et al. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1997;278:212–6.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159–219.CrossRefPubMed

15.

James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults. Report from the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507–20.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Wright JT Jr, Fine LJ, Lackland DT, Ogedegbe G, Dennison-Himmelfarb C. Evidence supporting a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 150 mmHg in patients aged 60 years or older: the minority view. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:499–503.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Levy D. Hypertension in adults across the age spectrum: current outcomes and control in the community. JAMA. 2005;294:466–72.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Navar-Boggan AM, Pencina MJ, Williams K, Sniderman AD, Peterson ED. Proportion of US adults potentially affected by the 2014 hypertension guideline. JAMA. 2014;311:1424–9.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Krakoff LR, Gillespie RL, Ferdinand KC, Fergus IV, Akinboboye O, Williams KA, et al. 2014 hypertension recommendations from the eighth joint national committee panel members raise concerns for elderly black and female populations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:394–402.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Jacques H. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline on hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:406–8.CrossRef

21.

Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community. A statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16:14–26.CrossRef

22.

Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, Aronow WS, Black HR, Blumenthal RS, et al. AHA/ACC/ASH scientific statement. Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1998–2038.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Padwal R, Rabi DM, Schiffrin EL. Recommendations for intensive blood pressure lowering in high-risk patients, the Canadian viewpoint. Hypertension. 2016;68:3–5.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Gabb GM, Mangoni A, Anderson CS, Cowley D, Dowden JS, Golledge J, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults-2016. Med J Australia. 2016;205:85–9.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Rich R, Humphrey LL, Frost J, Forciea MA, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in adults aged 60 years or older to higher versus lower blood pressure targets: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:430–7.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Aronow WS. Lifestyle measures for treating hypertension. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13:1241–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Navar AM, Pencina MJ, Peterson ED. Assessing CV risk to guide hypertension diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:864–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Karmali KN, Lloyd-Jones DM. Global risk assessment to guide blood pressure management in cardiovascular disease prevention. Hypertension. 2017;69:e2–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Muntner P, Whelton PK. Using predicted CV disease risk in conjunction with blood pressure to guide antihypertensive medication treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2446–56.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Thompson AM, Hu T, Eshelbrenner CL, Reynolds K, He J, Bazzano LA. Antihypertensive treatment and secondary prevention of CV disease events among persons without hypertension: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:913–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Czernichow S, Zanchetti A, Turnbull F, Barzi F, Ninomiya T, Kengne AP, et al. The effects of blood pressure reduction and of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major CV events according to baseline blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2011;29:4–16.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of CV risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2935–59.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Blood Pressure-Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on CV risk: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2014;384:591–8.CrossRef

34.

Bundy JD, Li C, Stuchlik P, Bu X, Kelly TN, He H, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction and risk of CV disease and mortality: a systematic review of CV disease and mortality: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:775–81.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American College of Chest Physicians, and International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:776–803.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, Uhlig K. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:541–8.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwitt R, Hart RG, McClure LA, SPS3 Study Group, et al. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382:507–15.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313:603–15.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Margolis KL, O’Connor PJ, Morgan TM, Buse JB, Cohen RM, Cushman WC, et al. Outcomes of combined CV risk factor management strategies in type 3 diabetes: The ACCORD randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:1721–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Soliman EZ, Byington RP, Bigger JT, Evans G, Okin PM, Goff DC Jr, Chen H. Effect of intensive blood pressure lowering on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with diabetes mellitus: action to Control CV Risk in Diabetes Blood Pressure Trial. Hypertension. 2015;66:1123–9.PubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Aronow WS. Orthostatic hypotension in diabetics in the ACCORD (Action to Control CV Risk in Diabetes) blood pressure trial. Hypertension. 2016;68:851–2.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Wang WT, You LK, Chiang CE, Sung SH, Chuang SY, Cheng HM, Chen CH. Comparative effectiveness of blood pressure-lowering drugs in patients who have already suffered from stroke: traditional and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Medicine. 2016;95:e3302.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of BP lowering drugs in the prevention of CV disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:65. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b1665.

44.

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–72.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, et al. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease:2011 update. A guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Endorsed by the World Heart Federation and the Preventive CV Nurses Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2432–46.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Aronow WS. Current role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:2599–607.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Gundersen T, Abrahamsen AM, Kjekshus J, Ronnevik PK. Timolol-related reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients ages 65-75 years surviving acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1982;66:1179–84.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial Research Group. A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1982;247:1707–14.CrossRef

49.

Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Effect of beta blockers alone, of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors alone, and of beta blockers plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on new coronary events and on congestive heart failure in older persons with healed myocardial infarcts and asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1298–300.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and systemic hypertension treated with beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, calcium antagonists, and alpha blockers. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:1207–9.CrossRefPubMed

51.

The CAPRICORN Investigators. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1385–90.CrossRef

52.

Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ. 1999;318:1730–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on CV events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145–53.CrossRef

54.

The European trial on reduction of cardiac events with perindopril in stable coronary artery disease investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of CV events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362:782–8.CrossRef

55.

Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669–77.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Leon MB, Rosing DR, Bonow RO, Lipson LC, Epstein SE. Clinical efficacy of verapamil alone and combined with propranolol in treating patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:131–9.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Aronow WS. Might losartan reduce sudden cardiac death in diabetic patients with hypertension? Lancet. 2003;362:591–2.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Carlberg B, Samuelson O, Lindholm LH. Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice? Lancet. 2004;364:1684–9.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Pitt B, White H, Nicolau J, Martinez F, Gheorghiade M, Aschermann M, et al. Eplerenone reduces mortality 30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:425–31.CrossRefPubMed

60.

MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001–7.CrossRef

61.

Packer M, Coats AJS, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1651–8.CrossRefPubMed

62.

CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:9–13.CrossRef

63.

McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowtz MP, Rizkala AR, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:993–1004.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Yandrapalli S, Aronow WS, Mondal P, Chabbott DR. The evolution of natriuretic peptide augmentation in management of heart failure and the role of sacubitril/valsartan. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13:1207–16.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–17.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Elkayam U, Amin J, Mehra A, Vasquez J, Weber L, Rahimtoola SH. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study to compare the efficacy and safety of chronic nifedipine therapy with that of isosorbide dinitrate and their combination in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1990;82:1954–61.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S. Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. Circulation. 1991;83:52–60.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Effect of propranolol versus no propranolol on total mortality plus nonfatal myocardial infarction in older patients with prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 40% treated with diuretics plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:207–9.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Assmann SF, Boineau R, Anand IS, Clausell N, et al. Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial. Circulation. 2015;131:34–42.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Appel LJ, Charleston J, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2421–31.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, Landa M, Maschio G, de Jong PE, et al. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:244–52.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Appel LJ, Wright JT Jr, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Astor BC, Bakris GL, et al. Intensive blood pressure control in hypertensive chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:918–29.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Cross NB, Webster AC, Masson P, O’Connell PJ, Craig JC. Antihypertensives for kidney transplant recipients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Transplantation. 2009;88:7–18.CrossRefPubMed

74.

PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033–41.CrossRef

75.

Liu L, Wang Z, Gong L, Zhang Y, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Wang J. Blood pressure reduction for the secondary prevention of stroke: a Chinese trial and a systematic review of the literature. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:1032–40.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Lakhan SE, Sapko MT. Blood pressure lowering treatment for preventing stroke recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Arch Med. 2009;2:30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Bavry AA, Anderson RD, Gong Y, Denardo SJ, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Pepine CJ. Outcomes among hypertensive patients with concomitant peripheral and coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR/Trandolapril STudy. Hypertension. 2010;55:48–53.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, Chalmers J, Chapman N, Cutler J, et al. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major CV events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1410–9.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313:603–15.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Whelton PK, Barzilay J, Cushman WC, Davis BR, Liamathi E, Kostis JB, et al. Clinical outcomes in antihypertensive treatment of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose concentration, and normoglycemia: antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1401–9.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Navarese E, Craig JC, Tonelli M, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of blood pressure-lowering agents in adults with diabetes and kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015;385:2047–56.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Schmieder RE, Hilgers KF, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BM. Renin-angiotensin system and CV risk. Lancet. 2007;369:1208–19.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Black HR, Davis B, Barzilay J, Nwachuku C, Baimbridge C, Marginean H, et al. Metabolic and clinical outcomes in nondiabetic individuals with the metabolic syndrome assigned to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril as initial treatment for hypertension: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Diabetes Care. 2008;32:353–60.CrossRef

84.

Genoni M, Paul M, Jenni R, Graves K, Seifert B, Turina M. Chronic beta-blocker therapy improves outcome and treatment costs in chronic type B aortic dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19:606–10.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Suzuki T, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Pyeritz RE, Eagle KA, Tsai TT, et al. Type-selective benefits of medications in treatment of acute aortic dissection (from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:122–7.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Pucci M, Sarween N, Knox E, Lipkin G, Martin U. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in women of childbearing age: risks versus benefits. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2015;8:221–31.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Ferrer RL, Sibai BM, Mulrow CD, Chiquette E, Stevens KR, Cornell J. Management of mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(Pt 2):849–60.PubMed

88.

Moretti ME, Caprara D, Drehuta I, Yeung E, Cheung S, Federico L, Koren G. The fetal safety of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012;2012:658310.CrossRefPubMed

89.

James PR, Nelson-Piercy C. Management of hypertension before, during, and after pregnancy. Heart. 2004;90:1499–504.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists’ Task force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1122–31.CrossRef

91.

Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, Goff DC, Murphy TP, Toto RDE, et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2008;117:e510–26.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Tataru AP, Barry AR. A systematic review of add-on pharmacologic therapy in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017;17:311–8.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, Webb DJ, Sever P, McInnes G, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386:2059–68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Bress AP, Kramer H, Khatib R, Beddhu S, Cheung AK, Hess R, et al. Potential deaths avoided and serious adverse events incurred from adoption of the SPRINT (systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) intensive blood pressure regimen in the United States: projections from NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Circulation. 2017;135:1617–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Contemporary Drug Treatment of Hypertension: Focus on Recent Guidelines
Authors: Wilbert S. Aronow
William H. Frishman
Publication date: 01-04-2018
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Drugs / Issue 5/2018
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0887-5

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Contemporary Drug Treatment of Hypertension: Focus on Recent Guidelines

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2018

Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia: A General Overview with Focus on the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Inhibitors

Correction to: Eculizumab: A Review in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis

BRAF and MEK Inhibitors: Use and Resistance in BRAF-Mutated Cancers

Episodic Breathlessness in Patients with Advanced Cancer: Characteristics and Management

OnabotulinumtoxinA: A Review in the Prevention of Chronic Migraine

Correction to: Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia: A General Overview with Focus on the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Inhibitors