Top

Published in:

01-04-2009 | Review

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: current status and review of the literature

Authors: Anthony S. de Buys Roessingh, Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan

Published in: European Journal of Pediatrics | Issue 4/2009

Abstract

Treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) challenges obstetricians, pediatric surgeons, and neonatologists. Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHT) associated with lung hypoplasia in CDH leads to a high mortality rate at birth. PPHT is principally due to an increased muscularization of the arterioles. Management of CDH has been greatly improved by the introduction of prenatal surgical intervention with tracheal obstruction (TO) and by more appropriate postnatal care. TO appears to accelerate fetal lung growth and to increase the number of capillary vessels and alveoli. Improvement of postnatal care over the last years is mainly due to the avoidance of lung injury by applying low peak inflation pressure during ventilation. The benefits of other drugs or technical improvements such as the use of inhaled nitric oxide or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are still being debated and no single strategy is accepted worldwide. Despite intensive clinical and experimental research, the treatment of newborn with CDH remains difficult.

Accurso FJ, Alpert B, Wilkening RB, Petersen RG, Meschia G (1986) Time-dependent course of fetal pulmonary blood flow to an increase in fetal oxygen tension. Respir Physiol 63:43–52. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(86)90029-0 PubMedCrossRef

Bagolan P, Morini F (2007) Long-term follow-up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 16:134–144. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.009 PubMedCrossRef

Babiuk RP, Zhang W, Clugston R, Allan DW, Greer JJ (2003) Embryological origins and development of the rat diaphragm. J Comp Neurol 455:477–487. doi:10.1002/cne.10503 PubMedCrossRef

Bernbaum J, Schwartz IP, Gerdes M, D'Agostino JA, Coburn CE, Polin RA (1995) Survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 1 year of age: the relationship of primary diagnosis with health and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Pediatrics 96:907–913PubMed

Bhuta T, Clark RH, Henderson-Smart DJ (2001) Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation vs conventionnal ventilation for infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction born at near term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CDOO2974

Bohn D (2002) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:911–915. doi:10.1164/rccm.200204-304CC PubMedCrossRef

Boix-Ochoa J, Peguero G, Seijo G, Natal A, Canals J (1974) Acid–base balance and blood gases in prognosis and therapy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 9:49–57. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(74)90009-8 PubMedCrossRef

Bouchard S, Johnson P, Flake A (2002) The EXIT procedure: experience and outcome in 31 cases. J Pediatr Surg 37:418–426. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2002.30839 PubMedCrossRef

Calkovská A, Javorka K, Petrásková M, Laucoková-Misíková I, Drgová A, Gál M (1997) Changes in mechanisms of breathing during high-frequency jet ventilation: what is the cause? Physiol Res 46:271–278PubMed

10.

Clark RH, Kueser TJ, Walker MW (2000) Low-dose nitric oxide therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Clinical Inhaled Nitric Oxide Research Group. N Engl J Med 342:469–474. doi:10.1056/NEJM200002173420704 PubMedCrossRef

11.

Cloutier M, Seaborn T, Piedboeuf B, Bratu I, Flageole H, Laberge JM (2005) Effect of temporary tracheal occlusion on the endothelin system in experimental cases of diaphragmatic hernia. Exp Lung Res 31:391–404. doi:10.1080/019021490927079 PubMedCrossRef

12.

Clugston RD, Greer JJ (2007) Diaphragm development and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 16:94–100. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.004 PubMedCrossRef

13.

Cogo PE, Zimmermann LJ, Rosso F (2002) Surfactant synthesis and kinetics in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:154–158. doi:10.1164/rccm.2108028 PubMedCrossRef

14.

Coleman BG, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM (2002) Fetal therapy: state of the art. J Ultrasound Med 21:1257–1288PubMed

15.

Crankson SJ, Al Jadaan SA, Namshan MA, Al-Rabeeah AA, Oda O (2006) The immediate and long-term outcomes of newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 22:335–340. doi:10.1007/s00383-006-1643-6 PubMedCrossRef

16.

D’agostino JA, Bernbaum JC, Gerdes M (1995) Outcome for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the first year. J Pediatr Surg 30:10–15. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(95)90598-7 PubMedCrossRef

17.

Davidson D (1998) Pulmonary hemodynamics at birth: effect of acute cyclooxygenase inhibition in lambs. J Appl Physiol 64:1676–1682

18.

de Mello DE, Reid LM (2000) Embryonic and early fetal development of human lung vasculature and its functional implications. Pediatr Dev Pathol 3:439–449. doi:10.1007/s100240010090 CrossRef

19.

Deprest J, Jani J, Cannie M (2006) Prenatal intervention for isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 18:355–367. doi:10.1097/01.gco.0000193000.12416.80 PubMedCrossRef

20.

Deprest J, Jani J, Lewi L (2006) Fetoscopic surgery: encouraged by clinical experience and boosted by instrument innovation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 11:398–412. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2006.09.003 PubMedCrossRef

21.

Deprest J, Gratacos E, Nicolaides KH (2004) Fetoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia: evolution of a technique and preliminary results. Ultrasound Gynecol 24:121–126. doi:10.1002/uog.1711 CrossRef

22.

Desfrère L, Jarreau PH, Dommergues M (2000) Impact of delayed repair and elective high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on survival of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia: first application of these strategies in the more severe subgroup of antenatally diagnosed newborns. Intensive Care Med 26:934–941. doi:10.1007/s001340051284 PubMedCrossRef

23.

DiFiore JW, Fauza DO, Slavin R, Wilson JM (1995) Experimental fetal tracheal ligation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pulmonary vascular morphometric analysis. J Pediatr Surg 30:917–923. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(95)90313-5 PubMedCrossRef

24.

Elbourne D, Field D, Mugford M (2002) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CDOO1340

25.

Elhalaby EA, Abo Sikeena MH (2002) Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 18:480–485. doi:10.1007/s00383-002-0743-1 PubMedCrossRef

26.

Fasching G, Huber A, Uray E, Sorantin E, Lindbichler F, Mayr J (2000) Gastroesophageal reflux and diaphragmatic motility after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 10:360–364PubMed

27.

Fauza DO, Wilson JM (1994) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and associated anomalies: their incidence, identification, and impact on prognosis. J Pediatr Surg 29:1113–1117. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(94)90290-9 PubMedCrossRef

28.

Finer NN, Tierney A, Etches PC, Peliowski A, Ainsworth W (1998) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: developing a protocolized approach. J Pediatr Surg 33:1331–1337. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(98)90001-X PubMedCrossRef

29.

Finer NN, Barrington KJ (2001) Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at a near term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CDOO399

30.

Flake A, Crombleholme T, Johnson M, Howell LJ, Adzick NS (2000) Treatment of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia by fetal tracheal occlusion: clinical experience with fifteen cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:1059–1066. doi:10.1067/mob.2000.108871 PubMedCrossRef

31.

Fligor BJ, Neault MW, Mullen CH, Feldman HA, Jones DT (2005) Factors associated with sensorineural hearing loss among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Pediatrics 115:1519–1528. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0247 PubMedCrossRef

32.

Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373–376. doi:10.1038/288373a0 PubMedCrossRef

33.

Garne E, Haeusler M, Barisic I, Gjergja R, Stoll C, Clementi M (2002) Euroscan Study Group. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: evaluation of prenatal diagnosis in 20 European regions. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19:329–333. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00635.x PubMedCrossRef

34.

Geggel RL, Murphy JD, Langleben D, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, Reid LM (1985) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: arterial structural changes and persistent pulmonary hypertension after surgical repair. J Pediatr 107:457–464. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80534-5 PubMedCrossRef

35.

Glick PL, Stannard VA, Leach CL (1992) Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia II: the fetal lamb CD model is surfactant deficient. J Pediatr Surg 27:382–387. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(92)90865-5 PubMedCrossRef

36.

Greer JJ, Cote D, Allan DW (2000) Structure of the primordial diaphragm and defects associated with nitrofen-induced CDH. J Appl Physiol 89:2123–2129PubMed

37.

Hara A, Chapin CJ, Ertsey R, Kitterman JA (2005) Changes in fetal lung distension alter expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its isoforms in developing rat lung. Pediatr Res 58:30–37. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000163614.20031.C5 PubMedCrossRef

38.

Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Longaker MT (1990) Successful repair in utero of fetal diaphragmatic hernia after removal of herniated viscera from the left thorax. N Engl J Med 322:1582–1584PubMed

39.

Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Bullard KM (1997) Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero VII: a prospective trial. J Pediatr Surg 32:1637–1642. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90472-3 PubMedCrossRef

40.

Harrison MR, Mychaliska GB, Albanese CT (1998) Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero IX: fetuses with poor prognosis can be saved by fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 33:1017–1022. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(98)90524-3 PubMedCrossRef

41.

Harrison MR, Keller RL, Hawgood SB (2003) A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. N Engl J Med 349:1916–1924. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035005 PubMedCrossRef

42.

Harting MT, Lally KP (2007) Surgical management of neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 16:109–114. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.007 PubMedCrossRef

43.

Hentschel R, Joerch G (2002) Acute side effects of surfactant treatment. J Perinat Med 30:143–148. doi:10.1515/JPM.2002.018 PubMedCrossRef

44.

Inselman LS, Mellins RB (1981) Growth and development of the lung. J Pediatr 98:1–15. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80524-0 PubMedCrossRef

45.

Jaillard SM, Pierrat V, Dubois A (2003) Outcome at 2 years of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg 75:250–256. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04278-9 PubMedCrossRef

46.

Jaillard S, Pierrat V, Truffert P (2000) Two years’ follow-up of newborn infants after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 18:328–333. doi:10.1016/S1010-7940(00)00514-5 PubMedCrossRef

47.

Javid PJ, Jaksic T, Skarsgard ED, Lee S (2004) Canadian neonatal network. Survival rate in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the experience of the Canadian neonatal network. J Pediatr Surg 39:657–660. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.01.022 PubMedCrossRef

48.

Kaiser JR, Rosenfeld CR (1999) A population-based study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: impact of associated anomalies and preoperative blood gases on survival. J Pediatr Surg 34:1196–1202. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(99)90151-3 PubMedCrossRef

49.

Kamata S, Usui N, Kamiyama M (2005) Long-term follow-up of patients with high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 40:1833–1838. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.08.022 PubMedCrossRef

50.

Kanai M, Kitano Y, von Allmen D, Davies P, Adzick NS, Flake AW (2001) Fetal tracheal occlusion in the rat model of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia: tracheal occlusion reverses the arterial structural abnormality. J Pediatr Surg 36:839–845. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2001.23950 PubMedCrossRef

51.

Karamanoukian HL, Glick PL, Wilcox DT (1995) Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia XI: anatomic and biochemical characterization of the heart in the fetal lamb CDH model. J Pediatr Surg 30:925–929. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(95)90314-3 PubMedCrossRef

52.

Keller RL, Moore P, Teitel D, Hawgood S, McQuitty J, Fineman JR (2006) Abnormal vascular tone in infants and children with lung hypoplasia: findings from cardiac catheterization and the response to chronic therapy. Pediatr Crit Care Med 7:589–594. doi:10.1097/01.PCC.0000244401.53189.CB PubMedCrossRef

53.

Kinsella JP, Abman S (2007) Inhaled nitric oxide in the premature newborn. J Pediatr 151:10–15. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.02.010 PubMedCrossRef

54.

Kitano Y, Kanai M, Davies P (2001) Lung growth induced by prenatal tracheal occlusion and modifying factors: a study in the rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 36:251–259. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2001.20683 PubMedCrossRef

55.

Kluth D, Keijzer R, Hertl M, Tibboel D (1996) Embryology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 4:224–233

56.

Kugelman A, Gangitano E, Pincros J, Tantivit P, Taschuk R, Durand M (2003) Venovenous versus venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 38:1131–1136. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(03)00256-2 PubMedCrossRef

57.

Lally KP (2002) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Curr Opin Pediatr 14:486–490. doi:10.1097/00008480-200208000-00022 PubMedCrossRef

58.

Langham MR, Kays DW, Ledbetter DJ, Frentzen B, Sanford LL, Richards DS (1996) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Perinatol 23:671–688PubMed

59.

Laudy JA, Van Gucht M, Van Dooren MF, Wladimiroff JW, Tibboel D (2003) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an evaluation of the prognostic value of the lung-to-head ratio and other prenatal parameters. Prenat Diagn 23:634–639. doi:10.1002/pd.654 PubMedCrossRef

60.

Lipshutz GS, Albanese CT, Feldstein VA (1997) Prospective analysis of lung-to-head ratio predicts survival for patients with prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 32:1634–1636. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90471-1 PubMedCrossRef

61.

Logan JW, Cotton CM, Goldberg RN, Clark RH (2007) Mechanical ventilation strategies in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 16:115–125. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.006 PubMedCrossRef

62.

Lotze A, Knight GR, Anderson KD (1994) Surfactant (beractant) therapy for infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia on ECMO: evidence of persistent surfactant deficiency. J Pediatr Surg 29:407–412. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(94)90580-0 PubMedCrossRef

63.

Luks FI, Wild YK, Piasecki GJ, de Paepe ME (2000) Short-term tracheal occlusion corrects pulmonary vascular anomalies in the fetal lamb with diaphragmatic hernia. Surgery 128:266–272. doi:10.1067/msy.2000.107373 PubMedCrossRef

64.

Lund DP, Mitchell J, Kharasch V, Quigley S, Kuehn M, Wilson JM (1994) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden morbidity. J Pediatr Surg 29:258–262. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(94)90294-1 PubMedCrossRef

65.

McGahren ED, Mallik K, Rodgers BM (1997) Neurological outcome is diminished in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 32:1216–1220. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90685-0 PubMedCrossRef

66.

Meyer KC, Zimmermann JJ (2002) Inflammation and surfactant. Paediatr Respir Rev 3:308–314. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00212-8 PubMedCrossRef

67.

Mohseni-Bod H, Bohn D (2007) Pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 16:126–133. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.008 PubMedCrossRef

68.

Morin FC III, Stenmark KR (1995) Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:2010–2035PubMed

69.

Moss RL, Chen CM, Harrison MR (2001) Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a long-term follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg 36:152–154. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2001.20037 PubMedCrossRef

70.

Moya FR, Thomas VL, Romaguera J (1995) Fetal lung maturation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1401–1405. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90624-X PubMedCrossRef

71.

Moyer V, Moya F, Tibboel R, Losty P, Nagaya M, Lally KP (2002) Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD001695PubMed

72.

Muratore CS, Kharasch V, Lund DP (2001) Pulmonary morbidity in 100 survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia monitored in a multidisciplinary clinic. J Pediatr Surg 30:133–140. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2001.20031 CrossRef

73.

Muratore CS, Utter S, Jaksic T, Lund DP, Wilson JM (2001) Nutritional morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 36:1171–1176. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2001.25746 PubMedCrossRef

74.

Nose K, Kamata S, Sawai T (2000) Airway anomalies in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 35:1562–1565. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2000.18310 PubMedCrossRef

75.

Ovadia B, Bekker JM, Fitzgerald R, Kon A, Thelitz S, Johengen MJ, Hendricks Munoz K, Gerrets R, Black SM, Fineman JR (2002) Nitric oxide endothelin 1 interactions after ductal constriction in fetal lambs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284:H480–H490PubMed

76.

Pringle KC, Turner JW, Schofield JC, Soper RT (1984) Creation and repair of diaphragmatic hernia in the fetal lamb: lung development and morphology. J Pediatr Surg 19:131–140. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(84)80432-7 PubMedCrossRef

77.

Quintero RA, Morales WJ, Bornick PW (2000) Tracheal side effects of endoscopic balloon tracheal occlusion in the fetal lamb model. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 92:119–126. doi:10.1016/S0301-2115(00)00435-8 CrossRef

78.

Rasheed A, Tindall S, Cueny DL, Klein MD, Delaney-Black V (2001) Neurodevelopmental outcome after congenital diaphragmatic hernia: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before and after surgery. J Pediatr Surg 36:539–544. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2001.22278 PubMedCrossRef

79.

Ricciardolo FLM, Sterk PJ, Gaston B, Folkerts G (2004) Nitric oxide in health and disease of the respiratory system. Physiol Rev 84:731–765. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2003 PubMedCrossRef

80.

Ruano R, Aubry MC, Barthe B, Mitanchez D, Dumez Y, Benachi A (2006) Quantitative analysis of fetal pulmonary vasculature by 3-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:1720–1728. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.010 PubMedCrossRef

81.

Sanders KA, Huecksteadt T, Xu P, Sturrock AB, Hoidal JR (1999) Regulation of oxidant production in acute lung injury. Chest 116(Suppl 1):56S–61S. doi:10.1378/chest.116.suppl_1.56S PubMedCrossRef

82.

Saqueton CB, Miller RB, Porter VA, Milla CE, Cornfield DN (1996) NO causes perinatal pulmonary vasodilation though K⁺ channel activation and intracellular Ca²⁺ release. Am J Physiol 276:925–932

83.

Saugstad OD (1990) Oxygen toxicity in the neonatal period. Acta Paediatr Scand 79:881–892. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11348.x PubMedCrossRef

84.

Sbragia L, Paek B, Filly R (2000) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia without herniation of the liver: Does the lung-to-head ratio predict survival? J Ultrasound Med 19:845–848PubMed

85.

Schachtner SK, Wang Y, Scott Baldwin H (2000) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of embryonic pulmonary vessel formation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22:157–165PubMed

86.

Noori S, Friedlich P, Wong P, Garingo A, Seri I (2007) Cardiovascular effects of sildenafil in neonates and infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary hypertension. Neonatology 91:92–100. doi:10.1159/000097125 PubMedCrossRef

87.

Shaffer TH, Wolfson MR (1996) Liquid ventilation: an alternative ventilation strategy for management of neonatal respiratory distress. Eur J Pediatr 155(Suppl 2):S30–S34. doi:10.1007/BF01958078 PubMedCrossRef

88.

Shehata SM, Sharma HS, Mooi WJ, Tibboel D (2006) Pulmonary hypertension in human newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with decreased vascular expression of nitric-oxide synthase. Cell Biochem Biophys 44:147–155. doi:10.1385/CBB:44:1:147 PubMedCrossRef

89.

Skari H, Bjornland K, Haugen G, Egeland T, Emblem R (2000) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a meta-analysis of mortality factors. J Pediatr Surg 35:1187–1197. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2000.8725 PubMedCrossRef

90.

Stege G, Fenton A, Jaffray B (2003) Nihilism in the 1990s: the true mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 112:532–535. doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.532 PubMedCrossRef

91.

Stolar CJ, Levy JP, Dillon PW, Reyes C, Belamarich P, Berdon WE (1990) Anatomic and functional abnormalities of the esophagus in infants surviving congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Surg 159:204–207. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80261-2 PubMedCrossRef

92.

Stolar CJ, Crisafi MA, Driscoll YT (1995) Neurocognitive outcome for neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: are infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia different? J Pediatr Surg 30:366–371. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(95)90591-X PubMedCrossRef

93.

Stolar CJH, Dillon PW (2006) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and eventration. In: Grosfeld JL, O’Neill Jr JA, Fonkalsrud EW, Coran AG (eds) Pediatric surgery. 6th edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 931–954

94.

Suda K, Bigras JL, Bohn D, Hornberger LK, McCrindle BW (2000) Echocardiographic predictors of outcome in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 105:1106–1109. doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1106 PubMedCrossRef

95.

Suen HC, Bloch KD, Donahoe PK (1994) Antenatal glucocorticoid corrects pulmonary immaturity in experimental induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Pediatr Res 35:523–529. doi:10.1203/00006450-199405000-00002 PubMedCrossRef

96.

Sweed Y, Puri P (1993) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: influence of associated malformations on survival. Arch Dis Child 69:68–70PubMedCrossRef

97.

Swietlinski J, Swist-Szulik K, Maruniak-Cheduck I, Pyrkosz A (2002) Spondylothoracic dysostosis associated with diaphragmatic hernia and camptodactyly. Genet Couns 13:309–317PubMed

98.

Sydorak RM, Hoffman W, Lee H (2003) Reversed latissimus dorsi muscle flap for repair of recurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 38:296–300. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2003.50097 PubMedCrossRef

99.

Taira Y, Yamataka T, Miyazaki IE, Puri P (1998) Comparison of the pulmonary vasculature in newborns and stillborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 14:30–35. doi:10.1007/s003830050429 PubMedCrossRef

100.

Thébaud B, Mercier JC, Dinh-Xuan AT (1998) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn which lacks an effective therapy. Biol Neonate 74:323–336. doi:10.1159/000014050 PubMedCrossRef

101.

Thébaud B, Tibboel D, Rambaud C (1999) Vitamin A decreases the incidence and severity of nitrophen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Am J Physiol 277:L423–L429PubMed

102.

Thebaud B, de Lagausie P, Forgues D, Aigrain Y, Mercier JC, Dinh-Xuan AT (2000) ET (A)-receptor blockade and ET (B)-receptor stimulation in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278(5):L923–L932PubMed

103.

Thébaud B, Barlier-Mur AM, Chailley-Heu B (2001) Restoring effects of vitamin A on surfactant synthesis in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1083–1089PubMed

104.

The Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group (2003) Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 38:522–524. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2003.50092 CrossRef

105.

Trachsel D, Selvadurai H, Bohn D, Langer JC, Coates AL (2005) Long-term pulmonary morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol 39:433–439. doi:10.1002/ppul.20193 PubMedCrossRef

106.

Vanamo K, Rintala R, Sovijärvi A (1996) Long-term pulmonary sequelae in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg 31:1096–1099. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90095-0 PubMedCrossRef

107.

UK Collaborative ECMO Trial Group (1996) UK Collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Lancet 348:75–82. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04100-1 CrossRef

108.

Vanamo K, Peltonen J, Rintala R, Lindahl H, Jääskeläinen J, Louhimo I (1996) Chest wall and spinal deformities in adults with congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg 31:851–854. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90152-9 PubMedCrossRef

109.

van Meurs K (2004) Is surfactant therapy beneficial in the treatment of the term newborn infant with CDH? J Pediatr 145:312–316. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.056 PubMedCrossRef

110.

Veldhuizen RAW, Slutsky AS, Joseph M, Mc Caig L (2001) Effects of mechanical ventilation of isolated mouse lungs on surfactant and inflammatory cytokines. Eur Respir J 17:488–494. doi:10.1183/09031936.01.17304880 PubMedCrossRef

111.

Wallace MJ, Thiel AM, Lines AM, Polglase GR, Sozo F, Hooper SB (2006) Role of platelet-derived growth factor-B, endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-II, mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in expansion-induced lung growth in fetal sheep. Reprod Fertil Dev 18:655–665. doi:10.1071/RD05163 PubMedCrossRef

112.

Walton JP, Hendricks-Munoz K (1991) Profile and stability of sensorineural hearing loss in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Speech Hear Res 34:1362–1370PubMed

113.

Wilcox DT, Glick PL, Karamanoukian HL, Holm BA (1997) Contributions by individual lungs to the surfactant status in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res 41:686–691. doi:10.1203/00006450-199705000-00014 PubMedCrossRef

114.

Wilson JM, DiFiore JW, Peters CA (1993) Experimental fetal tracheal ligation prevents the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with fetal nephrectomy: possible application for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 28:1433–1439. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(93)90426-L PubMedCrossRef

115.

Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH (1999) Liquid assisted ventilation update. Eur J Pediatr 158(Suppl 1):S27–S31. doi:10.1007/PL00014317 PubMedCrossRef

116.

Wung JT, Sahni R, Moffitt ST, Lipsitz E, Stolar CJ (1995) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: survival treated with very delayed surgery, spontaneous respiration and no chest tube. J Pediatr Surg 30:406–409. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(95)90042-X PubMedCrossRef

117.

Yamataka T, Puri P (1997) Pulmonary artery structural changes in pulmonary hypertension complicating congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 32:387–390. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90587-X PubMedCrossRef

118.

Ziegler JW, Ivy DD, Fox JJ, Kinsella JP, Clarke WR, Abman SH (1995) Dipyridamole, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, causes pulmonary vasodilation in the ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 269:H473–H479

119.

Zimmermann LJ, Janssen DJ, Tibboel D, Hamvas A, Carnielli VP (2005) Surfactant metabolism in the neonate. Biol Neonate 87:296–307. doi:10.1159/000084877 PubMedCrossRef

Title: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: current status and review of the literature
Authors: Anthony S. de Buys Roessingh
Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan
Publication date: 01-04-2009
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: European Journal of Pediatrics / Issue 4/2009
Print ISSN: 0340-6199
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1076
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-008-0904-x

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: current status and review of the literature

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2009

Prolonged anemia by superinfection of parvovirus B19 in a boy with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome

Severe hypothyroidism after contrast enema in premature infants

Fetal leg posture in uncomplicated breech and cephalic pregnancies

Enterobacter cloacae: an “ICU bug” causing community acquired necrotizing meningo-encephalitis

A previously healthy 11-year-old girl with behavioural disturbances, desquamation of the skin and loss of teeth

Epidemiological characteristics of pertussis in Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, the Czech Republic, Poland and Turkey—1945 to 2005