Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Religion and Health 2/2017

01-04-2017 | Original Paper

Commitment to Celibacy in German Catholic Priests: Its Relation to Religious Practices, Psychosomatic Health and Psychosocial Resources

Authors: Klaus Baumann, Christoph Jacobs, Eckhard Frick sj, Arndt Büssing

Published in: Journal of Religion and Health | Issue 2/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

We aimed to investigate Catholic priests’ commitment to celibacy and its relation to their religious practices, life and work satisfaction, and psychosomatic health. Results of our cross-sectional study of 2549 priests show that the majority finds living in celibacy helpful to minister more effectively. Nevertheless, a large proportion see it as a burden and would not choose celibate life again. Commitment to celibacy was predicted best by the frequency of religious practices (liturgy), work engagement and personal relation with God, explaining 39 % of variance. These resources are predictors for maintaining a celibate lifestyle and facilitate priests’ satisfaction with life and commitment to their ministry.
Literature
go back to reference Anderson, J. (2007). The contest of moralities: Negotiating compulsory celibacy and sexual intimacy in the Roman Catholic priesthood. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 18, 1–17.CrossRef Anderson, J. (2007). The contest of moralities: Negotiating compulsory celibacy and sexual intimacy in the Roman Catholic priesthood. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 18, 1–17.CrossRef
go back to reference Baumann, K. (2002). “Priesterliche Identitätszustände”……. auf dem Weg, wie Christus gesinnt zu werden. In R. Marx & P. Schallenberg (Eds.), Wir haben Christi Sinn. Heilige als Vorbilder priesterlicher Spiritualität (pp. 163–181). Paderborn: Bonifatius. Baumann, K. (2002). “Priesterliche Identitätszustände”……. auf dem Weg, wie Christus gesinnt zu werden. In R. Marx & P. Schallenberg (Eds.), Wir haben Christi Sinn. Heilige als Vorbilder priesterlicher Spiritualität (pp. 163–181). Paderborn: Bonifatius.
go back to reference Baumann, K. (2010) “Wer es fassen kann”. Ehelose Keuschheit um des Himmelreiches willen und Fragen der Formation. Ordenskorrespondenz, 51, H3, 285–295. Baumann, K. (2010) “Wer es fassen kann”. Ehelose Keuschheit um des Himmelreiches willen und Fragen der Formation. Ordenskorrespondenz, 51, H3, 285–295.
go back to reference Bolby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books. Bolby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Büssing, A., Frick, E., Jacobs, C., & Baumann, K. (2016). Health and life satisfaction of Roman Catholic Pastoral Workers: Private prayer has a greater impact than public prayer. Pastoral Psychology, 65(1), 89–102.CrossRef Büssing, A., Frick, E., Jacobs, C., & Baumann, K. (2016). Health and life satisfaction of Roman Catholic Pastoral Workers: Private prayer has a greater impact than public prayer. Pastoral Psychology, 65(1), 89–102.CrossRef
go back to reference Büssing, A., Günther, A., Baumann, K., Frick, E., & Jacobs, C. (2013). Spiritual dryness as a measure of a specific spiritual crisis in Catholic priests: Associations with symptoms of burnout and distress. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.1155/2013/246797. Büssing, A., Günther, A., Baumann, K., Frick, E., & Jacobs, C. (2013). Spiritual dryness as a measure of a specific spiritual crisis in Catholic priests: Associations with symptoms of burnout and distress. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.​1155/​2013/​246797.
go back to reference Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386–396.CrossRef Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386–396.CrossRef
go back to reference Daly, B. (2010). Priestly celibacy. The obligations of continence and celibacy for priests. Compass (10369686), 44, 20–33. Daly, B. (2010). Priestly celibacy. The obligations of continence and celibacy for priests. Compass (10369686), 44, 20–33.
go back to reference Derogatis, L. R. (2000). BSI 18, Brief Symptom Inventory 18: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis: NCS Pearson. Derogatis, L. R. (2000). BSI 18, Brief Symptom Inventory 18: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis: NCS Pearson.
go back to reference Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personal Assessment, 49, 71–75.CrossRef Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personal Assessment, 49, 71–75.CrossRef
go back to reference Franke, G., Ankerhold, A., Haase, M., Jäger, S., Tögel, C., Ulrich, C., et al. (2011). Der Einsatz des Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18) BEI Psychotherapiepatienten. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 61, 82–86.CrossRefPubMed Franke, G., Ankerhold, A., Haase, M., Jäger, S., Tögel, C., Ulrich, C., et al. (2011). Der Einsatz des Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18) BEI Psychotherapiepatienten. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 61, 82–86.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Frawley-O’Dea, M. G., & Goldner, V. (2007). Predatory priests, silenced victims, the sexual abuse crisis and the Catholic Church. Mahwah, NJ: The Analytic Press. Frawley-O’Dea, M. G., & Goldner, V. (2007). Predatory priests, silenced victims, the sexual abuse crisis and the Catholic Church. Mahwah, NJ: The Analytic Press.
go back to reference Frick, E., Büssing, A., Baumann, K., Weig, W., & Jacobs, C. (2016). Do self-efficacy expectation and spirituality provide a buffer against stress-associated impairment of health? A comprehensive analysis of the German Pastoral Ministry Study. Journal of Religion and Health, 55, 448–468.CrossRefPubMed Frick, E., Büssing, A., Baumann, K., Weig, W., & Jacobs, C. (2016). Do self-efficacy expectation and spirituality provide a buffer against stress-associated impairment of health? A comprehensive analysis of the German Pastoral Ministry Study. Journal of Religion and Health, 55, 448–468.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fydrich, F., Sommer, G., Tydecks, S., & Brähler, E. (2009). Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterstützung (F-SozU): Normierung der Kurzform (K-14). Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie, 18, 43–48. Fydrich, F., Sommer, G., Tydecks, S., & Brähler, E. (2009). Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterstützung (F-SozU): Normierung der Kurzform (K-14). Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie, 18, 43–48.
go back to reference Garhammer, E. (2011). Zölibat zwischen Charisma und Zwang. Würzburg: Echter. Garhammer, E. (2011). Zölibat zwischen Charisma und Zwang. Würzburg: Echter.
go back to reference Gautier, M. L., Perl, P. M., Fichter, & Stephen, J. (2012). Same call, different men: The evolution of the priesthood since Vatican II. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. Gautier, M. L., Perl, P. M., Fichter, & Stephen, J. (2012). Same call, different men: The evolution of the priesthood since Vatican II. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.
go back to reference Greeley, A. M. (1972). The Catholic Priest in the United States: Sociological investigations. Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference. Greeley, A. M. (1972). The Catholic Priest in the United States: Sociological investigations. Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference.
go back to reference Hanson, K. R., Pfäfflin, F., & Lütz, M. (2004). Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. Scientific and legal perspectives (Pontificia Academia Pro Vita). Vatican: Libreria Ed. Vaticana. Hanson, K. R., Pfäfflin, F., & Lütz, M. (2004). Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. Scientific and legal perspectives (Pontificia Academia Pro Vita). Vatican: Libreria Ed. Vaticana.
go back to reference Hinz, A., Schumacher, J., Albani, C., Schmid, G., & Brähler, E. (2006). Bevölkerungsrepräsentative Normierung der Skala zur Allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung. Diagnostika, 52, 26–32.CrossRef Hinz, A., Schumacher, J., Albani, C., Schmid, G., & Brähler, E. (2006). Bevölkerungsrepräsentative Normierung der Skala zur Allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung. Diagnostika, 52, 26–32.CrossRef
go back to reference Hoge, D. R. (1994). Project future directions. Chicago: National Federation of Priests’ Councils. Hoge, D. R. (1994). Project future directions. Chicago: National Federation of Priests’ Councils.
go back to reference Hoge, D. R., & Wenger, J. E. (2003). Evolving visions of the priesthood: Changes from Vatican II to the turn of the new century. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. Hoge, D. R., & Wenger, J. E. (2003). Evolving visions of the priesthood: Changes from Vatican II to the turn of the new century. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.
go back to reference Isacco, A., Sahker, E., Krinock, E., Sim, W., & Hamilton, D. (2015). How religious beliefs and practices influence the psychological health of Catholic Priests. American Journal of Men’s Health. doi:10.1177/1557988314567325. Isacco, A., Sahker, E., Krinock, E., Sim, W., & Hamilton, D. (2015). How religious beliefs and practices influence the psychological health of Catholic Priests. American Journal of Men’s Health. doi:10.​1177/​1557988314567325​.
go back to reference John Paul II [Pope]. (1992). Apostolic exhortation “Pastores Dabo Vobis”. 25th Mar 1992, Rome. John Paul II [Pope]. (1992). Apostolic exhortation “Pastores Dabo Vobis”. 25th Mar 1992, Rome.
go back to reference Joseph, E., Corveleyn, J., Luyten, P., & de Witte, H. (2010). Does commitment to celibacy lead to burnout or enhance engagement? A study among the Indian Catholic Clergy. European Journal of Mental Health, 5, 187–204. doi:10.1556/EJMH.5.2010.2.2.CrossRef Joseph, E., Corveleyn, J., Luyten, P., & de Witte, H. (2010). Does commitment to celibacy lead to burnout or enhance engagement? A study among the Indian Catholic Clergy. European Journal of Mental Health, 5, 187–204. doi:10.​1556/​EJMH.​5.​2010.​2.​2.CrossRef
go back to reference Kramer, J., & Weig, W. (2016). Intimität und Sexualität bei katholischen Priestern in Deutschland – Ergebnisse aus der Seelsorgestudie. Sexuologie, 23, 5–16. Kramer, J., & Weig, W. (2016). Intimität und Sexualität bei katholischen Priestern in Deutschland – Ergebnisse aus der Seelsorgestudie. Sexuologie, 23, 5–16.
go back to reference Marcia, J. E. (1993). Ego identity. A handbook for psychosocial research. New York: Springer. Marcia, J. E. (1993). Ego identity. A handbook for psychosocial research. New York: Springer.
go back to reference Müller, W. (2010). Verschwiegene Wunden. Sexuellen Missbrauch in der katholischen Kirche erkennen und verhindern, München: Kösel. Müller, W. (2010). Verschwiegene Wunden. Sexuellen Missbrauch in der katholischen Kirche erkennen und verhindern, München: Kösel.
go back to reference Müller, J. J., Loetz, C., Altenhofen, M., Frick, E., Buchheim, A., Baumann, K., et al. (2015). Bindung und psychosomatische Gesundheit bei katholischen Seelsorgenden. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 61, 370–383.CrossRefPubMed Müller, J. J., Loetz, C., Altenhofen, M., Frick, E., Buchheim, A., Baumann, K., et al. (2015). Bindung und psychosomatische Gesundheit bei katholischen Seelsorgenden. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 61, 370–383.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rossetti, S. J. (2011). Why priests are happy. A study of the psychological and spiritual health of priests. Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press. Rossetti, S. J. (2011). Why priests are happy. A study of the psychological and spiritual health of priests. Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press.
go back to reference Rossetti, S. J. (1996). A tragic grace. The Catholic Church and child sexual abuse. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. Rossetti, S. J. (1996). A tragic grace. The Catholic Church and child sexual abuse. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press.
go back to reference Rossetti, S. J. (2005). The joy of priesthood. Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press. Rossetti, S. J. (2005). The joy of priesthood. Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press.
go back to reference Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.CrossRef Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.CrossRef
go back to reference Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 173–203.CrossRef Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 173–203.CrossRef
go back to reference Schmidtchen, G. (1973). Priester in Deutschland: Forschungsbericht über die im Auftrag der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz durchgeführte Umfrage unter allen Welt- und Ordenspriestern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In Verbindung mit dem Institut für Demoskopie in Allensbach. Freiburg: Herder. Schmidtchen, G. (1973). Priester in Deutschland: Forschungsbericht über die im Auftrag der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz durchgeführte Umfrage unter allen Welt- und Ordenspriestern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In Verbindung mit dem Institut für Demoskopie in Allensbach. Freiburg: Herder.
go back to reference Schneiders, S. M. (2001). Celibacy as charism. In Selling all: Commitment, consecrated celibacy, and community in catholic religious life, chapter 4 (pp. 117–159). New York: Paulist Press. Schneiders, S. M. (2001). Celibacy as charism. In Selling all: Commitment, consecrated celibacy, and community in catholic religious life, chapter 4 (pp. 117–159). New York: Paulist Press.
go back to reference Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). Windsor: NFER-NELSON. Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). Windsor: NFER-NELSON.
go back to reference Sperry, L. (2003). Sex, Priestly Ministry, and the Church. Collegeville, MN.: Liturgical Press. Sperry, L. (2003). Sex, Priestly Ministry, and the Church. Collegeville, MN.: Liturgical Press.
go back to reference Taylor, C. (2007). A secular age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Taylor, C. (2007). A secular age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Ulonska, H., & Rainer, M. J. (2007). Sexualisierte Gewalt im Schutz von Kirchenmauern. Berlin: Lit-Verlag. Ulonska, H., & Rainer, M. J. (2007). Sexualisierte Gewalt im Schutz von Kirchenmauern. Berlin: Lit-Verlag.
go back to reference Underwood, L. G. (2011). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Overview and results. Religions, 2, 29–50.CrossRef Underwood, L. G. (2011). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Overview and results. Religions, 2, 29–50.CrossRef
go back to reference Underwood, L. G., & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 22–33.CrossRefPubMed Underwood, L. G., & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 22–33.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Versaldi, G. (1989). Priestly celibacy from the canonical and psychological points of view. In R. Latourelle (Ed.), Vatican II: Assessment and perspectives, 25 years after (pp. 131–157). Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. Versaldi, G. (1989). Priestly celibacy from the canonical and psychological points of view. In R. Latourelle (Ed.), Vatican II: Assessment and perspectives, 25 years after (pp. 131–157). Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
go back to reference Winnicott, D. W. (1958). The capacity to be alone. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 416–420.PubMed Winnicott, D. W. (1958). The capacity to be alone. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 416–420.PubMed
go back to reference Zulehner, P. M. (2001). Priester im Modernisierungsstress. Forschungsbericht der Studie Priester 2000. Ostfildern: Schwabenverlag. Zulehner, P. M. (2001). Priester im Modernisierungsstress. Forschungsbericht der Studie Priester 2000. Ostfildern: Schwabenverlag.
Metadata
Title
Commitment to Celibacy in German Catholic Priests: Its Relation to Religious Practices, Psychosomatic Health and Psychosocial Resources
Authors
Klaus Baumann
Christoph Jacobs
Eckhard Frick sj
Arndt Büssing
Publication date
01-04-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Religion and Health / Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0313-9

Other articles of this Issue 2/2017

Journal of Religion and Health 2/2017 Go to the issue