Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Comparative Clinical Pathology 6/2016

01-11-2016 | Original Article

Coexisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and diazinon on histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Authors: Ali Mansouri, Mokhtar Fathi, Borhan Mansouri, Nammam Ali Azadi

Published in: Comparative Clinical Pathology | Issue 6/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

The purpose of present study was to determine the sub-acute toxicity effects of diazinon on the gill and intestine tissues histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in exposure to TiO2 NPs. In this study, common carp (length: 21 ± 1.3 cm; weight: 11 ± 1.1 g) were assigned randomly to 12 experimental groups (15 each) and exposed to three non-lethal concentration of TiO2 NPs, two non-lethal concentrations of diazinon, and six mixture concentrations of diazinon and TiO2 NPs, as well a control group for a period of 14 days. For studies of classic histological, the samples of gill and intestine organs were prepared and stained by hematoxylin-eosin and, finally, was imagined by light microscopy. Compared to the control group, gill and intestine tissues of common carp in treatment groups, TiO2, diazinon, and a mixture of TiO2 and diazinon, showed higher histopathological alterations. The most commonly observed alterations in gill were hyperplasia, fusion of lamellae, aneurism, and necrosis. Common alterations in intestine were degeneration, increase in the number of goblet cells, increase in the number of lymphocyte, vacuolation, and necrosis and erosion. In conclusion, this research suggested that the coexistence toxicity of diazinon and TiO2 NPs on the gill and intestine histopathology of common carp was higher than the diazinon and TiO2 NPs alone.
Literature
go back to reference Ahmad Z (2011) Acute toxicity and hematological changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) caused by diazinon exposure. Afric J Biotechnol 10:13852–13859 Ahmad Z (2011) Acute toxicity and hematological changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) caused by diazinon exposure. Afric J Biotechnol 10:13852–13859
go back to reference Al-Bairuty GA, Shaw BJ, Handy RD, Henry TB (2013) Histopathological effects of metal and metallic nanoparticles on the body systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). PhD thesis, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences. University of Plymouth. 419 pp Al-Bairuty GA, Shaw BJ, Handy RD, Henry TB (2013) Histopathological effects of metal and metallic nanoparticles on the body systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). PhD thesis, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences. University of Plymouth. 419 pp
go back to reference Arjmandi R, Tavakol M, Shayeghi M (2010) Determination of organophosphorus insecticide residues in the rice paddies. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7:175–182CrossRef Arjmandi R, Tavakol M, Shayeghi M (2010) Determination of organophosphorus insecticide residues in the rice paddies. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7:175–182CrossRef
go back to reference Banaee M, Sureda A, Mirvaghefi A, Ahmadi K (2011) Effects of diazinon on biochemical parameters of blood in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide. Biochem Physiol 99:1–6 Banaee M, Sureda A, Mirvaghefi A, Ahmadi K (2011) Effects of diazinon on biochemical parameters of blood in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide. Biochem Physiol 99:1–6
go back to reference Banaee M, Sureda A, Mirvagefei AR, Ahmadi K (2013) Histopathological alterations induced by diazinon in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss. Int J Environ Res 7(3):735–744 Banaee M, Sureda A, Mirvagefei AR, Ahmadi K (2013) Histopathological alterations induced by diazinon in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss. Int J Environ Res 7(3):735–744
go back to reference Banerjee TK (2007) Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India. Fish Physiol Biochem 33:441–454CrossRef Banerjee TK (2007) Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India. Fish Physiol Biochem 33:441–454CrossRef
go back to reference Baramaki R, Ebrahimpour M, Mansouri B, Rezaei MR, Babaei H (2012) Contamination of metals in tissues of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Perca fluviatilis, from Anzali Wetland, Iran. Bull Environ Contamin Toxicol 89:831–835CrossRef Baramaki R, Ebrahimpour M, Mansouri B, Rezaei MR, Babaei H (2012) Contamination of metals in tissues of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Perca fluviatilis, from Anzali Wetland, Iran. Bull Environ Contamin Toxicol 89:831–835CrossRef
go back to reference Begum G, Venkateswara RJ, Srikanth K (2006) Oxidative stress and changes in locomotor behavior and gill morphology of Gambusia affinis exposed to chromium. Toxicol Environ Chem 88:355–365 Begum G, Venkateswara RJ, Srikanth K (2006) Oxidative stress and changes in locomotor behavior and gill morphology of Gambusia affinis exposed to chromium. Toxicol Environ Chem 88:355–365
go back to reference Bourgeault A, Cousin C, Geertsen V, Cassier-Chauvat C, Chauvat F, et al. (2015) The challenge of studying TiO2 nanoparticle bioaccumulation at environmental concentrations: crucial use of a stable isotope tracer. Environ Sci Technol 49:2451–2459CrossRefPubMed Bourgeault A, Cousin C, Geertsen V, Cassier-Chauvat C, Chauvat F, et al. (2015) The challenge of studying TiO2 nanoparticle bioaccumulation at environmental concentrations: crucial use of a stable isotope tracer. Environ Sci Technol 49:2451–2459CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Canesia L, Frenzilli G, Balbi T, Bernardeschi M, Ciacci C, Corsolini S (2014) Interactive effects of n-TiO2 and 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat Toxicol 153:53–65CrossRef Canesia L, Frenzilli G, Balbi T, Bernardeschi M, Ciacci C, Corsolini S (2014) Interactive effects of n-TiO2 and 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat Toxicol 153:53–65CrossRef
go back to reference Cengiz EI, Unlu E (2006) Sublethal effects of commercial deltamethrin on the structure of the gill, liver and gut tissues of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis: a microscopic study. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 21:246–253CrossRefPubMed Cengiz EI, Unlu E (2006) Sublethal effects of commercial deltamethrin on the structure of the gill, liver and gut tissues of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis: a microscopic study. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 21:246–253CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cengiz EI, Unlu E, Balci K (2001) The histopathological effects of thiodan on the liver and gut of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. J Environ Sci Health B 36:75–85CrossRefPubMed Cengiz EI, Unlu E, Balci K (2001) The histopathological effects of thiodan on the liver and gut of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. J Environ Sci Health B 36:75–85CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fan W, Cui M, Liu H, Wang C, Shi Z, et al. (2011) Nano TiO2 enhances the toxicity of copper in natural water to Daphnia magna. Environ Pollut 159:729–734CrossRefPubMed Fan W, Cui M, Liu H, Wang C, Shi Z, et al. (2011) Nano TiO2 enhances the toxicity of copper in natural water to Daphnia magna. Environ Pollut 159:729–734CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fang Q, Shi X, Zhang L, Wang Q, Wang X, Guo Y, Zhou B (2015) Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the bioavailability, metabolism, and toxicity of pentachlorophenol in zebrafish larvae. J Hazard Mater 283:897–904CrossRefPubMed Fang Q, Shi X, Zhang L, Wang Q, Wang X, Guo Y, Zhou B (2015) Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the bioavailability, metabolism, and toxicity of pentachlorophenol in zebrafish larvae. J Hazard Mater 283:897–904CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fanta E, Rios FSA, Romao S, Vianna ACC, Freiberger S (2003) Histopathology of the fish Corydoras paleatus contaminated with sublethal levels of organophosphorus in water and food. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 54:119–130CrossRefPubMed Fanta E, Rios FSA, Romao S, Vianna ACC, Freiberger S (2003) Histopathology of the fish Corydoras paleatus contaminated with sublethal levels of organophosphorus in water and food. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 54:119–130CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Federici G, Shaw BJ, Handy RD (2007) Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): gill injury, oxidative stress, and other physiological effects. Aquat Toxicol 84:415–430CrossRefPubMed Federici G, Shaw BJ, Handy RD (2007) Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): gill injury, oxidative stress, and other physiological effects. Aquat Toxicol 84:415–430CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ghasemzadeh J, Sinaei M, Bolouki M (2015) Biochemical and histological changes in fish, spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) exposed to diazinon. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 94:164–170CrossRefPubMed Ghasemzadeh J, Sinaei M, Bolouki M (2015) Biochemical and histological changes in fish, spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) exposed to diazinon. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 94:164–170CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Haloi K, Kalita M, Nath R (2013) The study on the histopathological changes of stomach of Channa punctatus (Bloch) by used pesticide Endosulfan. Global J Sci Fron Res Biol Sci 13:1–6 Haloi K, Kalita M, Nath R (2013) The study on the histopathological changes of stomach of Channa punctatus (Bloch) by used pesticide Endosulfan. Global J Sci Fron Res Biol Sci 13:1–6
go back to reference Handy RD, Maunder RJ (2009) The biological roles of mucus: importance for osmoregulation and osmoregulatory disorders of fish health. In: Handy RD, Bury NR, Flik G (eds) Osmoregulation and ion transport: integrating physiological, molecular and environmental aspects, Vol. 1. Societyfor Experimental Biology, Cambridge, pp. 203–235 Handy RD, Maunder RJ (2009) The biological roles of mucus: importance for osmoregulation and osmoregulatory disorders of fish health. In: Handy RD, Bury NR, Flik G (eds) Osmoregulation and ion transport: integrating physiological, molecular and environmental aspects, Vol. 1. Societyfor Experimental Biology, Cambridge, pp. 203–235
go back to reference Henry RP, Lucu C, Onken H, Weihrauch D (2012) Multiple functions of the crustacean gill: osmotic/ionic regulation, acid-base balance, ammonia excretion, and bioaccumulation of toxic metals. Front Physiol 3:1–33CrossRef Henry RP, Lucu C, Onken H, Weihrauch D (2012) Multiple functions of the crustacean gill: osmotic/ionic regulation, acid-base balance, ammonia excretion, and bioaccumulation of toxic metals. Front Physiol 3:1–33CrossRef
go back to reference Hu X, Chen Q, Jiang L, Yu Z, Jiang D, et al. (2011) Combined effects of titanium dioxide and humic acid on the bioaccumulation of cadmium in zebrafih. Environ Pollut 59:1151–1158CrossRef Hu X, Chen Q, Jiang L, Yu Z, Jiang D, et al. (2011) Combined effects of titanium dioxide and humic acid on the bioaccumulation of cadmium in zebrafih. Environ Pollut 59:1151–1158CrossRef
go back to reference Jaya K, Shettu N (2015) Transmission electron microscopic study of gills of freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) exposed to the toxicity of cypermethrin. J Chem Pharmac Res 7:698–701 Jaya K, Shettu N (2015) Transmission electron microscopic study of gills of freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) exposed to the toxicity of cypermethrin. J Chem Pharmac Res 7:698–701
go back to reference Khoshbavar-Rostami HA, Soltani M, Hassan HMD (2006) Immune response of great sturgeon (Huso huso) subjected to long-term exposure to sublethal concentration of the organophosphate, diazinon. Aquaculture 256:88–94CrossRef Khoshbavar-Rostami HA, Soltani M, Hassan HMD (2006) Immune response of great sturgeon (Huso huso) subjected to long-term exposure to sublethal concentration of the organophosphate, diazinon. Aquaculture 256:88–94CrossRef
go back to reference Khosravi-Katuli K, Mojazi Amiri B, Yelghi S (2014) Sublethal effects of organophosphate, diazinon on gill tissue and growth performance of Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus) fingerling kept in fresh water and brackish water. Iran. J Aquat Anim Health 1:37–44 Khosravi-Katuli K, Mojazi Amiri B, Yelghi S (2014) Sublethal effects of organophosphate, diazinon on gill tissue and growth performance of Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus) fingerling kept in fresh water and brackish water. Iran. J Aquat Anim Health 1:37–44
go back to reference Kumar A, Sharma B, Pandey RS (2007) Preliminary evaluation of the acute toxicity of cypermethrin and k-Cyhalothrin to Channa punctatus. Bull environ Contamin Toxicol 79:613–616CrossRef Kumar A, Sharma B, Pandey RS (2007) Preliminary evaluation of the acute toxicity of cypermethrin and k-Cyhalothrin to Channa punctatus. Bull environ Contamin Toxicol 79:613–616CrossRef
go back to reference Lee BC, Kim KT, Cho JG, Lee JW, Ryu TK, Yoon JH, et al (2012) Oxidative stress in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles. Mol Cell Toxicol 8:357–366 Lee BC, Kim KT, Cho JG, Lee JW, Ryu TK, Yoon JH, et al (2012) Oxidative stress in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles. Mol Cell Toxicol 8:357–366
go back to reference Linhua H, Zhenyu W, Baoshan X (2009) Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Environ Sci 21:1459–1466 Linhua H, Zhenyu W, Baoshan X (2009) Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Environ Sci 21:1459–1466
go back to reference Mahboob S, Niazi F, Asi MR, Sultana S, AlGhanem KA (2011) Determination of organochlorine and nitrogen containing pesticide residues in Labeo rohita. Toxicol Environ Chem 93:1851–1855CrossRef Mahboob S, Niazi F, Asi MR, Sultana S, AlGhanem KA (2011) Determination of organochlorine and nitrogen containing pesticide residues in Labeo rohita. Toxicol Environ Chem 93:1851–1855CrossRef
go back to reference Majnoni F, Mansouri B, Rezaei MR, Hamidian AH (2013) Contaminations of metals in tissues of common crap, Cyprinus carpio and silver crap, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix from Zarivar wetland, western Iran. Arch Polish Fish 21:11–18 Majnoni F, Mansouri B, Rezaei MR, Hamidian AH (2013) Contaminations of metals in tissues of common crap, Cyprinus carpio and silver crap, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix from Zarivar wetland, western Iran. Arch Polish Fish 21:11–18
go back to reference Mansouri B, Johari SA (2015) Effects of short term exposure to sublethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles on histopathology and ultrastructure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) gill. Iran. J Toxicol 10:15–20 Mansouri B, Johari SA (2015) Effects of short term exposure to sublethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles on histopathology and ultrastructure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) gill. Iran. J Toxicol 10:15–20
go back to reference Mansouri B, Maleki A, Johari SA, Reshahmanish N (2015) Effects of cobalt oxide nanoparticles and cobalt ions on gill histopathology of zebra fish (Danio rerio). AACL Bioflux 8:438–444 Mansouri B, Maleki A, Johari SA, Reshahmanish N (2015) Effects of cobalt oxide nanoparticles and cobalt ions on gill histopathology of zebra fish (Danio rerio). AACL Bioflux 8:438–444
go back to reference Mansouri B, Rahmani R, Johari SA, Azadi N (2016) Combined effects of silver nanoparticles and mercury on gill histopathology of zebrafih (Danio rerio). J Coast Life Med 4:930–934CrossRef Mansouri B, Rahmani R, Johari SA, Azadi N (2016) Combined effects of silver nanoparticles and mercury on gill histopathology of zebrafih (Danio rerio). J Coast Life Med 4:930–934CrossRef
go back to reference Mirvaghefi A, Ali M, Asadi F (2015) Effects of vitamin E, selenium and vitamin C on various biomarkers following oxidative stress caused by diazinon exposure in rainbow trout. J Aquac Mar Biol 2(4):00035. doi:10.15406/jamb.2015.02.00035 Mirvaghefi A, Ali M, Asadi F (2015) Effects of vitamin E, selenium and vitamin C on various biomarkers following oxidative stress caused by diazinon exposure in rainbow trout. J Aquac Mar Biol 2(4):00035. doi:10.​15406/​jamb.​2015.​02.​00035
go back to reference Nasrabadi T, Nabi Bidhendi GR, Karbassi AR, Grathwohl P, Mehrdadi N (2011) Impact of major organophosphate pesticides used in agriculture to surface water and sediment quality (southern Caspian Sea basin, Haraz River. Environ Earth Sci 63:873–883CrossRef Nasrabadi T, Nabi Bidhendi GR, Karbassi AR, Grathwohl P, Mehrdadi N (2011) Impact of major organophosphate pesticides used in agriculture to surface water and sediment quality (southern Caspian Sea basin, Haraz River. Environ Earth Sci 63:873–883CrossRef
go back to reference Nowrouzi M, Mansouri B, Hamidian AH, Zarei I, Mansouri A (2012) Metal contents in tissues of two fish species from Qeshm Island, Iran. Bull environ Contamin Toxicol 89:1004–1008CrossRef Nowrouzi M, Mansouri B, Hamidian AH, Zarei I, Mansouri A (2012) Metal contents in tissues of two fish species from Qeshm Island, Iran. Bull environ Contamin Toxicol 89:1004–1008CrossRef
go back to reference Olojo EAA, Olurin KB, Mbaka G, Oluwemimo AD (2005) Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead. Afr J Biotechnol 4:117–122 Olojo EAA, Olurin KB, Mbaka G, Oluwemimo AD (2005) Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead. Afr J Biotechnol 4:117–122
go back to reference Pereira S, Pinto AL, Cortes R, Fontaınhas-Fernandes A, Coimbra AM, Monteiro SM (2013) Gill histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation in native fish captured in Portuguese northwestern rivers. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 90:157–166CrossRef Pereira S, Pinto AL, Cortes R, Fontaınhas-Fernandes A, Coimbra AM, Monteiro SM (2013) Gill histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation in native fish captured in Portuguese northwestern rivers. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 90:157–166CrossRef
go back to reference Shayeghi M, Darabi H, Abtahi H, Sadeghi M, Pakbaz F, et al. (2007) Assessment of persistence and residue of diazinon and malathion in three rivers (Mond, Shahpour and Dalaky) of Bushehr province in 2004–2005 years. Iran. South Med J 10:54–60 Shayeghi M, Darabi H, Abtahi H, Sadeghi M, Pakbaz F, et al. (2007) Assessment of persistence and residue of diazinon and malathion in three rivers (Mond, Shahpour and Dalaky) of Bushehr province in 2004–2005 years. Iran. South Med J 10:54–60
go back to reference Shi Y, Zhang JH, Jiang M, Zhu LH, Tan HQ, et al. (2010) Synergistic genotoxicity caused by low concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and p, p′-DDT in human hepatocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 51:192–204PubMed Shi Y, Zhang JH, Jiang M, Zhu LH, Tan HQ, et al. (2010) Synergistic genotoxicity caused by low concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and p, p′-DDT in human hepatocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 51:192–204PubMed
go back to reference Smith CJ, Shaw BJ, Handy RD (2007) Toxicity of single walled carbon nanotubes to rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): respiratory toxicity, organ pathologies, and other physiological effects. Aquat Toxicol 82:94–109CrossRefPubMed Smith CJ, Shaw BJ, Handy RD (2007) Toxicity of single walled carbon nanotubes to rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): respiratory toxicity, organ pathologies, and other physiological effects. Aquat Toxicol 82:94–109CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Vasantharaja D, Ramalingam V, Aadinaath Reddy GG (2015) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced alteration in haematological indices of adult male Wistar rats. J Acad Ind Res 3:632–635 Vasantharaja D, Ramalingam V, Aadinaath Reddy GG (2015) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced alteration in haematological indices of adult male Wistar rats. J Acad Ind Res 3:632–635
go back to reference Wang D, Hu J, Irons DR, Wang J (2011) Synergistic toxic effect of nano-TiO2 and as (V) on Ceriodaphnia dubia. STOTEN 409:1351–1356 Wang D, Hu J, Irons DR, Wang J (2011) Synergistic toxic effect of nano-TiO2 and as (V) on Ceriodaphnia dubia. STOTEN 409:1351–1356
go back to reference Wang Q, Chen Q, Zhou P, Li W, Wang J, Huang C, et al. (2014) Bioconcentration and metabolism of BDE-209 in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and impact on the thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae. Nanotoxicol 8:1–12 Wang Q, Chen Q, Zhou P, Li W, Wang J, Huang C, et al. (2014) Bioconcentration and metabolism of BDE-209 in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and impact on the thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae. Nanotoxicol 8:1–12
go back to reference Xia B, Chen J, Zhou Y (2011) Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl2 and Nano-TiO2. J Huazhong Uni Sci Technol Med Sci 31:290–294CrossRef Xia B, Chen J, Zhou Y (2011) Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl2 and Nano-TiO2. J Huazhong Uni Sci Technol Med Sci 31:290–294CrossRef
go back to reference Zhang R, Niu Y, Li Y, Zhao C, Song B, et al. (2010) Acute toxicity study of the interaction between titanium dioxide nanoparticles and lead acetate in mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 30:52–60CrossRefPubMed Zhang R, Niu Y, Li Y, Zhao C, Song B, et al. (2010) Acute toxicity study of the interaction between titanium dioxide nanoparticles and lead acetate in mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 30:52–60CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Zhu X, Zhou J, Cai Z (2011) TiO2 nanoparticles in the marine environment: impact on the toxicity of tributyltin to abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) embryos. Environ Sci Technol 45:3753–3758 Zhu X, Zhou J, Cai Z (2011) TiO2 nanoparticles in the marine environment: impact on the toxicity of tributyltin to abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) embryos. Environ Sci Technol 45:3753–3758
Metadata
Title
Coexisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and diazinon on histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors
Ali Mansouri
Mokhtar Fathi
Borhan Mansouri
Nammam Ali Azadi
Publication date
01-11-2016
Publisher
Springer London
Published in
Comparative Clinical Pathology / Issue 6/2016
Print ISSN: 1618-5641
Electronic ISSN: 1618-565X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2333-y

Other articles of this Issue 6/2016

Comparative Clinical Pathology 6/2016 Go to the issue