Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Breast Cancer Research
Published in: Breast Cancer Research 5/2007

01-10-2007 | Commentary

Clinical trials update: endocrine and biological therapy combinations in the treatment of breast cancer

Authors: Alexandra F Leary, Bhawna Sirohi, Stephen RD Johnston

Published in: Breast Cancer Research | Issue 5/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

A greater understanding of the biological mechanisms responsible for de novo and acquired endocrine resistance has led to the rational design of clinical trials exploring the benefit of combining hormonal therapies with novel biological agents in an effort to enhance the efficacy of ER+ breast cancer treatment. These studies are increasingly including parallel biological analyses to elucidate the molecular characteristics of those tumors that are most likely to respond to specific targeted/endocrine combinations in an effort to develop a tailored approach to the management of individual patients. Unfortunately despite encouraging preclinical data, some of these combinations have yielded disappointing results in the clinical setting. This article will review the results of clinical trials of endocrine/biological combinations conducted in early and advanced breast cancer as well as provide an update on ongoing studies.
Literature
1.
Ellis MJ, Coop A, Singh B, Mauriac L, Llombert-Cussac A, Janicke F, Miller WR, Evans DB, Dugan M, Brady C, et al: Letrozole is more effective neoadjuvant endocrine therapy than tamoxifen for ErbB-1- and/or ErbB-2-positive, estrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancer: evidence from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19: 3808-3816.PubMed
2.
Kurokawa H, Lenferink AE, Simpson JF, Pisacane PI, Sliwkowski MX, Arteaga CL: Inhibition of HER2/neu (erbB-2) and mitogen-activated protein kinases enhances tamoxifen action against HER2-overexpressing, tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 5887-5894.PubMed
3.
Tokunaga E, Kimura Y, Mashino K, Oki E, Kataoka A, Ohno S, Morita M, Kakeji Y, Baba H, Maehara Y: Activation of PI3K/Akt signalling and hormone resistance in breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2006, 13: 137-144. 10.2325/jbcs.13.137.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Jeng MH, Yue W, Eischeid A, Wang JP, Santen RJ: Role of MAP kinase in the enhanced cell proliferation of long term estrogen deprived human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2000, 62: 167-175. 10.1023/A:1006406030612.CrossRefPubMed
5.
O'Regan RM, Khuri FR: Farnesyl transferase inhibitors: the next targeted therapies for breast cancer?. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2004, 11: 191-205. 10.1677/erc.0.0110191.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Chen D, Washbrook E, Sarwar N, Bates GJ, Pace PE, Thirunuvakkarasu V, Taylor J, Epstein RJ, Fuller-Pace RV, Egly JM, et al: Phosphorylation of human estrogen receptor alpha at serine 118 by two distinct signal transduction pathways revealed by phosphorylation-specific antisera. Oncogene. 2002, 21: 4921-4931. 10.1038/sj.onc.1205420.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Knowlden JM, Hutcheson IR, Jones HE, Madden T, Gee JM, Harper ME, Barrow D, Wakeling AE, Nicholson RI: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Endocrinology. 2003, 144: 1032-1044. 10.1210/en.2002-220620.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Kato S, Endoh H, Masuhiro Y, Kitamoto T, Uchiyama S, Sasaki H, Masushige S, Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Kawashima H, et al: Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science. 1995, 270: 1491-1494. 10.1126/science.270.5241.1491.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Campbell RA, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Patel NM, Constantinidou D, Ali S, Nakshatri H: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for antiestrogen resistance. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 9817-9824. 10.1074/jbc.M010840200.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Shou J, Massarweh S, Osborne CK, Wakeling AE, Ali S, Weiss H, Schiff R: Mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance: increased estrogen receptor-HER2/neu cross-talk in ER/HER2-positive breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 926-935.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Schiff R, Massarweh SA, Shou J, Bharwani L, Mohsin SK, Osborne CK: Cross-talk between estrogen receptor and growth factor pathways as a molecular target for overcoming endocrine resistance. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 331S-336S. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-031212.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Johnston SR, Lu B, Dowsett M, Liang X, Kaufmann M, Scott GK, Osborne CK, Benz CC: Comparison of estrogen receptor DNA binding in untreated and acquired antiestrogen-resistant human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 3723-3727.PubMed
13.
Dowsett M, Nicholson RI, Pietras RJ: Biological characteristics of the pure antiestrogen fulvestrant: overcoming endocrine resistance. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005, 93 (Suppl 1): S11-18. 10.1007/s10549-005-9037-3.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Martin LA, Farmer I, Johnston SR, Ali S, Marshall C, Dowsett M: Enhanced estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ERBB2, and MAPK signal transduction pathways operate during the adaptation of MCF-7 cells to long term estrogen deprivation. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 30458-30468. 10.1074/jbc.M305226200.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Santen RJ, Song RX, Zhang Z, Kumar R, Jeng MH, Masamura A, Lawrence J, Berstein L, Yue W: Long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2005, 12 (Suppl 1): S61-73. 10.1677/erc.1.01018.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Ruohola JK, Valve EM, Karkkainen MJ, Joukov V, Alitalo K, Harkonen PL: Vascular endothelial growth factors are differentially regulated by steroid hormones and antiestrogens in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999, 149: 29-40. 10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00003-9.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Ryden L, Jirstrom K, Bendahl PO, Ferno M, Nordenskjold B, Stal O, Thorstenson S, Jönsson P-E, Landberg G: Tumor-specific expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 but not vascular endothelial growth factor or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is associated with impaired response to adjuvant tamoxifen in premenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 4695-4704. 10.1200/JCO.2005.08.126.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Gee JM, Harper ME, Hutcheson IR, Madden TA, Barrow D, Knowlden JM, McClelland RA, Jordan N, Wakeling AE, Nicholson RI: The antiepidermal growth factor receptor agent gefitinib (ZD1839/Iressa) improves antihormone response and prevents development of resistance in breast cancer in vitro. Endocrinology. 2003, 144: 5105-5117. 10.1210/en.2003-0705.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Mita M, de Bono JS, Patnaik A, Ricart A, Berg K, Takimoto C, Rowinsky EK, Tolcher A, Beeram M: A phase II and biologic correlative study investigating anastrozole in combination with gefitinib in post menopausal patients with estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast carcinoma who have previously failed hormonal therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005, 94 (Suppl 1): Abstract 1117-
20.
Dowsett M, Smith I, Skene A, Llombart J, Mayordomo J, Detre S, Salter J, Beresford E, Magill P, on behalf of the Study 0223 Trialists: Biological and clinical outcomes from a phase II placebo-controlled neoadjuvant study of anastrozole alone or with gefitinib in postmenopausal women with ER/PgR+ breast cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006, 24 (Suppl 18): Abstract 515-
21.
Polychronis A, Sinnett HD, Hadjiminas D, Singhal H, Mansi JL, Shivapatham D, Shousha S, Jiang J, Peston D, Barrett N, Vigushin D, Morrison K, Beresford E, Ali S, Slade MJ, Coombes RC: Pre-operative gefitinib versus gefitinib and anastrozole in post-menopausal patients with oestrogen-receptor positive and epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-positive primary breast cancer: a double-blind placebo-controlled phase II randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005, 6: 383-391. 10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70176-5.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Dowsett M, Houghton J, Iden C, Salter J, Farndon J, A'Hern R, Sainsbury R, Baum M: Benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in primary breast cancer patients according oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, EGF receptor and HER2 status. Ann Oncol. 2006, 17: 818-826. 10.1093/annonc/mdl016.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Klijn JG, Berns PM, Schmitz PI, Foekens JA: The clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human breast cancer: a review on 5232 patients. Endocr Rev. 1992, 13: 3-17. 10.1210/er.13.1.3.PubMed
24.
Atkins D, Reiffen KA, Tegtmeier CL, Winther H, Bonato MS, Storkel S: Immunohistochemical detection of EGFR in paraffin-embedded tumor tissues: variation in staining intensity due to choice of fixative and storage time of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004, 52: 893-901. 10.1369/jhc.3A6195.2004.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Tsao MS, Sakurada A, Cutz JC, Zhu CQ, Kamel-Reid S, Squire J, Lorimer I, Zhang T, Liu N, Daneshmand M, Marrano P, da Cunha Santos G, Lagarde A, Richardson F, Seymour L, Whitehead M, Ding K, Pater J, Shepherd FA: Erlotinib in lung cancer – molecular and clinical predictors of outcome. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 133-144. 10.1056/NEJMoa050736.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Takano T, Ohe Y, Sakamoto H, Tsuta K, Matsuno Y, Tateishi U, Yamamoto S, Nokihara H, Yamamoto N, Sekine I, Kunitoh H, Shibata T, Sakiyama T, Yoshida T, Tamura T: Epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and increased copy numbers predict gefitinib sensitivity in patients with recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 6829-6837. 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.0793.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Mayer I, Ganja N, Shyr Y, Muldowney N, Arteaga C: A phase II trial of letrozole plus erlotinib in post-menopausal women with hormone-sensitive metastatic breast cancer: preliminary results of toxicities and correlative studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 100 (Suppl 1): Abstract 4052-
28.
Anido J, Matar P, Albanell J, Guzmán M, Rojo F, Arribas J, Averbuch S, Baselga J: ZD a specific epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, induces the formation of inactive EGFR/HER2 and EGFR/HER3 heterodimers and prevents heregulin signaling in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 1274-1283.PubMed
29.
Marcom PK, Isaacs C, Harris L, Wong ZW, Kommarreddy A, Novielli N, Mann G, Tao Y, Ellis MJ: The combination of letrozole and trastuzumab as first or second-line biological therapy produces durable responses in a subset of HER2 positive and ER positive advanced breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 102: 43-49. 10.1007/s10549-006-9307-8.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Vogel CL, Cobleigh MA, Tripathy D, Gutheil JC, Harris LN, Fehrenbacher L, Slamon DJ, Murphy M, Novotny WF, Burchmore M, Shak S, Stewart SJ, Press M: Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002, 20: 719-726. 10.1200/JCO.20.3.719.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Mackey JR, Kaufman B, Clemens M, Bapsy PP, Vaid A, Wardley A, Tjulandin S, Jahn M, Lehle M, Jones A: Trastuzumab prolongs progression-free survival in hormone-dependent and HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 100 (Suppl 1): Abstract 3-
32.
Mendelsohn J, Baselga J: Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer. Semin Oncol. 2006, 33: 369-385. 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2006.04.003.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Hynes NE, Lane HA: ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005, 5: 341-354. 10.1038/nrc1609.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Xia W, Bacus S, Hegde P, Husain I, Strum J, Liu L, Paulazzo G, Lyass L, Trusk P, Hill J, Harris J, Spector NL: A model of acquired autoresistance to a potent ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a therapeutic strategy to prevent its onset in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006, 103: 7795-7800. 10.1073/pnas.0602468103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Leary AF, Martin LA, Lykkesfeldt AE, Dowsett M, Johnston SRD: Enhancing endocrine responsiveness using the dual EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib in cell models of endocrine resistance. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 100 (Suppl 1): Abstract 303-
36.
Chu Q, Cianfrocca ME, Murray N, Oslund M, Nelson LM, Rowinsky E, Schwartz G, Goldstein LJ, Loftiss JI, Paul E, Koch KM, Pandite L: A phase I, open-label study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of lapatinib (GW572016) in combination with letrozole in cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004, 88 (Suppl 1): Abstract 6044-
37.
Chu I, Blackwell K, Chen S, Slingerland J: The dual ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitor, lapatinib (GW572016), cooperates with tamoxifen to inhibit both cell proliferation- and estrogen-dependent gene expression in antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 18-25.PubMed
38.
Lipton A, Ali SM, Leitzel K, Demers L, Harvey HA, Chaudri-Ross HA, Brady C, Wyld P, Carney W: Serum HER-2/neu and response to the aromatase inhibitor letrozole versus tamoxifen. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21: 1967-1972. 10.1200/JCO.2003.09.098.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Clark GJ, Der CJ: Aberrant function of the Ras signal transduction pathway in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1995, 35: 133-144. 10.1007/BF00694753.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Martin LA, Head JE, Pancholi S, et al: The farnesyl transferase inhiibtor R115777 (tipifarnib) in combination with tamoxifen acts synergistically to inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cells proliferation and cell-cycle progression in-vitro and in-vivo. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007, 6: 2458-2467. 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0452.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Dalenc F, Lacroix-Tikri M, Mourey L, Debled M, Gladieff L, Tikin AF, Faye JC, Seronie-Vivien S, Roche H: Tipifarnib with tamoxifen as a rescue for tamoxifen acquired clinical resistance for metastatic ER and/or PgR positive breast cancer after relapse under tamoxifen. Preliminary results. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005, 94 (Suppl 1): Abstract 5098-
42.
Lebowitz PF, Eng-Wong J, Widemann BC, Balis FM, Jayaprakash N, Chow C, Clark G, Gantz SB, Venzon D, Zujewski J: A phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, and tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 1247-1252.PubMed
43.
Johnston SRD, Semiglazov V, Manikhas G, Spaeth D, Romieu G, Dodwell DJ, Wardley AM, Neven P, Bessems A, Park YC, et al: A phase II randomized, blinded study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib combined with letrozole in the treatment of advanced breast cancer after antiestrogen therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007, Sep 13,
44.
Appels NM, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: Development of farnesyl transferase inhibitors: a review. Oncologist. 2005, 10: 565-578. 10.1634/theoncologist.10-8-565.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Wu G, Xing M, Mambo E, Huang X, Liu J, Guo Z, Chatterjee A, Goldenberg D, Gollin SM, Sukumar S, Trink B, Sidransky D: Somatic mutation and gain of copy number of PIK3CA in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2005, 7: R609-616. 10.1186/bcr1262.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Bachman KE, Argani P, Samuels Y, Silliman N, Ptak J, Szabo S, Konishi H, Karakas B, Blair BG, Lin C, Peters BA, Velculescu VE, Park BH: The PIK3CA gene is mutated with high frequency in human breast cancers. Cancer Biol Ther. 2004, 3: 772-775.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Saal LH, Holm K, Maurer M, Memeo L, Su T, Wang X, Yu JS, Malmstrom PO, Mansukhani M, Enoksson J, Hibshoosh H, Borg A, Parsons R: PIK3CA mutations correlate with hormone receptors, node metastasis, and ERBB2, and are mutually exclusive with PTEN loss in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 2554-2559. 10.1158/0008-5472-CAN-04-3913.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Shoman N, Klassen S, McFadden A, Bickis MG, Torlakovic E, Chibbar R: Reduced PTEN expression predicts relapse in patients with breast carcinoma treated by tamoxifen. Mod Pathol. 2005, 18: 250-259. 10.1038/modpathol.3800296.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Boulay A, Rudloff J, Ye J, Zumstein-Mecker S, O'Reilly T, Evans DB, Chen S, Lane HA: Dual inhibition of mTOR and estrogen receptor signaling in vitro induces cell death in models of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 5319-5328. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2402.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Awada A, Cardoso F, Fontaine C, Dirix L, De Grève J, Sotiriou C, Steinseifer J, Wouters C, Tanaka C, Ressayre-Djaffer C, Piccart M: A phase Ib study of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) in combination with letrozole (femara), investigating the safety and pharmacokinetics in patients with advanced breast cancer stable or slowly progressing on letrozole. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004, 88 (Suppl 1): Abstract 6043-
51.
Baselga J, Roche H, Fumoleau P, Campone M, Colomer R, Cortes-Funes H, Gil M, Chan S, Boni J, Kong S, Cincotta M, Moore L: Treatment of postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer with letrozole alone or in combination with temsirolimus: a randomized, 3-arm, phase 2 study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005, 94 (Suppl 1): Abstract 1068-
52.
Chow LWC, Sun Y, Jassem J, Baselga J, Hayes DF, Wolff AC, Hachemi S, Cincotta M, Yu BW, Kong S, Moore L: Phase 3 study of temsirolimus with letrozole or letrozole alone in postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 100 (Suppl 1): Abstract 6091-
53.
O'Reilly KE, Rojo F, She QB, Solit D, Mills GB, Smith D, Lane H, Hofmann F, Hicklin DJ, Ludwig DL, Baselga J, Rosen N: mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 1500-1508. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2925.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM: Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science. 2005, 307: 1098-1101. 10.1126/science.1106148.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Miller KD, Chap LI, Holmes FA, Cobleigh MA, Marcom PK, Fehrenbacher L, Dickler M, Overmoyer BA, Reimann JD, Sing AP, Langmuir V, Rugo HS: Randomized phase III trial of capecitabine compared with bevacizumab plus capecitabine in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 792-799. 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.098.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, Berlin J, Baron A, Griffing S, Holmgren E, Ferrara N, Fyfe G, Rogers B, Ross R, Kabbinavar F: Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 2335-2342. 10.1056/NEJMoa032691.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Traina TA, Dickler MN, Caravelli JF, Yeh BM, Brogi E, Panageas K, Flores SA, Norton L, Park J, Hudis C, Rugo H: A phase II trial of letrozole in combination with bevacizumab, and anti-VEGF antibody in patients with hormone receptor posistive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005, 94 (Suppl 1): Abstract 2030-
58.
Mross K, Drevs J, Muller M, Medinger M, Marme D, Hennig J, Morgan B, Lebwohl D, Masson E, Ho YY, Gunther C, Laurent D, Unger C: Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of PTK/ZK, a multiple VEGF receptor inhibitor, in patients with liver metastases from solid tumors. Eur J Cancer. 2005, 41: 1291-1299. 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.005.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Carvalho I, Milanezi F, Martins A, Reis RM, Schmitt F: Overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha in breast cancer is associated with tumor progression. Breast Cancer Res. 2005, 7: R788-795. 10.1186/bcr1304.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Aun B, Dice K, Albarracin C, Rivera E, Walters R, Theriault R, Booser D, Bast R, Cristofanili M, Sahin A, Smith TL, Hortobagyi GN: The combination of letrozole and imatinib mesylate for metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004, 88 (Suppl 1): Abstract 6046-
61.
Giacinti L, Claudio PP, Lopez M, Giordano A: Epigenetic information and estrogen receptor alpha expression in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2006, 11: 1-8. 10.1634/theoncologist.11-1-1.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Yang X, Phillips DL, Ferguson AT, Nelson WG, Herman JG, Davidson NE: Synergistic activation of functional estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha by DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibition in human ER-alpha-negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2001, 61: 7025-7029.PubMed
63.
Ferguson AT, Lapidus RG, Baylin SB, Davidson NE: Demethylation of the estrogen receptor gene in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells can reactivate estrogen receptor gene expression. Cancer Res. 1995, 55: 2279-2283.PubMed
64.
Yang X, Ferguson AT, Nass SJ, Phillips DL, Butash KA, Wang SM, et al: Transcriptional activation of estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells by histone deacetylase inhibition. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 6890-6894.PubMed
65.
Kelly WK, O'Connor OA, Krug LM, Chiao JH, Heaney M, Curley T, MacGregore-Cortelli B, Tong W, Secrist JP, Schwartz L, Richardson S, Chu E, Olgac S, Marks PA, Scher H, Richon VM: Phase I study of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 3923-3931. 10.1200/JCO.2005.14.167.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Clinical trials update: endocrine and biological therapy combinations in the treatment of breast cancer
Authors
Alexandra F Leary
Bhawna Sirohi
Stephen RD Johnston
Publication date
01-10-2007
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Breast Cancer Research / Issue 5/2007
Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr1763

Other articles of this Issue 5/2007

Breast Cancer Research 5/2007 Go to the issue

Commentary

Transphosphorylation of kinase-dead HER3 and breast cancer progression: a new standpoint or an old concept revisited?

Research article

Different measures of smoking exposure and mammographic density in postmenopausal Norwegian women: a cross-sectional study

Commentary

Clinical trial update: implications and management of residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer

Review

Breast cancer risk-assessment models

Research article

Mouse mammary tumors display Stat3 activation dependent on leukemia inhibitory factor signaling

Research article

Determination of HER2 status using both serum HER2 levels and circulating tumor cells in patients with recurrent breast cancer whose primary tumor was HER2 negative or of unknown HER2 status
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits