Top

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Published in:

01-10-2016

Clinical Indicators of Successful Substance Use Treatment among Adults in the Criminal Justice System

Authors: Albert M. Kopak, Sydney Hurt, Steven L. Proctor, Norman G. Hoffmann

Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction | Issue 5/2016

Abstract

A significant proportion of offenders in the criminal justice system require substance use treatment to foster desistance from criminal activities. Optimization of treatment outcomes is vital to reducing criminal justice involvement, especially post-treatment arrest. The current study examined clinical risk factors and their relationship with post-treatment recovery and arrest within the Comprehensive Assessment and Treatment Outcome (CATOR) system, the largest independent evaluation service of substance use treatment programs across the United States.

Multivariate logistic regression analyses determined that patients who were younger, male, and received a drug dependence diagnosis as opposed to alcohol dependence were more likely to be arrested within one-year of discharge from treatment. Additionally, patients who relapsed were more than two and a half times as likely to be arrested within one year of treatment discharge compared to those who did not relapse (OR = 2.70, 95 % C.I. = 2.05–3.54, Wald’s χ² = 51.16).

The findings from this research have far-reaching implications for treatment programs designed specifically for patients involved in the criminal justice system.

Abt Associates, Inc (2011). ADAM II 2010 annual report. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, Executive Office of the President.

Abuse, S., & Administration, M. H. S. (2012). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2000–2010. National admissions to substance abuse treatment services. (DASIS Series S – 61, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12–4701. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Broome, K. M., Knight, K., Hiller, M. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Drug treatment process indicators for probationers and prediction of recidivism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 13(6), 487–491.CrossRefPubMed

Caudy, M. S., Tang, L., Wooditch, A., & Taxman, F. S. (2014). Short – term trajectories of substance use in a sample of drug – involved probationers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2(46), 202–213.CrossRef

De Leon, G., Melnick, G., Cao, Y., & Wexler, H. K. (2006). Recovery – oriented perceptions as predictors of reincarceration. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31(1), 87–94.CrossRefPubMed

Evans, E., Huang, D., & Hser, Y. (2011). High-risk offenders participating in court-supervised substance abuse treatment: Characteristics, treatment received, and factors associated with recidivism. The Journal of Behavioral Health Sciences & Research, 38(4), 510–525.CrossRef

Fiorentine, R., Anglin, M. D., Gil-Rivas, V., & Taylor, E. (1997). Drug treatment: explaining the gender paradox. Substance Use & Misuse, 32(6), 653–678.CrossRef

Friedmann, P. D., Green, T. C., Taxman, F. S., Harrington, M., Rhodes, A. G., Katz, E., & Fletcher, B. W. (2012). Collaborative behavioral management among parolees: drug use, crime, and re-arrest in the Step’ n Out randomized trial. Addiction, 107(6), 1099–1108.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ginexi, E. M., Foss, M. A., & Scott, C. K. (2003). Transitions from treatment to work: Employment patterns following publicly funded substance abuse treatment. Journal of Drug Issues, 33(2), 497–518.CrossRef

Greenfield, S. F., Brooks, A. J., Gordon, S. M., Green, C. A., Kropp, F., McHugh, R. K., & Miele, G. M. (2007). Substance abuse treatment entry, retention, and outcome in women: a review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86(1), 1–21.CrossRefPubMed

Grella, C. E., Scott, C. K., Foss, M. A., & Dennis, M. L. (2008). Gender similarities and differences in treatment, relapse, and recovery cycle. Evaluation Review, 32(1), 113–137.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Henderson, M. L. (2001). Employment and crime: What is the problem and what can be done about it from the inmate’s perspective? Corrections Management Quarterly, 5, 46–52.

HM Government (2010). Drug strategy 2010: Reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: Supporting people to live a drug free life. Author: London, England.

Holloway, K., & Bennett, T. (2007). Gender differences in drug misuse and related problem behaviors among arrestees in the UK. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(6), 899–921.CrossRef

Hser, Y.-I., Evans, E., Huang, D., & Brecht, M.-L. (2008). Comparing the dynamic course of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine use over 10 years. Addictive Behaviors, 33(12), 1581–1589.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kissin, W. B., Tang, Z., Arieira, C. R., Claus, R. E., & Orwon, R. G. (2015). Women’s employment outcomes following gender – sensitive substance abuse treatment. Journal of Drug Issues, 45(2), 166–179.CrossRef

Kopak, A. M., Dean, L. V., Proctor, S. L., Miller, L., & Hoffmann, N. G. (2015). Effectiveness of the Rehabilitation for Addicted Prisoner’s Trust (RAPt) Programme. Journal of Substance Use, 20(4), 254–261.CrossRef

Kubiak, S. P., Arfken, C. L., Swartz, J. A., & Koch, A. L. (2006). Treatment at the front end of the criminal justice continuum: the association between arrest and admission into specialty substance abuse treatment. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 1(20), 1–10.

Littlefield, A. K., Sher, K. J., & Wood, P. K. (2009). Is “maturing out” of problematic alcohol involvement related to personality change? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(2), 360–374.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marlatt, G. A., & Witkiewitz, K. (2005). Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems. In G. A. Marlatt & D. M. Donovan (Eds.), Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors (pp. 1–44). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Marlowe, D. B. (2003). Integrating substance abuse treatment and criminal justice supervision. Science & Practice Perspectives, 2(1), 4–14.CrossRef

Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., & D’Aunno, T. D. (2004). Gender differences in the impact of comprehensive services in substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27(4), 289–300.CrossRefPubMed

Mayock, P., Cronly, J., & Clatts, M. C. (2013). The risk environment of heroin use initiation: young women, intimate partners, and ‘drug relationships. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(6), 771–782.CrossRef

Miller, N. S., Ninonuevo, F. G., Klamen, D. L., Hoffmann, N. G., & Smith, D. E. (1997). Integration of treatment and posttreatment variables in predicting results of abstinence-based outpatient treatment after one year. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 29(3), 239–248.CrossRefPubMed

Morse, D., Cerulli, C., Bandyopadhyay, S., Guido, J. J., Yang, H., Wilson, J. L., & Taxman, F. (2015). Support, traumatization, and employment differences in drug court outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 146, e47.CrossRef

National Institute of Justice (2002). I – ADAM in eight countries: approaches and challenges. (NCJ Research Report 189768). Washington, DC: U. S: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

Prins, E. H. (1995). Maturing out: An empirical study of personal histories and processes in hard – drug addiction. Rotterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.

Proctor, S. L., & Herschman, P. L. (2014). The continuing care model of substance use treatment: What works, and when is “enough,” enough? Psychiatry Journal, 2014(1), 1–16.CrossRef

Roll, J. M., Prendergast, M., Richardson, K., Burdon, W., & Ramirez, A. (2005). Identifying predictors of treatment outcome in a drug court program. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(4), 641–656.CrossRefPubMed

Scott, C. K., Grella, C. E., Dennis, M. L., & Funk, R. R. (2014). Predictors of recidivism over 3 years among substance-using women released from jail. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(11), 1257–1289.CrossRef

Solomon, A. L. (2012). In search of a job: Criminal records as barriers to employment. NIJ Journal, 270, 42–51.

Stewart, D., Gossop, M., Marsden, J., Kidd, T., & Treacy, S. (2003). Similarities in outcomes for men and women after drug misuse treatment: results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS). Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(1), 35–41.CrossRefPubMed

Sung, H.- E., & Belenko, S. (2005). Failure after success: correlates of recidivism among individuals who successfully completed coerced drug treatment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 42(1), 75–97.CrossRef

Sung, H.- E., & Richter, L. (2006). Contextual barriers to successful reentry of recovering drug offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31(4), 365–374.CrossRefPubMed

Tripodi, S. J., Kim, J. S., & Bender, K. (2010). Is employment associated with reduced recidivism? The complex relationship between employment and crime. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(5), 706–720.CrossRefPubMed

van der Zanden, B. P., Dijkgraaf, M. G. W., Blanken, P., van Ree, J. M., & van den Brink, W. (2007). Patterns of acquisitive crime during methadone maintenance treatment among patients eligible for heroin assisted treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86(1), 84–90.CrossRefPubMed

White, W. L. (1998). Slaying the dragon: The history of addiction treatment and recovery in America. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems/Lighthouse Institute.

Wickizer, T., Maynard, C., Atherly, A., Frederick, M., Koepsell, T., Krupski, A., & Stark, K. (1994). Completion rates of clients discharged from drug and alcohol treatment programs in Washington state. American Journal of Public Health, 84(2), 215–221.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Winick, C. (1962). Maturing out of narcotic addiction. Bulletin on Narcotics, 14(1), 1–7.

Yang, Y., Knight, K., Joe, G. W., Rowan, G. A., Lehman, W. E. K., & Flynn, P. M. (2015). Gender as a moderator in predicting re-arrest among treated drug – involved offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 49, 65–70.CrossRefPubMed

Zanis, D. A., Mulvaney, F., Coviello, D., Alterman, A. I., Savitz, B., & Thompson, W. (2003). The effectiveness of early parole to substance abuse treatment facilities on 24 – month criminal recidivism. Journal of Drug Issues, 33(1), 223–235.CrossRef

Title: Clinical Indicators of Successful Substance Use Treatment among Adults in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Albert M. Kopak
Sydney Hurt
Steven L. Proctor
Norman G. Hoffmann
Publication date: 01-10-2016
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction / Issue 5/2016
Print ISSN: 1557-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1882
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9644-8

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Clinical Indicators of Successful Substance Use Treatment among Adults in the Criminal Justice System

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2016

Pain and Suicidal Behavior in Primary Care Patients: Mediating Role of Interpersonal Needs

Validation of the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) Among Male Heroin Addicts in China

The Mechanisms of Mindfulness in the Treatment of Mental Illness and Addiction

Prevalence and Predictors of Video Game Addiction: A Study Based on a National Representative Sample of Gamers

The What and Why of Effective Substance Abuse Treatment

Fantasy Sports: A Growing Concern Among College Student-Athletes