Top

Published in:

01-05-2009 | Review Article

Clinical impact of hemodynamic parameter measurement for cerebrovascular disease using positron emission tomography and ¹⁵O-labeled tracers

Authors: Hidehiko Okazawa, Takashi Kudo

Published in: Annals of Nuclear Medicine | Issue 3/2009

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) measurement of cerebral blood flow and metabolism has been a basic and standard method for evaluation of hemodynamics in patients with cerebral vascular disease (CVD). Despite the recent rapid spread of PET and PET/CT facilities, the number of patient examinations with ¹⁵O-gas PET scans is declining because most facilities are used for cancer studies. They avoid ¹⁵O-gas PET study because it is time consuming and the technique and calculation methods appear to be complicated. However, reconsidering the benefits and usefulness of conventional ¹⁵O-gas PET study is a good opportunity to understand its potential possibility. Physiological evaluation of cerebral perfusion and metabolism provided the basic concept of hemodynamics in impaired circulation and the development of evidence-based medicine in neurosurgical treatment for CVD. This method can be used for two major objectives, clinical examination with a less-invasive simplified method, and quantitative precise measurements with model analysis for research purposes. Both are important for developing further practical and investigational approaches using ¹⁵O-gas PET.

Baron JC, Bousser MG, Rey A, Guillard A, Comar D, Castaigne P. Reversal of focal “misery-perfusion syndrome” by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. A case study with ¹⁵O positron emission tomography. Stroke. 1981;12:454–9.PubMed

Powers WJ, Grubb RL Jr, Raichle ME. Physiological responses to focal cerebral ischemia in humans. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:546–52.PubMed

Powers WJ, Raichle ME. Positron emission tomography and its application to the study of cerebrovascular disease in man. Stroke. 1985;16:361–76.PubMed

Powers WJ, Press GA, Grubb RL Jr, Gado M, Raichle ME. The effect of hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease on the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:27–34.PubMed

Powers WJ. Cerebral hemodynamics in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Ann Neurol. 1991;29:231–40.PubMed

Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Nagahama Y, Nabatame H, Nakamura K, Yamamoto Y, et al. Evidence of misery perfusion and risk for recurrent stroke in major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases from PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:18–25.PubMed

Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Nagahama Y, Nabatame H, Ueno M, Nishizawa S, et al. Significance of increased oxygen extraction fraction in five-year prognosis of major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:1992–8.PubMed

Grubb RL Jr, Derdeyn CP, Fritsch SM, Carpenter DA, Yundt KD, Videen TO, et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA. 1998;280:1055–60.PubMed

Vorstrup S. Tomographic cerebral blood flow measurements in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and evaluation of the vasodilatory capacity by the acetazolamide test. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;114(Suppl):1–48.

10.

Yonas H, Pindzola RR. Physiological determination of cerebrovascular reserves and its use in clinical management. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 1994;6:325–40.PubMed

11.

Hashikawa K, Matsumoto M, Moriwaki H, Oku N, Okazaki Y, Uehara T, et al. Split dose iodine-123-IMP SPECT: sequential quantitative regional cerebral blood flow change with pharmacological intervention. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1226–33.PubMed

12.

Nishizawa S, Yonekura Y, Tanaka F, Fujita T, Tsuchimochi S, Ishizu K, et al. Evaluation of a double-injection method for sequential measurement of cerebral blood flow with iodine-123-iodoamphetamine. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:1339–45.PubMed

13.

Ito H, Kanno I, Fukuda H. Human cerebral circulation: positron emission tomography studies. Ann Nucl Med. 2005;19:65–74. Review.PubMed

14.

Ter-Pogossian MM, Eichling JO, Davis DO, Welch MJ, Metzger JM. The determination of regional cerebral blood flow by means of water labeled with radioactive oxygen 15. Radiology. 1969;93:31–40.PubMed

15.

Ter-Pogossian MM, Eichling JO, Davis DO, Welch MJ. The measure in vivo of regional cerebral oxygen utilization by means of oxyhemoglobin labeled with radioactive oxygen-15. J Clin Invest. 1970;49:381–91.PubMed

16.

Raichle ME, Grubb RL Jr, Gado MH, Eichling JO, Ter-Pogossian MM. Correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. In vivo studies in man. Arch Neurol. 1976;33:523–6.PubMed

17.

Raichle ME, Grubb RL Jr, Eichling JO, Ter-Pogossian MM. Measurement of brain oxygen utilization with radioactive oxygen-15: experimental verification. J Appl Physiol. 1976;40:638–40.PubMed

18.

Jones T, Chesler DA, Ter-Pogossian MM. The continuous inhalation of oxygen-15 for assessing regional oxygen extraction in the brain of man. Br J Radiol. 1976;49:339–43.PubMed

19.

Lenzi GL, Jones T, McKenzie CG, Moss S. Non-invasive regional study of chronic cerebrovascular disorders using the oxygen-15 inhalation technique. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1978;41:11–71.PubMed

20.

Frackowiak RS, Lenzi GL, Jones T, Heather JD. Quantitative measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in man using ¹⁵O and positron emission tomography: theory, procedure, and normal values. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980;4:727–36.PubMed

21.

Lammertsma AA, Jones T, Frackowiak RS, Lenzi GL. A theoretical study of the steady-state model for measuring regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilisation using oxygen-15. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1981;5:544–50.PubMed

22.

Huang SC, Carson RE, Phelps ME. Measurement of local blood flow and distribution volume with short-lived isotopes: a general input technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1982;2:99–108.PubMed

23.

Huang SC, Carson RE, Hoffman EJ, Carson J, MacDonald N, Barrio JR, et al. Quantitative measurement of local cerebral blood flow in humans by positron computed tomography and ¹⁵O-water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1983;3:141–53.PubMed

24.

Lammertsma AA, Wise RJ, Heather JD, Gibbs JM, Leenders KL, Frackowiak RS, et al. Correction for the presence of intravascular oxygen-15 in the steady-state technique for measuring regional oxygen extraction ratio in the brain: 2. Results in normal subjects and brain tumour and stroke patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1983;3:425–31.PubMed

25.

Herscovitch P, Markham J, Raichle ME. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H ₂ ¹⁵ O. I. Theory and error analysis. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:782–9.PubMed

26.

Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H ₂ ¹⁵ O. II. Implementation and validation. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:790–8.PubMed

27.

Mintun MA, Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P. Brain oxygen utilization measured with O-15 radiotracers and positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med. 1984;25:177–87.PubMed

28.

Kanno I, Lammertsma AA, Heather JD, Gibbs JM, Rhodes CG, Clark JC, et al. Measurement of cerebral blood flow using bolus inhalation of C¹⁵O₂ and positron emission tomography: description of the method and its comparison with the C¹⁵O₂ continuous inhalation method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1984;4:224–34.PubMed

29.

Lammertsma AA, Brooks DJ, Beaney RP, Turton DR, Kensett MJ, Heather JD, et al. In vivo measurement of regional cerebral haematocrit using positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1984;4:317–22.PubMed

30.

Jones SC, Greenberg JH, Dann R, Robinson GD Jr, Kushner M, Alavi A, et al. Cerebral blood flow with the continuous infusion of oxygen-15-labeled water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985;5:566–75.PubMed

31.

Meyer E, Tyler JL, Thompson CJ, Redies C, Diksic M, Hakim AM. Estimation of cerebral oxygen utilization rate by single-bolus ¹⁵O₂ inhalation and dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987;7:403–14.PubMed

32.

Gambhir SS, Huang SC, Hawkins RA, Phelps ME. A study of the single compartment tracer kinetic model for the measurement of local cerebral blood flow using ¹⁵O-water and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987;7:13–20.PubMed

33.

Senda M, Buxton RB, Alpert NM, Correia JA, Mackay BC, Weise SB, et al. The ¹⁵O steady-state method: correction for variation in arterial concentration. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8:681–90.PubMed

34.

Lammertsma AA, Frackowiak RS, Hoffman JM, Huang SC, Weinberg IN, Dahlbom M, et al. The C¹⁵O₂ build-up technique to measure regional cerebral blood flow and volume of distribution of water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1989;9:461–70.PubMed

35.

Ohta S, Meyer E, Thompson CJ, Gjedde A. Oxygen consumption of the living human brain measured after a single inhalation of positron emitting oxygen. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1992;12:179–92.PubMed

36.

Ohta S, Meyer E, Fujita H, Reutens DC, Evans A, Gjedde A. Cerebral [¹⁵O]water clearance in humans determined by PET: I. Theory and normal values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16:765–80.PubMed

37.

Sadato N, Yonekura Y, Senda M, Iwasaki Y, Matoba N, Tamaki N, et al. PET and the autoradiographic method with continuous inhalation of oxygen-15-gas: theoretical analysis and comparison with conventional steady-state methods. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1672–80.PubMed

38.

Mejia MA, Itoh M, Watabe H, Fujiwara T, Nakamura T. Simplified nonlinearity correction of oxygen-15-water regional cerebral blood flow images without blood sampling. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1870–7.PubMed

39.

Watabe H, Itoh M, Mejia M, Fujiwara T, Jones T, Nakamura T. Validation of noninvasive quantification of rCBF compared with dynamic/integral method by using positron emission tomography and oxygen-15 labeled water. Ann Nucl Med. 1995;9:191–8.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Watabe H, Itoh M, Cunningham V, Lammertsma AA, Bloomfield P, Mejia M, et al. Noninvasive quantification of rCBF using positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16:311–9.PubMed

41.

Okazawa H, Yonekura Y, Fujibayashi Y, Yamauchi H, Ishizu K, Nishizawa S, et al. Measurement of regional cerebral plasma pool and hematocrit with copper-62-labeled HSA-DTS. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:1080–5.PubMed

42.

Hayashi T, Watabe H, Kudomi N, Kim KM, Enmi J, Hayashida K, et al. A theoretical model of oxygen delivery and metabolism for physiologic interpretation of quantitative cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:1314–23.PubMed

43.

Kudomi N, Hayashi T, Teramoto N, Watabe H, Kawachi N, Ohta Y, et al. Rapid quantitative measurement of CMRO₂ and CBF by dual administration of ¹⁵O-labeled oxygen and water during a single PET scan—a validation study and error analysis in anesthetized monkeys. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2005;25:1209–24.PubMed

44.

Herscovitch P, Raichle ME. Effect of tissue heterogeneity on the measurement of cerebral blood flow with the equilibrium C¹⁵O₂ inhalation technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1983;3:407–15.PubMed

45.

Alpert NM, Eriksson L, Chang JY, Bergstrom M, Litton JE, Correia JA, et al. Strategy for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow using short-lived tracers and emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1984;4:28–34.PubMed

46.

Carson RE, Huang SC, Green MV. Weighted integration method for local cerebral blood flow measurements with positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1986;6:245–58.PubMed

47.

Huang SC, Feng DG, Phelps ME. Model dependency and estimation reliability in measurement of cerebral oxygen utilization rate with oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1986;6:105–19.PubMed

48.

Koeppe RA, Holden JE, Polcyn RE, Nickles RJ, Hutchins GD, Weese JL. Quantitation of local cerebral blood flow and partition coefficient without arterial sampling: theory and validation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985;5:214–23.PubMed

49.

Koeppe RA, Holden JE, Raymond Ip W. Performance comparison of parameter estimation techniques for the quantitation of local cerebral blood flow by dynamic positron computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985;5:224–34.PubMed

50.

Iida H, Kanno I, Miura S, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Uemura K. Error analysis of a quantitative cerebral blood flow measurement using H ₂ ¹⁵ O autoradiography and positron emission tomography, with respect to the dispersion of the input function. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1986;6:536–45.PubMed

51.

Kanno I, Iida H, Miura S, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Sasaki H, et al. A system for cerebral blood flow measurement using an H ₂ ¹⁵ O autoradiographic method and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987;7:143–53.PubMed

52.

Iida H, Kanno I, Miura S, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Uemura K. A determination of the regional brain/blood partition coefficient of water using dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1989;9:874–85.PubMed

53.

Videen TO, Perlmutter JS, Herscovitch P, Raichle ME. Brain blood volume, flow, and oxygen utilization measured with ¹⁵O radiotracers and positron emission tomography: revised metabolic computations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987;7:513–6.PubMed

54.

Cunningham VJ, Jones T. Spectral analysis of dynamic PET studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993;13:15–23.PubMed

55.

Kimura Y, Hsu H, Toyama H, Senda M, Alpert NM. Improved signal-to-noise ratio in parametric images by cluster analysis. Neuroimage. 1999;9:554–61.PubMed

56.

Shidahara M, Watabe H, Kim KM, Oka H, Sago M, Hayashi T, et al. Evaluation of a commercial PET tomograph-based system for the quantitative assessment of rCBF, rOEF and rCMRO₂ by using sequential administration of ¹⁵O-labeled compounds. Ann Nucl Med. 2002;16:317–27.PubMed

57.

Shidahara M, Watabe H, Kim KM, Kudomi N, Ito H, Iida H. Optimal scan time of oxygen-15-labeled gas inhalation autoradiographic method for measurement of cerebral oxygen extraction fraction and cerebral oxygen metabolic rate. Ann Nucl Med. 2008;22:667–75.PubMed

58.

Okazawa H, Yamauchi H, Sugimoto K, Takahashi M, Toyoda H, Kishibe Y, et al. Quantitative comparison of the bolus and steady-state methods for measurement of cerebral perfusion and oxygen metabolism: PET study using ¹⁵O-gas and water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21:793–803.PubMed

59.

Vafaee MS, Meyer E, Marrett S, Paus T, Evans AC, Gjedde A. Frequency-dependent changes in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen during activation of human visual cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19:272–7.PubMed

60.

Vafaee MS, ØStergaard K, Sunde N, Gjedde A, Dupont E, Cumming P. Focal changes of oxygen consumption in cerebral cortex of patients with Parkinson’s disease during subthalamic stimulation. Neuroimage. 2004;22:966–74.PubMed

61.

Ito H, Kanno I, Kato C, Sasaki T, Ishii K, Ouchi Y, et al. Database of normal human cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, cerebral oxygen extraction fraction and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen measured by positron emission tomography with 15O-labelled carbon dioxide or water, carbon monoxide and oxygen: a multicentre study in Japan. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:635–43.PubMed

62.

The EC/IC bypass study group, Barnett HJM, Sackett DL, Taylor DW, Peerless SJ, Haynes RB, et al. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1191–200.CrossRef

63.

The EC/IC bypass study group, Haynes RB, Taylor DW, Mukherjee J, Sackett DL, Cote R, et al. The International Cooperative Study of Extracranial/Intracranial Arterial Anastomosis (EC/IC Bypass Study): methodology and entry characteristics. The EC/IC Bypass Study group. Stroke. 1985;16:397–406.

64.

Baron JC, Bousser MG, Comar D, Soussaline F, Castaigne P. Noninvasive tomographic study of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in vivo. Potentials, limitations, and clinical applications in cerebral ischemic disorders. Eur Neurol. 1981;20:273–84.PubMed

65.

Hennerici M, Hülsbömer HB, Rautenberg W, Hefter H. Spontaneous history of asymptomatic internal carotid occlusion. Stroke. 1986;17:718–22.PubMed

66.

Hankey GJ, Warlow CP. Prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion: an overview. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1991;1:245–56.

67.

Derdeyn CP, Yundt KD, Videen TO, Carpenter DA, Grubb RL Jr, Powers WJ. Increased oxygen extraction fraction is associated with prior ischemic events in patients with carotid occlusion. Stroke. 1998;29:754–8.PubMed

68.

Yonas H, Smith HA, Durham SR, Pentheny SL, Johnson DW. Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg. 1993;79:483–9.PubMedCrossRef

69.

Derdeyn CP, Grubb RL Jr, Powers WJ. Cerebral hemodynamic impairment: methods of measurement and association with stroke risk. Neurology. 1999;53:251–9.PubMed

70.

Derdeyn CP, Videen TO, Simmons NR, Yundt KD, Fritsch SM, Grubb RL, et al. Count-based PET method for predicting ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid arterial occlusion. Radiology. 1999;212:499–506.PubMed

71.

Derdeyn CP, Videen TO, Grubb RL Jr, Powers WJ. Comparison of PET oxygen extraction fraction methods for the prediction of stroke risk. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1195–7.PubMed

72.

Ibaraki M, Shimosegawa E, Miura S, Takahashi K, Ito H, Kanno I, et al. PET measurements of CBF, OEF, and CMRO₂ without arterial sampling in hyperacute ischemic stroke: method and error analysis. Ann Nucl Med. 2004;18:35–44.PubMed

73.

Kobayashi M, Okazawa H, Tsuchida T, Kawai K, Fujibayashi Y, Yonekura Y. Diagnosis of misery perfusion using noninvasive O-15 gas PET. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1581–6.PubMed

74.

Kobayashi M, Kudo T, Tsujikawa T, Isozaki M, Arai Y, Fujibayashi Y, et al. Shorter examination method for the diagnosis of misery perfusion using count-based OEF elevation in ¹⁵O-Gas PET. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:242–6.PubMed

75.

Kuroda S, Kamiyama H, Abe H, Houkin K, Isobe M, Mitsumori K. Acetazolamide test in detecting reduced cerebral perfusion reserve and predicting long-term prognosis in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:912–8.PubMed

76.

Webster MW, Makaroun MS, Steed DL, Smith HA, Johnson DW, Yonas H. Compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity is a predictor of stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:338–44. Discussion 344–5.PubMed

77.

Kuroda S, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Mitsumori K, Iwasaki Y, Abe H. Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion: can acetazolamide test predict it? Stroke. 2001;32:2110–6.PubMed

78.

Markus H, Cullinane M. Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. Brain. 2001;124:457–67.PubMed

79.

Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, Yoshimoto T. Cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide and outcome in patients with symptomatic internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion: a xenon-133 single-photon emission computed tomography study. Stroke. 2002;33:1857–62.PubMed

80.

Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, Terasaki K, Shimizu H, Tominaga T, Yoshimoto T. Use of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with symptomatic major cerebral artery occlusion to predict 5-year outcome: comparison of xenon-133 and iodine-123-IMP single-photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002;22:1142–8.PubMed

81.

Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi T, Tsuchiya T, Minematsu K, Nishimura T. Sequential change of hemodynamic reserve in patients with major cerebral artery occlusion or severe stenosis. Neuroradiology. 1992;34:15–21.PubMed

82.

Yokota C, Hasegawa Y, Minematsu K, Yamaguchi T. Effect of acetazolamide reactivity and long-term outcome in patients with major cerebral artery occlusive diseases. Stroke. 1998;29:640–4.PubMed

83.

Yonas H, Pindzola RR, Meltzer CC, Sasser H. Qualitative versus quantitative assessment of cerebrovascular reserves. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:1005–10. Discussion 1011–2.PubMed

84.

Gotoh F, Meyer JS, Tomita M. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition and cerebral venous blood gases and ions in man. Demonstration of increased oxygen availability to ischemic brain. Arch Intern Med. 1966;117:39–46.PubMed

85.

Okazawa H, Yamauchi H, Sugimoto K, Toyoda H, Kishibe Y, Takahashi M. Effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen metabolism: a PET study with healthy volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21:1472–9.PubMed

86.

Okudaira Y, Bandoh K, Arai H, Sato K. Evaluation of the acetazolamide test: vasoreactivity and cerebral blood volume. Stroke. 1995;26:1234–9.PubMed

87.

Grubb RL Jr, Phelps ME, Raichle ME, Ter-Pogassian MM. The effect of arterial blood pressure on the regional cerebral blood volume by X-ray fluorescence. Stroke. 1973;4:390–9.PubMed

88.

MacKenzie ET, Farrar JK, Fitch W, Graham DI, Gregory PC, Harper AM. Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension on the cerebral circulation. I. Cerebral blood flow and pial arteriolar caliber. Stroke. 1979;10:711–8.PubMed

89.

Gjedde A, Kuwabara H, Hakim AM. Reduction of functional capillary density in human brain after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990;10:317–26.PubMed

90.

Nemoto EM, Yonas H, Kuwabara H, Pindzola RR, Sashin D, Meltzer CC, et al. Identification of hemodynamic compromise by cerebrovascular reserve and oxygen extraction fraction in occlusive vascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004;24:1081–9.PubMed

91.

Okazawa H, Vafaee M. Effect of vascular radioactivity on regional values of cerebral blood flow: evaluation of methods for H ₂ ¹⁵ O PET to distinguish cerebral perfusion from blood volume. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1032–9.PubMed

92.

Ito H, Kanno I, Iida H, Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Tamura H, et al. Arterial fraction of cerebral blood volume in humans measured by positron emission tomography. Ann Nucl Med. 2001;15:111–6.PubMed

93.

Okazawa H, Yamauchi H, Sugimoto K, Takahashi M. Differences of vasodilatory capacity and changes in cerebral blood flow induced by acetazolamide in patients with cerebrovascular disease. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1371–8.PubMed

94.

Okazawa H, Yamauchi H, Toyoda H, Sugimoto K, Fujibayashi Y, Yonekura Y. Relationship between vasodilatation and cerebral blood flow increase in impaired hemodynamics: a PET study with the acetazolamide test in cerebrovascular disease. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1875–83.PubMed

95.

Okazawa H, Yamauchi H, Yonekura Y. Measurement of arterial part of vascular volume (V₀) for the evaluation of hemodynamic changes in cerebrovascular disease. In: Iida H, editor. ICS 1265 quantitation in biomedical imaging with PET and MRI. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. p. 218–27.

96.

Kaul S. The role of capillaries in determining coronary blood flow reserve: implications for stress-induced reversible perfusion defects. J Nucl Cardiol. 2001;8:694–700.PubMed

97.

Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Nagahama Y, Katsumi Y, Okazawa H. Cerebral hematocrit decreases with hemodynamic compromise in carotid artery occlusion: a PET study. Stroke. 1998;29:98–103.PubMed

98.

Hudetz AG, Wood JD, Biswal BB, Krolo I, Kampine JP. Effect of hemodilution on RBC velocity, supply rate, and hematocrit in the cerebral capillary network. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87:505–9.PubMed

99.

Rutgers DR, Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ, van Huffelen AC, van der Grond J. A longitudinal study of collateral flow patterns in the circle of Willis and the ophthalmic artery in patients with a symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke. 2000;31:1913–20.PubMed

100.

Okazawa H. Relationship between misery perfusion and vasodilatory capacity assessed by acetazolamide test in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Jpn J Stroke. 2005;27:643–7.

101.

Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Passarelli F, Rossini PM, Silvestrini M. Outcome of carotid artery occlusion is predicted by cerebrovascular reactivity. Stroke. 1999;30:593–8.PubMed

102.

Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Matteis M, Passarelli F, Troisi E, Rossini PM, et al. Effect of collateral blood flow and cerebral vasomotor reactivity on the outcome of carotid artery occlusion. Stroke. 2001;32:1552–8.PubMed

103.

Derdeyn CP, Shaibani A, Moran CJ, Cross DT 3rd, Grubb RL Jr, Powers WJ. Lack of correlation between pattern of collateralization and misery perfusion in patients with carotid occlusion. Stroke. 1999;30:1025–32.PubMed

104.

House SD, Johnson PC. Diameter and blood flow of skeletal muscle venules during local flow regulation. Am J Physiol. 1986;250:H828–37.PubMed

105.

House SD, Johnson PC. Microvascular pressure in venules of skeletal muscle during arterial pressure reduction. Am J Physiol. 1986;250:H838–45.PubMed

Title: Clinical impact of hemodynamic parameter measurement for cerebrovascular disease using positron emission tomography and 15O-labeled tracers
Authors: Hidehiko Okazawa
Takashi Kudo
Publication date: 01-05-2009
Publisher: Springer Japan
Published in: Annals of Nuclear Medicine / Issue 3/2009
Print ISSN: 0914-7187
Electronic ISSN: 1864-6433
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-009-0235-7

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Clinical impact of hemodynamic parameter measurement for cerebrovascular disease using positron emission tomography and ¹⁵O-labeled tracers

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2009

Preclinical and the first clinical studies on [11C]CHIBA-1001 for mapping α7 nicotinic receptors by positron emission tomography

Therapeutic effects of acupuncture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study using 18F-FDG–PET

The relationship between 24 h/4 h radioiodine-131 uptake ratio and outcome after radioiodine therapy in 1402 patients with solitary autonomously functioning thyroid nodules

90Y bremsstrahlung emission computed tomography using gamma cameras

An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom for optimization of the diagnosis of lymph node metastases in the pelvis

PET without cyclotron