Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Medicine
Published in: BMC Medicine 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Debate

Clinical classification in mental health at the cross-roads: which direction next?

Authors: Ian B Hickie, Jan Scott, Daniel F Hermens, Elizabeth M Scott, Sharon L Naismith, Adam J Guastella, Nick Glozier, Patrick D McGorry

Published in: BMC Medicine | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

After 30 years of consensus-derived diagnostic categories in mental health, it is time to head in new directions. Those categories placed great emphasis on enhanced reliability and the capacity to identify them via standardized checklists. Although this enhanced epidemiology and health services planning, it failed to link broad diagnostic groupings to underlying pathophysiology or specific treatment response.

Discussion

It is time to adopt new goals that prioritize the validation of clinical entities and foster alternative strategies to support those goals. The value of new dimensions (notably clinical staging), that are both clinically relevant and directly related to emerging developmental and neurobiological research, is proposed. A strong emphasis on ‘reverse translation’ (that is, working back from the clinic to the laboratory) underpins these novel approaches. However, it relies on using diagnostic groupings that already have strong evidence of links to specific risk factors or patterns of treatment response.

Summary

The strategies described abandon the historical divides between clinical neurology, psychiatry and psychology and adopt the promotion of pathways to illness models.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, Dodel R, Ekman M, Faravelli C, Fratiglioni L, Gannon B, Jones DH, Jennum P, Jordanova A, Jonsson L, Karampampa K, Knapp M, Kobelt G, Kurth T, Lieb R, Linde M, Ljungcrantz C, Maercker A, Melin B, Moscarelli M, Musayev A, Norwood F, Preisig M, Pugliatti M, Rehm J5: Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011, 21: 718-779. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.008.PubMed
2.
Collins PY, Patel V, Joestl SS, March D, Insel TR, Daar AS, Bordin IA, Costello EJ, Durkin M, Fairburn C, Glass RI, Hall W, Huang Y, Hyman SE, Jamison K, Kaaya S, Kapur S, Kleinman A, Ogunniyi A, Otero-Ojeda A, Poo M-M, Ravindranath V, Sahakian BJ, Saxena S, Singer PA, Stein DJ, Anderson W, Dhansay MA, Ewart W, Phillips A: Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature. 2011, 475: 27-30. 10.1038/475027a.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Hickie IB, Groom GL, McGorry PD, Davenport TA, Luscombe GM: Australian mental health reform: time for real outcomes. Med J Aust. 2005, 182: 401-406.PubMed
4.
Mental Health Council of Australia: Not For Service: Experiences of Injustice and Despair in Mental Health Care in Australia. 2005, Canberra: Mental Health Council of Australia
5.
Insel TR, Sahakian BJ: Drug research: a plan for mental illness. Nature. 2012, 483: 269-269. 10.1038/483269a.PubMed
6.
Hyman SE: A glimmer of light for neuropsychiatric disorders. Nature. 2008, 455: 890-893. 10.1038/nature07454.PubMed
7.
Amara SG, Grillner S, Insel T, Nutt D, Tsumoto T: Neuroscience in recession?. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011, 12: 297-302.PubMed
8.
Insel TR: Rethinking schizophrenia. Nature. 2010, 468: 187-193. 10.1038/nature09552.PubMed
9.
Wang PS, Insel TR: NIMH-Funded Pragmatic Trials: moving on. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010, 35: 2489-2490. 10.1038/npp.2010.161.PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Morris SE, Insel TR: Reconceptualizing schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2011, 127: 1-2. 10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.027.PubMed
11.
12.
13.
The Lancet: Psychiatry’s identity crisis. Lancet. 2012, 379: 1274.
14.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000, Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, Text Revision, 4
15.
World Health Organization: ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. 1992, Geneva: World Health Organization
16.
Hyman SE: The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010, 6: 155-179. 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091532.PubMed
17.
Hyman SE: Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V?. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007, 8: 725-732. 10.1038/nrn2218.PubMed
18.
Wray NR, Pergadia ML, Blackwood DHR, Penninx BWJH, Gordon SD, Nyholt DR, Ripke S, MacIntyre DJ, McGhee KA, Maclean AW, Smit JH, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Middeldorp CM, de Geus EJC, Lewis CM, McGuffin P, Hickie IB, van den Oord EJCG, Liu JZ, Macgregor S, McEvoy BP, Byrne EM, Medland SE, Statham DJ, Henders AK, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Boomsma DI: Genome-wide association study of major depressive disorder: new results, meta-analysis, and lessons learned. Mol Psychiatry. 2010, 17: 36-48.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
20.
Buckholtz JW, Meyer-Lindenberg A: Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. Neuron. 2012, 74: 990-1004. 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.002.PubMed
21.
McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Jackson HJ: Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006, 40: 616-622. 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01860.x.PubMed
22.
Hickie IB, Scott EM, Hermens DF, Naismith SL, Guastella AJ, Kaur M, Sidis A, Whitwell B, Glozier N, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, McGorry PD: Applying a clinical staging framework in young people who present with admixtures of anxious, depressive or psychotic symptoms. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2013, 7: 31-43. 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00366.x.PubMed
23.
Nesse RM, Stein DJ: Towards a genuinely medical model for psychiatric nosology. BMC Med. 2012, 10: 5-10.1186/1741-7015-10-5.PubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K, Sanislow C, Wang P: Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2010, 167: 748-751. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379.PubMed
25.
McGorry PD: Risk syndromes, clinical staging and DSM V: new diagnostic infrastructure for early intervention in psychiatry. Schizophr Res. 2010, 120: 49-53. 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.016.PubMed
26.
White PD, Rickards H, Zeman AZJ: Time to end the distinction between mental and neurological illnesses. BMJ. 2012, 344: e3454-10.1136/bmj.e3454.PubMed
27.
McGorry PD: The recognition and optimal management of early psychosis: applying the concept of staging in the treatment of psychosis. Evolving Psychosis. Edited by: Johannessen JO, Martinvale BV, Cullberg J. 2006, New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group
28.
Scott J, Hickie IB, McGorry P: Pre-emptive psychiatric treatments: pipe dream or a realistic outcome of clinical staging models?. Neuropsychiatry. 2012, 2: 263-266. 10.2217/npy.12.32.
29.
Merikangas KR, He J-P, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, Benjet C, Georgiades K, Swendsen J: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010, 49: 980-989. 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Paus T, Keshavan M, Giedd JN: Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008, 9: 947-957.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Hafner H, An Der Heiden W, Maurer K: Evidence for separate diseases? Stages of one disease or different combinations of symptom dimensions?. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008, 258 Suppl 2: 85-96.PubMed
32.
Gore FM, Bloem PJN, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, Sawyer SM, Mathers CD: Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2011, 377: 2093-2102. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6.PubMed
33.
McGorry PD, Yung AR, Bechdolf A, Amminger P: Back to the future: predicting and reshaping the course of psychotic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008, 65: 25-27. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.9.PubMed
34.
McGorry PD: Issues for DSM-V: clinical staging: a heuristic pathway to valid nosology and safer, more effective treatment in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2007, 164: 859-860. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.859.PubMed
35.
Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bjork C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM: Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet. 2009, 373: 234-239. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60072-6.PubMed
36.
Sullivan PF, Daly MJ, O’Donovan M: Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications. Nat Rev Genet. 2012, 13: 537-551.PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Merikangas KR, Cui L, Kattan G, Carlson GA, Youngstrom EA, Angst J: Mania with and without depression in a community sample of U.S. adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012, 69: 943-951. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.38.PubMed
38.
Merikangas KR, Herrell R, Swendsen J, Rossler W, Ajdacic-Gross V, Angst J: Specificity of bipolar spectrum conditions in the comorbidity of mood and substance use disorders: results from the Zurich cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008, 65: 47-52. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.18.PubMed
39.
Kelleher I, Keeley H, Corcoran P, Lynch F, Fitzpatrick C, Devlin N, Molloy C, Roddy S, Clarke MC, Harley M, Arseneault L, Wasserman C, Carli V, Sarchiapone M, Hoven C, Wasserman D, Cannon M: Clinicopathological significance of psychotic experiences in non-psychotic young people: evidence from four population-based studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2012, 201: 26-32. 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101543.PubMed
40.
Murray GK, Jones PB: Psychotic symptoms in young people without psychotic illness: mechanisms and meaning. Br J Psychiatry. 2012, 201: 4-6. 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107789.PubMed
41.
Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Poulton R: Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: Developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003, 60: 709-717. 10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.709.PubMed
42.
Van Os J, Jones P, Sham P, Bebbington P, Murray RM: Risk factors for onset and persistence of psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998, 33: 596-605. 10.1007/s001270050099.PubMed
43.
Van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Krabbendam L: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychol Med. 2009, 39: 179-195. 10.1017/S0033291708003814.PubMed
44.
Tijssen MJA, van Os J, Wittchen H-U, Lieb R, Beesdo K, Mengelers R, Wichers M: Prediction of transition from common adolescent bipolar experiences to bipolar disorder: 10-year study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010, 196: 102-108. 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065763.PubMed
45.
Gregory AM, Caspi A, Eley TC, Moffitt TE, O’Connor TG, Poulton R: Prospective longitudinal associations between persistent sleep problems in childhood and anxiety and depression disorders in adulthood. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2005, 33: 157-163. 10.1007/s10802-005-1824-0.PubMed
46.
Shorter E: Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry. 2009, New York: Oxford University Press
47.
Horowitz AV, Wakefield JC: The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. 2007, New York: Oxford University Press
48.
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL: Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006, 367: 1747-1757. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9.PubMed
49.
Beddington J, Cooper CL, Field J, Goswami U, Huppert FA, Jenkins R, Jones HS, Kirkwood TBL, Sahakian BJ, Thomas SM: The mental wealth of nations. Nature. 2008, 455: 1057-1060. 10.1038/4551057a.PubMed
50.
Insel TR: The arrival of preemptive psychiatry. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2007, 1: 5-6. 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00017.x.PubMed
51.
McGorry P: Early intervention in psychiatry: the next developmental stage. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2012, 6: 1-2.PubMed
52.
Hamilton BA, Naismith SL, Scott EM, Purcell S, Hickie IB: Disability is already pronounced in young people with early stages of affective disorders: data from an early intervention service. J Affect Disord. 2011, 131: 84-91. 10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.052.PubMed
53.
Scott EM, Hermens DF, Glozier N, Naismith SL, Guastella AJ, Hickie IB: Targeted primary care-based mental health services for young Australians. Med J Aust. 2012, 196: 136-140. 10.5694/mja11.10481.PubMed
54.
Scott E, Naismith SL, Whitwell BG, Hamilton B, Chudleigh C, Hickie IB: Delivering youth-specific mental health services: the advantages of a collaborative, multi-disciplinary system. Australas Psychiatry. 2009, 17: 189-194. 10.1080/10398560802657322.PubMed
55.
McGorry PD, Tanti C, Stokes R, Hickie IB, Carnell K, Littlefield LK, Moran J: Headspace: Australia’s National Youth Mental Health Foundation - where young minds come first. Med J Aust. 2007, 187: S68.PubMed
56.
McGorry PD, Killackey E, Yung AR: Early intervention in psychotic disorders: detection and treatment of the first episode and the critical early stages. Med J Aust. 2007, 187: S8.PubMed
57.
McGorry PD, Yung AR, Phillips LJ: The “close-in” or ultra high-risk model: a safe and effective strategy for research and clinical intervention in prepsychotic mental disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2003, 29: 771-790. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007046.PubMed
58.
Naismith SL, Hermens DF, Ip TKC, Bolitho S, Scott EM, Rogers NL, Hickie IB: Circadian profiles in young people during the early stages of affective disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2012, 2: e123-10.1038/tp.2012.47.PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Lagopoulos J, Hermens D, Naismith S, Scott E, Hickie I: Frontal lobe changes occur early in the course of affective disorders in young people. BMC Psychiatry. 2012, 12: 4-10.1186/1471-244X-12-4.PubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Robillard R, Naismith SL, Rogers NL, Ip TK, Hermens DF, Scott EM, Hickie IB: Delayed sleep phase in young people with unipolar or bipolar affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2013, 145: 260-263. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.006.PubMed
61.
Scott EM, Hermens DF, Naismith SL, Guastella AJ, De Regt T, White D, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB: Distinguishing young people with emerging bipolar disorders from those with unipolar depression. J Affective Dis. 2013, 144: 208-215. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.031.
62.
Andrews G, Brugha T, Thase ME, Duffy FF, Rucci P, Slade T: Dimensionality and the category of major depressive episode. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007, 16 Suppl 1: S41-S51.PubMed
63.
Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Brodaty H, Boyce P, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Hickie I, Eyers K: Psychomotor disturbance in depression: defining the constructs. J Affect Disord. 1993, 27: 255-265. 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90049-P.PubMed
64.
Hickie I, Parsonage B, Parker G: Prediction of response to electroconvulsive therapy. Preliminary validation of a sign-based typology of depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1990, 157: 65-71. 10.1192/bjp.157.1.65.PubMed
65.
Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Wilhelm K, Hickie I, Brodaty H, Boyce P, Mitchell P, Eyers K: Defining melancholia: properties of a refined sign-based measure. Br J Psychiatry. 1994, 164: 316-326. 10.1192/bjp.164.3.316.PubMed
66.
Hickie IB, Luscombe GM, Davenport TA, Burns JM, Highet NJ: Perspectives of young people on depression: awareness, experiences, attitudes and treatment preferences. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2007, 1: 333-339. 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00042.x.PubMed
67.
Hickie I, Koschera A, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Bennett B, Lloyd A: The temporal stability and co-morbidity of prolonged fatigue: a longitudinal study in primary care. Psychol Med. 1999, 29: 855-861. 10.1017/S0033291799008582.PubMed
68.
Koschera A, Hickie I, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Wilson A, Lloyd A: Prolonged fatigue, anxiety and depression: exploring relationships in a primary care sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999, 33: 545-552. 10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00593.x.PubMed
69.
Hickie IB, Koschera A, Davenport TA, Naismith SL, Scott EM: Comorbidity of common mental disorders and alcohol or other substance misuse in Australian general practice. Med J Aust. 2001, 175 (Suppl): S31-S36.PubMed
70.
Carroll BJ: Informed use of the dexamethasone suppression test. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986, 47: 10-12.PubMed
71.
Naismith SL, Rogers NL, Lewis SJG, Terpening Z, Ip T, Diamond K, Norrie L, Hickie IB: Sleep disturbance relates to neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression. J Affect Disord. 2011, 132: 139-145. 10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.027.PubMed
72.
Hermens DF, Redoblado Hodge MA, Naismith SL, Kaur M, Scott E, Hickie IB: Neuropsychological clustering highlights cognitive differences in young people presenting with depressive symptoms. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011, 17: 267-276. 10.1017/S1355617710001566.PubMed
73.
Hermens DF, Naismith SL, Redoblado Hodge MA, Scott EM, Hickie IB: Impaired verbal memory in young adults with unipolar and bipolar depression. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2010, 4: 227-233. 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00194.x.PubMed
74.
Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Ward PB, Little CL, Pearson M, Scott EM, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G: Psychomotor slowing in older patients with major depression: relationships with blood flow in the caudate nucleus and white matter lesions. Psychiatry Res. 2007, 155: 211-220. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.01.006.PubMed
75.
Naismith SL, Hickie IB, Turner K, Little CL, Winter V, Ward PB, Wilhelm K, Mitchell P, Parker G: Neuropsychological performance in patients with depression is associated with clinical, etiological and genetic risk factors. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003, 25: 866-877. 10.1076/jcen.25.6.866.16472.PubMed
76.
Hatton SN, Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF, Naismith SL, Bennett MR, Hickie IB: Correlating anterior insula gray matter volume changes in young people with clinical and neurocognitive outcomes: an MRI study. BMC Psychiatry. 2012, 12: 45-10.1186/1471-244X-12-45.PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Naismith SL, Lagopoulos J, Ward PB, Davey CG, Little C, Hickie IB: Fronto-striatal correlates of impaired implicit sequence learning in major depression: an fMRI study. J Affect Disord. 2010, 125: 256-261. 10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.114.PubMed
78.
Hickie I, Naismith S, Ward PB, Turner K, Scott E, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G: Reduced hippocampal volumes and memory loss in patients with early- and late-onset depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2005, 186: 197-202. 10.1192/bjp.186.3.197.PubMed
79.
Naismith S, Hickie I, Ward PB, Turner K, Scott E, Little C, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G: Caudate nucleus volumes and genetic determinants of homocysteine metabolism in the prediction of psychomotor speed in older persons with depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2002, 159: 2096-2098. 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2096.PubMed
80.
Hickie I, Ward P, Scott E, Haindl W, Walker B, Dixon J, Turner K: Neo-striatal rCBF correlates of psychomotor slowing in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res. 1999, 92: 75-81. 10.1016/S0925-4927(99)00038-4.PubMed
81.
Hickie I, Scott E, Wilhelm K, Brodaty H: Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe depression–a longitudinal evaluation. Biol Psychiatry. 1997, 42: 367-374. 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00363-0.PubMed
82.
Hickie I, Scott E, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Austin MP, Bennett B: Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical correlates and prognostic significance in patients with severe depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1995, 37: 151-160. 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00174-2.PubMed
83.
Naismith SL, Norrie LM, Mowszowski L, Hickie IB: The neurobiology of depression in later-life: clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and pathophysiological features. Prog Neurobiol. 2012, 98: 99-143. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.009.PubMed
84.
Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Norrie LM, Scott EM: Managing depression across the life cycle: new strategies for clinicians and their patients. Intern Med J. 2009, 39: 720-727. 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02016.x.PubMed
85.
Allen NB, Hetrick SE, Simmons JG, Hickie IB: Early intervention for depressive disorders in young people: the opportunity and the (lack of) evidence. Med J Aust. 2007, 187: S15.PubMed
86.
Hickie I, Scott E, Naismith S, Ward PB, Turner K, Parker G, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K: Late-onset depression: genetic, vascular and clinical contributions. Psychol Med. 2001, 31: 1403-1412.PubMed
87.
Gillespie NA, Kirk KM, Evans DM, Heath AC, Hickie IB, Martin NG: Do the genetic or environmental determinants of anxiety and depression change with age? A longitudinal study of Australian twins. Twin Res. 2004, 7: 39-53.PubMed
88.
McGorry PD, Purcell R, Hickie IB, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Jackson HJ: Clinical staging: a heuristic model for psychiatry and youth mental health. Med J Aust. 2007, 187: S40.PubMed
89.
Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, Reeves WC, Lloyd A, Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group: Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2006, 333: 575-10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AE.PubMedPubMedCentral
90.
Avenevoli S, Merikangas KR: Implications of high-risk family studies for prevention of depression. Am J Prevent Med. 2006, 31: 126-135. 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.003.
91.
Merikangas KR, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Avenevoli S: Family and high-risk studies of social anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2003, 417: 28-37.PubMed
92.
Preisig M, Fenton BT, Stevens DE, Merikangas KR: Familial relationship between mood disorders and alcoholism. Compr Psychiatry. 2001, 42: 87-95. 10.1053/comp.2001.21221.PubMed
93.
Merikangas KR, Stolar M, Stevens DE, Goulet J, Preisig MA, Fenton B, Zhang H, O’Malley SS, Rounsaville BJ: Familial transmission of substance use disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998, 55: 973-979. 10.1001/archpsyc.55.11.973.PubMed
94.
Milne BJ, Caspi A, Harrington H, Poulton R, Rutter M, Moffitt TE: Predictive value of family history on severity of illness: the case for depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009, 66: 738-747. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.55.PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Angst J, Azorin J-M, Bowden CL, Perugi G, Vieta E, Gamma A, Young AH, for the BSG: Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: The BRIDGE study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011, 68: 791-799. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.87.PubMed
96.
Boyce P, Hickie I, Parker G: Parents, partners or personality? Risk factors for post-natal depression. J Affect Disord. 1991, 21: 245-255. 10.1016/0165-0327(91)90004-C.PubMed
97.
Hickie I, Parker G: The impact of an uncaring partner on improvement in non-melancholic depression. J Affect Disord. 1992, 25: 147-160. 10.1016/0165-0327(92)90077-J.PubMed
98.
Hickie I, Parker G, Wilhelm K, Tennant C: Perceived interpersonal risk factors of non-endogenous depression. Psychol Med. 1991, 21: 399-412. 10.1017/S0033291700020511.PubMed
99.
Hansell NK, Wright MJ, Medland SE, Davenport TA, Wray NR, Martin NG, Hickie IB: Genetic co-morbidity between neuroticism, anxiety/depression and somatic distress in a population sample of adolescent and young adult twins. Psychol Med. 2012, 42: 1249-1260. 10.1017/S0033291711002431.PubMed
100.
Chiang M-C, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray GI, Martin NG, Hickie I, Toga AW, Wright MJ, Thompson PM: Genetics of white matter development: a DTI study of 705 twins and their siblings aged 12 to 29. Neuroimage. 2011, 54: 2308-2317. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.015.PubMed
101.
Merikangas KR, Lamers F: The ‘true’ prevalence of bipolar II disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012, 25: 19-23. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834de3de.PubMed
102.
Hetrick SE, Parker AG, Hickie IB, Purcell R, Yung AR, McGorry PD: Early identification and intervention in depressive disorders: towards a clinical staging model. Psychother Psychosom. 2008, 77: 263-270. 10.1159/000140085.PubMed
103.
Dubicka B, Elvins R, Roberts C, Chick G, Wilkinson P, Goodyer IM: Combined treatment with cognitive-behavioural therapy in adolescent depression: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2010, 197: 433-440. 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075853.PubMed
104.
Asarnow JR, Emslie G, Clarke G, Wagner KD, Spirito A, Vitiello B, Iyengar S, Shamseddeen W, Ritz L, Birmaher B, Ryan N, Kennard B, Mayes T, DeBar L, McCracken J, Strober M, Suddath R, Leonard H, Porta G, Keller M, Brent D: Treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant depression in adolescents: predictors and moderators of treatment response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48: 330-339.PubMedPubMedCentral
105.
Curry J, Rohde P, Simons A, Silva S, Vitiello B, Kratochvil C, Reinecke M, Feeny N, Wells K, Pathak S, Weller E, Rosenberg D, Kennard B, Robins M, Ginsburg G, March J: Predictors and moderators of acute outcome in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006, 45: 1427-1439. 10.1097/01.chi.0000240838.78984.e2.PubMed
106.
Hermens DF, Lagopoulos J, Naismith SL, Tobias-Webb J, Hickie IB: Distinct neurometabolic profiles are evident in the anterior cingulate of young people with major psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2012, 2: e110-10.1038/tp.2012.35.PubMedPubMedCentral
107.
Libby AM, Orton HD, Stover SK, Riggs PD: What came first, major depression or substance use disorder? Clinical characteristics and substance use comparing teens in a treatment cohort. Addict Behav. 2005, 30: 1649-1662. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.07.012.PubMed
108.
Hermens DF, Lagopoulos J, Tobias-Webb J, De Regt T, Dore G, Juckes L, Latt N, Hickie IB: Pathways to alcohol-induced brain impairment in young people: a review. Cortex. 2013, 49: 3-17. 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.021.PubMed
109.
Conway KP, Compton W, Stinson FS, Grant BF: Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006, 67: 247-257. 10.4088/JCP.v67n0211.PubMed
110.
Compton WM, Thomas YF, Conway KP, Colliver JD: Developments in the epidemiology of drug use and drug use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2005, 162: 1494-1502. 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1494.PubMed
111.
Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, Lahuerta J, Zaragoza S, Group E: Subsyndromal depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar and unipolar disorder during clinical remission. J Affect Disord. 2008, 107: 169-174. 10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.007.PubMed
112.
Wilcox HC, Anthony JC: Child and adolescent clinical features as forerunners of adult-onset major depressive disorder: retrospective evidence from an epidemiological sample. J Affect Disord. 2004, 82: 9-20. 10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.007.PubMed
113.
Dunlop BW, Binder EB, Cubells JF, Goodman MG, Kelley ME, Kinkead B, Kutner M, Nemeroff CB, Newport DJ, Owens MJ, Pace TW, Ritchie JC, Aponte Rivera V, Westen D, Craighead WE, Mayberg HS: Predictors of remission in depression to individual and combined treatments (PReDICT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012, 13: 106-10.1186/1745-6215-13-106.PubMedPubMedCentral
114.
Hickie I, Naismith S, Ward PB, Scott E, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G: Vascular risk and low serum B12 predict white matter lesions in patients with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2005, 85: 327-332. 10.1016/j.jad.2004.11.003.PubMed
115.
Plante GE: Depression and cardiovascular disease: a reciprocal relationship. Metabolism. 2005, 54: 45-48. 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.013.PubMed
116.
Camus V, Kraehenbuhl H, Preisig M, Bula CJ, Waeber G, Camus V, Kraehenbuhl H, Preisig M, Bula CJ, Waeber G: Geriatric depression and vascular diseases: what are the links?. J Affect Disord. 2004, 81: 1-16. 10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.003.PubMed
117.
Barnes DE, Alexopoulos GS, Lopez OL, Williamson JD, Yaffe K, Barnes DE, Alexopoulos GS, Lopez OL, Williamson JD, Yaffe K: Depressive symptoms, vascular disease, and mild cognitive impairment: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006, 63: 273-279. 10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.273.PubMed
118.
Bruce DG, Casey G, Davis WA, Starkstein SE, Clarnette RC, Foster JK, Ives FJ, Almeida OP, Davis TM, Bruce DG, Casey G, Davis WA, Starkstein SE, Clarnette RC, Foster JK, Ives FJ, Almeida OP, Davis TME: Vascular depression in older people with diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006, 49: 2828-2836. 10.1007/s00125-006-0478-y.PubMed
119.
Almeida OP, Flicker L, Norman P, Hankey GJ, Vasikaran S, van Bockxmeer FM, Jamrozik K: Association of cardiovascular risk factors and disease with depression in later life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007, 15: 506-513. 10.1097/01.JGP.0000246869.49892.77.PubMed
120.
Meyers BS, Klimstra SA, Gabriele M, Hamilton M, Kakuma T, Tirumalasetti F, Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Klimstra SA, Gabriele M, Hamilton M, Kakuma T, Tirumalasetti F, Alexopoulos GS: Continuation treatment of delusional depression in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001, 9: 415-422.PubMed
121.
Monteleone P, Martiadis V, Maj M: Circadian rhythms and treatment implications in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011, 35: 1569-1574. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.028.PubMed
122.
Hickie IB, Rogers NL: Novel melatonin-based therapies: potential advances in the treatment of major depression. Lancet. 2011, 378: 621-631. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60095-0.PubMed
123.
Gorwood P: Restoring circadian rhythms: a new way to successfully manage depression. J Psychopharmacol. 2010, 24: 15-19. 10.1177/1359786810372981.PubMed
124.
Monteleone P, Maj M: The circadian basis of mood disorders: recent developments and treatment implications. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 18: 701-711. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.06.007.PubMed
125.
Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, Singh GM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Farzadfar F, Khang Y-H, Stevens GA, Rao M, Ali MK, Riley LM, Robinson CA, Ezzati M: National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants. Lancet. 2011, 378: 31-40. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60679-X.PubMed
126.
Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimaki M: Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet. 2012, 379: 2279-2290. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9.PubMedPubMedCentral
127.
Perreault L, Pan Q, Mather KJ, Watson KE, Hamman RF, Kahn SE: Effect of regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation on long-term reduction in diabetes risk: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2012, 379: 2243-2251. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60525-X.PubMedPubMedCentral
128.
The Lancet: Prediabetes and the potential to prevent diabetes. Lancet. 2012, 379: 2213-10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60960-X.
129.
Hickie IB, Fogarty AS, Davenport TA, Luscombe GM, Burns J: Responding to experiences of young people with common mental health problems attending Australian general practice. Med J Aust. 2007, 187: S47.PubMed
130.
Hickie IB: Youth mental health: we know where we are and we can now say where we need to go next. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011, 5: 63-69.PubMed
131.
Phillips J, Frances A, Cerullo M, Chardavoyne J, Decker H, First M, Ghaemi N, Greenberg G, Hinderliter A, Kinghorn W, LoBello S, Martin E, Mishara A, Paris J, Pierre J, Pies R, Pincus H, Porter D, Pouncey C, Schwartz M, Szasz T, Wakefield J, Waterman GS, Whooley O, Zachar P: The six most essential questions in psychiatric diagnosis: a pluralogue part 1: conceptual and definitional issues in psychiatric diagnosis. Philos Ethics Hum Med. 2012, 7: 3-10.1186/1747-5341-7-3.
132.
Tengs TO, Adams ME, Pliskin JS, Safran DG, Siegel JE, Weinstein MC, Graham JD: Five-hundred life-saving interventions and their cost-effectiveness. Risk Anal. 1995, 15: 369-390. 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00330.x.PubMed
133.
Smith SC, Collins A, Ferrari R, Holmes DR, Logstrup S, McGhie DV, Ralston J, Sacco RL, Stam H, Taubert K, Wood DA, Zoghbi WA: Our time: a call to save preventable death from cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke). Circulation. 2012, 60: 2343-2348.
134.
Banati RB, Hickie IB: Therapeutic signposts: using biomarkers to guide better treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Med J Aust. 2009, 190: S26-S32.PubMed
135.
Hickie IB, McGorry PD: Characterising novel pathways to schizophrenia. Med J Aust. 2009, 190: S5-S6.PubMed
136.
Kaur M, Battisti RA, Lagopoulos J, Ward PB, Hickie IB, Hermens DF: Neurophysiological biomarkers support bipolar-spectrum within psychosis cluster. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2012, 37: 313-321. 10.1503/jpn.110081.PubMedPubMedCentral
137.
Andrews G, Titov N: Depression is very disabling. Lancet. 2007, 370: 808-809. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61393-2.PubMed
138.
Archie S, Zangeneh Kazemi A, Akhtar-Danesh N: Concurrent binge drinking and depression among Canadian youth: prevalence, patterns, and suicidality. Alcohol. 2012, 46: 165-172. 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.07.001.PubMed
139.
Boden JM, Fergusson DM: Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011, 106: 906-914. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x.PubMed
140.
Bond L, Toumbourou JW, Thomas L, Catalano RF, Patton G: Individual, family, school, and community risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms in adolescents: a comparison of risk profiles for substance use and depressive symptoms. Prev Sci. 2005, 6: 73-88. 10.1007/s11121-005-3407-2.PubMed
141.
Bunker SJ, Colquhoun DM, Esler MD, Hickie IB, Hunt D, Jelinek VM, Oldenburg BF, Peach HG, Ruth D, Tennant CC, Tonkin AM: “Stress” and coronary heart disease: psychosocial risk factors. Med J Aust. 2003, 178: 272-276.PubMed
142.
Goldberg D, Fawcett J: The importance of anxiety in both major depression and bipolar disorder. Dep Anxiety. 2012, 29: 471-478. 10.1002/da.21939.
143.
Simms LJ, Prisciandaro JJ, Krueger RF, Goldberg DP: The structure of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in primary care. Psychol Med. 2012, 42: 15-28. 10.1017/S0033291711000985.PubMed
144.
Goldberg DP, Andrews G, Hobbs MJ: Where should bipolar disorder appear in the meta-structure?. Psychol Med. 2009, 39: 2071-2081. 10.1017/S0033291709990304.PubMed
145.
Andrews G, Goldberg DP, Krueger RF, Carpenter WT, Hyman SE, Sachdev P, Pine DS: Exploring the feasibility of a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: could it improve utility and validity?. Psychol Med. 2009, 39: 1993-2000. 10.1017/S0033291709990250.PubMed
146.
Cuthbert BN, Insel TR: Toward new approaches to psychotic disorders: the NIMH Research Domain Criteria Project. Schizophr Bull. 2010, 36: 1061-1062. 10.1093/schbul/sbq108.PubMedPubMedCentral
147.
Pesa N, Hermens D, Battisti R, Kaur M, Hickie I, Solowij N: Delayed preattentional functioning in early psychosis patients with cannabis use. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012, 222: 507-518. 10.1007/s00213-012-2676-2.
148.
Chitty KM, Kaur M, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB, Hermens DF: Alcohol use and mismatch negativity in young subjects with psychotic disorder. Neuroreport. 2011, 17: 918-922.
149.
The APA Task Force on Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry: The dexamethasone suppression test: an overview of its current status in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1987, 144: 1253-1262.
150.
Kaur M, Battisti RA, Ward PB, Ahmed A, Hickie IB, Hermens DF: MMN/P3a deficits in first episode psychosis: comparing schizophrenia-spectrum and affective-spectrum subgroups. Schizophr Res. 2011, 130: 203-209. 10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.025.PubMed
151.
Hermens DF, Ward PB, Hodge MAR, Kaur M, Naismith SL, Hickie IB: Impaired MMN/P3a complex in first-episode psychosis: cognitive and psychosocial associations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 34: 822-829. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.019.PubMed
152.
Caspi A, Moffitt TE: Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006, 7: 583-590.PubMed
153.
Kuepper R, Myin-Germeys I, Konings M, van Winkel R, van Os J, Henquet C: Exploring the causal relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia: what is the role of genes and environment?. Eur Psychiatry. 2009, 24: S31-S31.
154.
Henquet C, Di Forti M, Morrison P, Kuepper R, Murray RM: Gene-environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2008, 34: 1111-1121. 10.1093/schbul/sbn108.PubMedPubMedCentral
155.
Illi J, Miaskowski C, Cooper B, Levine JD, Dunn L, West C, Dodd M, Dhruva A, Paul SM, Baggott C, Cataldo J, Langford D, Schmidt B, Aouizerat BE: Association between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes and a symptom cluster of pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression. Cytokine. 2012, 58: 437-447. 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.02.015.PubMedPubMedCentral
156.
Bennett B, Goldstein D, Friedlander M, Hickie I, Lloyd A: The experience of cancer-related fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a qualitative and comparative study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007, 34: 126-135. 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.10.014.PubMed
157.
Scott J: Bipolar disorder: from early identification to personalized treatment. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011, 5: 89-90. 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00274.x.PubMed
158.
Scott JAN, Paykel E, Morriss R, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Johnson T, Abbott R, Hayhurst H: Cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2006, 188: 313-320. 10.1192/bjp.188.4.313.PubMed
159.
McGorry PD: Is early intervention in the major psychiatric disorders justified? Yes. BMJ. 2008, 337: a695-10.1136/bmj.a695.PubMed
160.
161.
162.
McGorry PD, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Hickie IB: A clinical trials agenda for testing interventions in earlier stages of psychotic disorders. Med J Aust. 2009, 190: S33-S36.PubMed
163.
McGorry PD, Nelson B, Amminger GP, Bechdolf A, Francey SM, Berger G, Riecher-Rossler A, Klosterkotter J, Ruhrmann S, Schultze-Lutter F, Nordentoft M, Hickie I, McGuire P, Berk M, Chen EYH, Keshavan MS, Yung AR: Intervention in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a review and future directions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009, 70: 1206-1212. 10.4088/JCP.08r04472.PubMed
164.
Hickie IB, Banati RB, Stewart CH, Lloyd AR: Are common childhood or adolescent infections risk factors for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders?. Med J Aust. 2009, 190: S17-S21.PubMed
165.
Kantomaa MT, Tammelin TH, Ebeling HE, Taanila AM: Emotional and behavioral problems in relation to physical activity in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40: 1749-1756. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817b8e82.PubMed
166.
Ichiki M, Kunugi H, Takei N, Murray RM, Baba H, Arai H, Oshima I, Okagami K, Sato T, Hirose T, Nanko S: Intra-uterine physical growth in schizophrenia: evidence confirming excess of premature birth. Psychol Med. 2000, 30: 597-604. 10.1017/S003329179900210X.PubMed
167.
Licinio J, Wong ML: Advances in depression research: 2011. Mol Psychiatry. 2011, 16: 686-687. 10.1038/mp.2011.74.PubMed
168.
Glozier N, Martiniuk A, Patton G, Ivers R, Li Q, Hickie I, Senserrick T, Woodward M, Norton R, Stevenson M: Short sleep duration in prevalent and persistent psychological distress in young adults: the DRIVE study. Sleep. 2010, 33: 1139-1145.PubMedPubMedCentral
169.
Pjrek E, Winkler D, Konstantinidis A, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Kasper S: Agomelatine in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007, 190: 575-579. 10.1007/s00213-006-0645-3.
170.
Schwarz PE, Reimann M, Li J, Bergmann A, Licinio J, Wong ML, Bornstein SR: The metabolic syndrome - a global challenge for prevention. Horm Metab Res. 2007, 39: 777-780. 10.1055/s-2007-990312.PubMed
171.
Kasper S, Hajak G, Wulff K, Hoogendijk WJ, Montejo AL, Smeraldi E, Rybakowski JK, Quera-Salva MA, Wirz-Justice AM, Picarel-Blanchot F, Bayle FJ: Efficacy of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on the circadian rest-activity cycle and depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind comparison with sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010, 71: 109-120. 10.4088/JCP.09m05347blu.PubMed
172.
Ehlers CL, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Monk TH: Biological rhythms and depression: the role of zeitgebers and zeitstoreres. Depression. 1993, 1: 285-293. 10.1002/depr.3050010602.
173.
Terman M, Terman JS: Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects. CNS Spectr. 2005, 10: 647-663. quiz 672PubMed
174.
Barbini B, Benedetti F, Colombo C, Dotoli D, Bernasconi A, Cigala-Fulgosi M, Florita M, Smeraldi E: Dark therapy for mania: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord. 2005, 7: 98-101. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00166.x.PubMed
175.
Quera Salva MA, Vanier B, Laredo J, Hartley S, Chapotot F, Moulin C, Lofaso F, Guilleminault C: Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: an open-label study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007, 10: 691-696.PubMed
176.
Mansour HA, Monk TH, Nimgaonkar VL: Circadian genes and bipolar disorder. Ann Med. 2005, 37: 196-205. 10.1080/07853890510007377.PubMed
177.
McCarthy MJ, Nievergelt CM, Kelsoe JR, Welsh DK: A survey of genomic studies supports association of circadian clock genes with bipolar disorder spectrum illnesses and lithium response. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e32091-10.1371/journal.pone.0032091.PubMedPubMedCentral
178.
Mukherjee S, Coque L, Cao JL, Kumar J, Chakravarty S, Asaithamby A, Graham A, Gordon E, Enwright JF, DiLeone RJ, Birnbaum SG, Cooper DC, McClung CA: Knockdown of Clock in the ventral tegmental area through RNA interference results in a mixed state of mania and depression-like behavior. Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 68: 503-511. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.031.PubMedPubMedCentral
179.
Coque L, Mukherjee S, Cao JL, Spencer S, Marvin M, Falcon E, Sidor MM, Birnbaum SG, Graham A, Neve RL, Gordon E, Ozburn AR, Goldberg MS, Han MH, Cooper DC, McClung CA: Specific role of VTA dopamine neuronal firing rates and morphology in the reversal of anxiety-related, but not depression-related behavior in the ClockDelta19 mouse model of mania. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011, 36: 1478-1488. 10.1038/npp.2011.33.PubMedPubMedCentral
180.
Solberg LC, Horton TH, Turek FW: Circadian rhythms and depression: effects of exercise in an animal model. Am J Physiol. 1999, 276: R152-R161.PubMed
181.
Kaladchibachi SA, Doble B, Anthopoulos N, Woodgett JR, Manoukian AS: Glycogen synthase kinase 3, circadian rhythms, and bipolar disorder: a molecular link in the therapeutic action of lithium. J Circ Rhythms. 2007, 5: 3-10.1186/1740-3391-5-3.
182.
Yagita K, Tamanini F, van Der Horst GT, Okamura H: Molecular mechanisms of the biological clock in cultured fibroblasts. Science. 2001, 292: 278-281. 10.1126/science.1059542.PubMed
183.
Yang S, Van Dongen HP, Wang K, Berrettini W, Bucan M: Assessment of circadian function in fibroblasts of patients with bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2009, 14: 143-155. 10.1038/mp.2008.10.PubMed
184.
Ito N, Ito T, Kromminga A, Bettermann A, Takigawa M, Kees F, Straub RH, Paus R: Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol. FASEB J. 2005, 19: 1332-1334.PubMed
185.
Raul JS, Cirimele V, Ludes B, Kintz P: Detection of physiological concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in human hair. Clin Biochem. 2004, 37: 1105-1111. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.02.010.PubMed
186.
Licinio J: Translational psychiatry: leading the transition from the cesspool of devastation to a place where the grass is really greener. Transl Psychiatry. 2011, 1: e1-10.1038/tp.2011.3.PubMedPubMedCentral
187.
Licinio J, Wong ML: Pharmacogenomics of antidepressants: what is next?. Mol Psychiatry. 2010, 15: 445-445. 10.1038/mp.2010.58.PubMed
188.
Bornstein SR, Licinio J: Improving the efficacy of translational medicine by optimally integrating health care, academia and industry. Nat Med. 2011, 17: 1567-1569. 10.1038/nm.2583.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Clinical classification in mental health at the cross-roads: which direction next?
Authors
Ian B Hickie
Jan Scott
Daniel F Hermens
Elizabeth M Scott
Sharon L Naismith
Adam J Guastella
Nick Glozier
Patrick D McGorry
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Medicine / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1741-7015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-125

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

BMC Medicine 1/2013 Go to the issue

Research article

A multifactorial interdisciplinary intervention reduces frailty in older people: randomized trial

Research article

Coagulopathy triggered autoimmunity: experimental antiphospholipid syndrome in factor V Leiden mice

Research article

Meat consumption and mortality - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Research article

Is a combination of varenicline and nicotine patch more effective in helping smokers quit than varenicline alone? A randomised controlled trial

Research article

Physical comorbidities in men with mood and anxiety disorders: a population-based study

Correspondence

Economic analyses to support decisions about HPV vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: a consensus report and guide for analysts