Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Drugs & Aging 5/2020

01-05-2020 | Current Opinion

Chronic Post-Surgical Pain in the Frail Older Adult

Authors: Gary Esses, Stacie Deiner, Fred Ko, Yury Khelemsky

Published in: Drugs & Aging | Issue 5/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Older adults are the fastest growing segment of the population and surgical procedures in this group increase each year. Chronic post-surgical pain is an important consideration in the older adult as it affects recovery, physical functioning, and overall quality of life. It is increasingly recognized as a public health issue but there is a need to improve our understanding of the disease process as well as the appropriate treatment and prevention. Frailty, delirium, and cognition influence post-operative outcomes in older adults and have been implicated in the development of chronic post-surgical pain. Further research must be conducted to fully understand the role they play in the occurrence of chronic post-surgical pain in the older adult. Additionally, careful attention must be given to the physiologic, cognitive, and comorbidity differences between the older adult and the general population. This is critical for elucidating the proper chronic post-surgical pain treatment and prevention strategies to ensure that the older adult undergoing surgical intervention will have an appropriate and desirable post-operative outcome.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Hall MJ, Schwartzman A, Zhang J, Liu X. Ambulatory surgery data from hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers: United States, 2010. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2017;102:1–15. Hall MJ, Schwartzman A, Zhang J, Liu X. Ambulatory surgery data from hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers: United States, 2010. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2017;102:1–15.
3.
go back to reference Macrae WA. Chronic post-surgical pain: 10 years on. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:77–86.PubMed Macrae WA. Chronic post-surgical pain: 10 years on. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:77–86.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006;367:1618–25.PubMed Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006;367:1618–25.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Wang L, Guyatt GH, Kennedy SA, Romerosa B, Kwon HY, Kaushal A, et al. Predictors of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. CMAJ. 2016;188:E352–E361361.PubMedPubMedCentral Wang L, Guyatt GH, Kennedy SA, Romerosa B, Kwon HY, Kaushal A, et al. Predictors of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. CMAJ. 2016;188:E352–E361361.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
7.
go back to reference Baker DW. History of the Joint Commission’s pain standards: lessons for today’s prescription opioid epidemic. JAMA. 2017;317:1117–8.PubMed Baker DW. History of the Joint Commission’s pain standards: lessons for today’s prescription opioid epidemic. JAMA. 2017;317:1117–8.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Esses GJ, Liu X, Lin HM, Khelemsky Y, Deiner S. Preoperative frailty and its association with postsurgical pain in an older patient cohort. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019;44:695–9. Esses GJ, Liu X, Lin HM, Khelemsky Y, Deiner S. Preoperative frailty and its association with postsurgical pain in an older patient cohort. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019;44:695–9.
9.
go back to reference Campbell AJ, Buchner DM. Unstable disability and the fluctuations of frailty. Age Ageing. 1997;26:315–8.PubMed Campbell AJ, Buchner DM. Unstable disability and the fluctuations of frailty. Age Ageing. 1997;26:315–8.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Lee DH, Buth KJ, Martin B-J, Yip AM, Hirsch GM. Frail patients are at increased risk for mortality and prolonged institutional care after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2010;121:973–8.PubMed Lee DH, Buth KJ, Martin B-J, Yip AM, Hirsch GM. Frail patients are at increased risk for mortality and prolonged institutional care after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2010;121:973–8.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Adams P, Ghanem T, Stachler R, Hall F, Velanovich V, Rubinfeld I. Frailty as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in inpatient head and neck surgery. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;139:783–9.PubMed Adams P, Ghanem T, Stachler R, Hall F, Velanovich V, Rubinfeld I. Frailty as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in inpatient head and neck surgery. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;139:783–9.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, Syin D, Bandeen-Roche K, Patel P, et al. Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:901–8.PubMed Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, Syin D, Bandeen-Roche K, Patel P, et al. Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:901–8.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Patel KV, Guralnik JM, Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Pain. 2013;154:2649–57.PubMed Patel KV, Guralnik JM, Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Pain. 2013;154:2649–57.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Helme RD, Gibson SJ. The epidemiology of pain in elderly people. Clin Geriatr Med. 2001;17:417–31.PubMed Helme RD, Gibson SJ. The epidemiology of pain in elderly people. Clin Geriatr Med. 2001;17:417–31.PubMed
15.
16.
go back to reference Institute of Medicine. Relieving pain in America. Washington: National Academies Press; 2011. Institute of Medicine. Relieving pain in America. Washington: National Academies Press; 2011.
17.
go back to reference Glare P, Aubrey KR, Myles PS. Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. Lancet. 2019;393:1537–46.PubMed Glare P, Aubrey KR, Myles PS. Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. Lancet. 2019;393:1537–46.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Werner MU, Kongsgaard UE. Defining persistent post-surgical pain: is an update required? Br J Anaesth. 2014;113:1–4.PubMed Werner MU, Kongsgaard UE. Defining persistent post-surgical pain: is an update required? Br J Anaesth. 2014;113:1–4.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Macrae WA. Chronic pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:88–98.PubMed Macrae WA. Chronic pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:88–98.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Poobalan AS, Bruce J, Smith WCS, King PM, Krukowski ZH, Chambers WA. A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:48–544.PubMed Poobalan AS, Bruce J, Smith WCS, King PM, Krukowski ZH, Chambers WA. A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:48–544.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Weinrib AZ, Azam MA, Birnie KA, Burns LC, Clarke H, Katz J. The psychology of chronic post-surgical pain: new frontiers in risk factor identification, prevention and management. Br J Pain. 2017;11:169–77.PubMedPubMedCentral Weinrib AZ, Azam MA, Birnie KA, Burns LC, Clarke H, Katz J. The psychology of chronic post-surgical pain: new frontiers in risk factor identification, prevention and management. Br J Pain. 2017;11:169–77.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
go back to reference Chapman CR, Vierck CJ. The transition of acute postoperative pain to chronic pain: an integrative overview of research on mechanisms. J Pain. 2017;18(359):e1–38. Chapman CR, Vierck CJ. The transition of acute postoperative pain to chronic pain: an integrative overview of research on mechanisms. J Pain. 2017;18(359):e1–38.
23.
go back to reference Cregg R, Anwar S, Farquhar-Smith P. Persistent postsurgical pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2013;7:144–52.PubMed Cregg R, Anwar S, Farquhar-Smith P. Persistent postsurgical pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2013;7:144–52.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156:1003–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156:1003–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Lavand’homme P. Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. Pain. 2017;158(Suppl 1):S50–S5454.PubMed Lavand’homme P. Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. Pain. 2017;158(Suppl 1):S50–S5454.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Wylde V, Hewlett S, Learmonth ID, Dieppe P. Persistent pain after joint replacement: prevalence, sensory qualities, and postoperative determinants. Pain. 2011;152:566–72.PubMed Wylde V, Hewlett S, Learmonth ID, Dieppe P. Persistent pain after joint replacement: prevalence, sensory qualities, and postoperative determinants. Pain. 2011;152:566–72.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Hinrichs-Rocker A, Schulz K, Järvinen I, Lefering R, Simanski C, Neugebauer EAM. Psychosocial predictors and correlates for chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP): a systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2009;13:719–30.PubMed Hinrichs-Rocker A, Schulz K, Järvinen I, Lefering R, Simanski C, Neugebauer EAM. Psychosocial predictors and correlates for chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP): a systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2009;13:719–30.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Althaus A, Hinrichs-Rocker A, Chapman R, Becker OA, Lefering R, Simanski C, et al. Development of a risk index for the prediction of chronic post-surgical pain. Eur J Pain. 2012;16:901–10.PubMed Althaus A, Hinrichs-Rocker A, Chapman R, Becker OA, Lefering R, Simanski C, et al. Development of a risk index for the prediction of chronic post-surgical pain. Eur J Pain. 2012;16:901–10.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H. Prospective study of chronic pain after groin hernia repair. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1528–31.PubMed Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H. Prospective study of chronic pain after groin hernia repair. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1528–31.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Katz J, Jackson M, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN. Acute pain after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:50–5.PubMed Katz J, Jackson M, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN. Acute pain after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:50–5.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Tasmuth T, Kataja M, Blomqvist C, von Smitten K, Kalso E. Treatment-related factors predisposing to chronic pain in patients with breast cancer: a multivariate approach. Acta Oncol. 1997;36:625–30.PubMed Tasmuth T, Kataja M, Blomqvist C, von Smitten K, Kalso E. Treatment-related factors predisposing to chronic pain in patients with breast cancer: a multivariate approach. Acta Oncol. 1997;36:625–30.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science. 2000;288:1765–9.PubMed Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science. 2000;288:1765–9.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Katz J, Seltzer Z. Transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain: risk factors and protective factors. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9:723–44.PubMed Katz J, Seltzer Z. Transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain: risk factors and protective factors. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9:723–44.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Bortz WM. A conceptual framework of frailty: a review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57:M283–M288288.PubMed Bortz WM. A conceptual framework of frailty: a review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57:M283–M288288.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–M156156.PubMed Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–M156156.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Blyth FM, Rochat S, Cumming RG, Creasey H, Handelsman DJ, Le CDG, et al. Pain, frailty and comorbidity on older men: the CHAMP study. Pain. 2008;140:224–30.PubMed Blyth FM, Rochat S, Cumming RG, Creasey H, Handelsman DJ, Le CDG, et al. Pain, frailty and comorbidity on older men: the CHAMP study. Pain. 2008;140:224–30.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Shega JW, Dale W, Andrew M, Paice J, Rockwood K, Weiner DK. Persistent pain and frailty: a case for homeostenosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:113–7.PubMed Shega JW, Dale W, Andrew M, Paice J, Rockwood K, Weiner DK. Persistent pain and frailty: a case for homeostenosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:113–7.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Tian X, Wang C, Qiao X, Liu N, Dong L, Butler M, et al. Association between pain and frailty among Chinese community-dwelling older adults: depression as a mediator and its interaction with pain. Pain. 2018;159:306–13.PubMed Tian X, Wang C, Qiao X, Liu N, Dong L, Butler M, et al. Association between pain and frailty among Chinese community-dwelling older adults: depression as a mediator and its interaction with pain. Pain. 2018;159:306–13.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Wade KF, Lee DM, McBeth J, Ravindrarajah R, Gielen E, Pye SR, et al. Chronic widespread pain is associated with worsening frailty in European men. Age Ageing. 2016;45:268–74.PubMed Wade KF, Lee DM, McBeth J, Ravindrarajah R, Gielen E, Pye SR, et al. Chronic widespread pain is associated with worsening frailty in European men. Age Ageing. 2016;45:268–74.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Lohman MC, Whiteman KL, Greenberg RL, Bruce ML, Edotor D, Kritchevsky S. Incorporating persistent pain in phenotypic frailty measurement and prediction of adverse Health outcomes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72:216–22.PubMed Lohman MC, Whiteman KL, Greenberg RL, Bruce ML, Edotor D, Kritchevsky S. Incorporating persistent pain in phenotypic frailty measurement and prediction of adverse Health outcomes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72:216–22.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Saraiva MD, Suzuki GS, Lin SM, de Andrade DC, Jacob-Filho W, Suemoto CK. Persistent pain is a risk factor for frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis from prospective longitudinal studies. Age Ageing. 2018;47:785–93.PubMed Saraiva MD, Suzuki GS, Lin SM, de Andrade DC, Jacob-Filho W, Suemoto CK. Persistent pain is a risk factor for frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis from prospective longitudinal studies. Age Ageing. 2018;47:785–93.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Resnick NM, Marcantonio ER. How should clinical care of the aged differ? Lancet. 1997;350:1157–8.PubMed Resnick NM, Marcantonio ER. How should clinical care of the aged differ? Lancet. 1997;350:1157–8.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Puts MTE, Hardt J, Monette J, Girre V, Springall E, Alibhai SMH. Use of geriatric assessment for older adults in the oncology setting: a systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:1133–63.PubMed Puts MTE, Hardt J, Monette J, Girre V, Springall E, Alibhai SMH. Use of geriatric assessment for older adults in the oncology setting: a systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:1133–63.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, McDowell I, Hebert R, Hogan DB. A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 1999;353:205–6.PubMed Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, McDowell I, Hebert R, Hogan DB. A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 1999;353:205–6.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Tejedor P, Pastor C, Gonzalez-Ayora S, Ortega-Lopez M, Guadalajara H, Garcia-Olmo D. Short-term outcomes and benefits of ERAS program in elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery: a case-matched study compared to conventional care. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018;33:1251–8.PubMed Tejedor P, Pastor C, Gonzalez-Ayora S, Ortega-Lopez M, Guadalajara H, Garcia-Olmo D. Short-term outcomes and benefits of ERAS program in elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery: a case-matched study compared to conventional care. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018;33:1251–8.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Lang P-O, Michel J-P, Zekry D. Frailty syndrome: a transitional state in a dynamic process. Gerontology. 2009;55:539–49.PubMed Lang P-O, Michel J-P, Zekry D. Frailty syndrome: a transitional state in a dynamic process. Gerontology. 2009;55:539–49.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Katz J, Weinrib A, Fashler SR, Katznelzon R, Shah BR, Ladak SS, et al. The Toronto General Hospital transitional pain service: development and implementation of a multidisciplinary program to prevent chronic postsurgical pain. J Pain Res. 2015;8:695–702.PubMedPubMedCentral Katz J, Weinrib A, Fashler SR, Katznelzon R, Shah BR, Ladak SS, et al. The Toronto General Hospital transitional pain service: development and implementation of a multidisciplinary program to prevent chronic postsurgical pain. J Pain Res. 2015;8:695–702.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE. Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states. Pain. 1995;63:289–302.PubMed Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE. Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states. Pain. 1995;63:289–302.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Haddad JJ. On the enigma of pain and hyperalgesia: a molecular perspective. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;353:217–24.PubMed Haddad JJ. On the enigma of pain and hyperalgesia: a molecular perspective. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;353:217–24.PubMed
52.
go back to reference De Jongh RF, Vissers KC, Meert TF, Booij LHDJ, De Deyne CS, Heylen RJ. The role of interleukin-6 in nociception and pain. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1096–103.PubMed De Jongh RF, Vissers KC, Meert TF, Booij LHDJ, De Deyne CS, Heylen RJ. The role of interleukin-6 in nociception and pain. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1096–103.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Zhou Y-Q, Liu Z, Liu Z-H, Chen S-P, Li M, Shahveranov A, et al. Interleukin-6: an emerging regulator of pathological pain. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13:141.PubMedPubMedCentral Zhou Y-Q, Liu Z, Liu Z-H, Chen S-P, Li M, Shahveranov A, et al. Interleukin-6: an emerging regulator of pathological pain. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13:141.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
go back to reference DeVon HA, Piano MR, Rosenfeld AG, Hoppensteadt DA. The association of pain with protein inflammatory biomarkers: a review of the literature. Nurs Res. 2014;63:51–62.PubMed DeVon HA, Piano MR, Rosenfeld AG, Hoppensteadt DA. The association of pain with protein inflammatory biomarkers: a review of the literature. Nurs Res. 2014;63:51–62.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Kudoh A, Katagai H, Takazawa T. Antidepressant treatment for chronic depressed patients should not be discontinued prior to anesthesia. Can J Anesth. 2002;49:132–6.PubMed Kudoh A, Katagai H, Takazawa T. Antidepressant treatment for chronic depressed patients should not be discontinued prior to anesthesia. Can J Anesth. 2002;49:132–6.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Reikeras O, Borgen P, Reseland JE, Lyngstadaas SP. Changes in serum cytokines in response to musculoskeletal surgical trauma. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:128.PubMedPubMedCentral Reikeras O, Borgen P, Reseland JE, Lyngstadaas SP. Changes in serum cytokines in response to musculoskeletal surgical trauma. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:128.PubMedPubMedCentral
57.
go back to reference Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:109–17.PubMed Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:109–17.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Geiss A, Varadi E, Steinbach K, Bauer HW, Anton F. Psychoneuroimmunological correlates of persisting sciatic pain in patients who underwent discectomy. Neurosci Lett. 1997;237:65–8.PubMed Geiss A, Varadi E, Steinbach K, Bauer HW, Anton F. Psychoneuroimmunological correlates of persisting sciatic pain in patients who underwent discectomy. Neurosci Lett. 1997;237:65–8.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Oliver JB, Kashef K, Bader AM, Correll DJ. A survey of patients’ understanding and expectations of persistent postsurgical pain in a preoperative testing center. J Clin Anesth. 2016;34:494–501.PubMed Oliver JB, Kashef K, Bader AM, Correll DJ. A survey of patients’ understanding and expectations of persistent postsurgical pain in a preoperative testing center. J Clin Anesth. 2016;34:494–501.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Tasmuth T, Smitten K, Hietanen P, Kataja M, Kalso E. Pain and other symptoms after different treatment modalities of breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:453–9.PubMed Tasmuth T, Smitten K, Hietanen P, Kataja M, Kalso E. Pain and other symptoms after different treatment modalities of breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:453–9.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Poobalan AS, Bruce J, King PM, Chambers WA, Krukowski ZH, Smith WCS. Chronic pain and quality of life following open inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1122–6.PubMed Poobalan AS, Bruce J, King PM, Chambers WA, Krukowski ZH, Smith WCS. Chronic pain and quality of life following open inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1122–6.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Cornally N, McCarthy G. Chronic pain: the help-seeking behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of older adults living in the community. Pain Manag Nurs. 2011;12:206–17.PubMed Cornally N, McCarthy G. Chronic pain: the help-seeking behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of older adults living in the community. Pain Manag Nurs. 2011;12:206–17.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Falzone E, Hoffmann C, Keita H. Postoperative analgesia in elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 2013;30:81–90.PubMed Falzone E, Hoffmann C, Keita H. Postoperative analgesia in elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 2013;30:81–90.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Turnheim K. When drug therapy gets old: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2003;38:843–53.PubMed Turnheim K. When drug therapy gets old: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2003;38:843–53.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Denic A, Glassock RJ, Rule AD. Structural and functional changes with the aging kidney. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2016;23:19–28.PubMedPubMedCentral Denic A, Glassock RJ, Rule AD. Structural and functional changes with the aging kidney. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2016;23:19–28.PubMedPubMedCentral
66.
go back to reference Gibson SJ. Pain and aging: the pain experience over the adult lifespan. In: Dostrovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain. Seattle: IASP; 2003. p. 767–790. Gibson SJ. Pain and aging: the pain experience over the adult lifespan. In: Dostrovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain. Seattle: IASP; 2003. p. 767–790.
67.
go back to reference Garpestad E, Devlin JW. Polypharmacy and delirium in critically ill older adults: recognition and prevention. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33:189–203.PubMed Garpestad E, Devlin JW. Polypharmacy and delirium in critically ill older adults: recognition and prevention. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33:189–203.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Hein C, Forgues A, Piau A, Sommet A, Nourhashémi F, Vellas B. Impact of polypharmacy on occurrence of delirium in elderly emergency patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(850):e11–e15. Hein C, Forgues A, Piau A, Sommet A, Nourhashémi F, Vellas B. Impact of polypharmacy on occurrence of delirium in elderly emergency patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(850):e11–e15.
69.
go back to reference Field TS, Gurwitz JH, Avorn J, McCormick D, Jain S, Eckler M, et al. Risk factors for adverse drug events among nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1629–34.PubMed Field TS, Gurwitz JH, Avorn J, McCormick D, Jain S, Eckler M, et al. Risk factors for adverse drug events among nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1629–34.PubMed
70.
71.
go back to reference Weiner DK, Karp J, Berstein C, et al. Pain medicine in older adults: how should it differ? In: Deer T, Seong M, editors. Compr treat chronic pain by medical, Interv Behav approaches Am Acad Pain Med Textb patient Manag. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 233–258. Weiner DK, Karp J, Berstein C, et al. Pain medicine in older adults: how should it differ? In: Deer T, Seong M, editors. Compr treat chronic pain by medical, Interv Behav approaches Am Acad Pain Med Textb patient Manag. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 233–258.
72.
go back to reference Berger M, Schenning KJ, Brown CH, Deiner SG, Whittington RA, Eckenhoff RG. Best practices for postoperative brain health: recommendations from the fifth international perioperative neurotoxicity working group. Anesth Analg. 2018;127:1406–13.PubMedPubMedCentral Berger M, Schenning KJ, Brown CH, Deiner SG, Whittington RA, Eckenhoff RG. Best practices for postoperative brain health: recommendations from the fifth international perioperative neurotoxicity working group. Anesth Analg. 2018;127:1406–13.PubMedPubMedCentral
73.
go back to reference Jones J, Sim TF, Hughes J. Pain assessment of elderly patients with cognitive impairment in the emergency department: implications for pain management: a narrative review of current practices. Pharmacy (Basel). 2017;5:30. Jones J, Sim TF, Hughes J. Pain assessment of elderly patients with cognitive impairment in the emergency department: implications for pain management: a narrative review of current practices. Pharmacy (Basel). 2017;5:30.
74.
go back to reference Robinson S, Vollmer C. Undermedication for pain and precipitation of delirium. Medsurg Nurs. 2010;19:79–83.PubMed Robinson S, Vollmer C. Undermedication for pain and precipitation of delirium. Medsurg Nurs. 2010;19:79–83.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Lynch EP, Lazor MA, Gellis JE, Orav J, Goldman L, Marcantonio ER. The impact of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:781–5.PubMed Lynch EP, Lazor MA, Gellis JE, Orav J, Goldman L, Marcantonio ER. The impact of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:781–5.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Vaurio LE, Sands LP, Wang Y, Mullen EA, Leung JM. Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1267–73.PubMed Vaurio LE, Sands LP, Wang Y, Mullen EA, Leung JM. Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1267–73.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Swart LM, van der Zanden V, Spies PE, de Rooij SE, van Munster BC. The comparative risk of delirium with different opioids: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 2017;34:437–43.PubMedPubMedCentral Swart LM, van der Zanden V, Spies PE, de Rooij SE, van Munster BC. The comparative risk of delirium with different opioids: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 2017;34:437–43.PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
go back to reference Latta KS, Ginsberg B, Barkin RL. Meperidine: a critical review. Am J Ther. 2002;9:53–68.PubMed Latta KS, Ginsberg B, Barkin RL. Meperidine: a critical review. Am J Ther. 2002;9:53–68.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Subramaniam B, Shankar P, Shaefi S, Mueller A, O’Gara B, Banner-Goodspeed V, et al. Effect of intravenous acetaminophen vs placebo combined with propofol or dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium among older patients following cardiac surgery: the DEXACET randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:686–96.PubMedPubMedCentral Subramaniam B, Shankar P, Shaefi S, Mueller A, O’Gara B, Banner-Goodspeed V, et al. Effect of intravenous acetaminophen vs placebo combined with propofol or dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium among older patients following cardiac surgery: the DEXACET randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:686–96.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
go back to reference Connolly KP, Kleinman RS, Stevenson KL, Neuman MD, Mehta SN. Delirium reduced with intravenous acetaminophen in geriatric hip fracture patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28:325–31.PubMed Connolly KP, Kleinman RS, Stevenson KL, Neuman MD, Mehta SN. Delirium reduced with intravenous acetaminophen in geriatric hip fracture patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28:325–31.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Politi JR, Davis RL, Matrka AK. Randomized prospective trial comparing the use of intravenous versus oral acetaminophen in total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1125–7.PubMed Politi JR, Davis RL, Matrka AK. Randomized prospective trial comparing the use of intravenous versus oral acetaminophen in total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1125–7.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Whitlock EL, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Glymour MM, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE, Smith AK. Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:1146–53.PubMedPubMedCentral Whitlock EL, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Glymour MM, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE, Smith AK. Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:1146–53.PubMedPubMedCentral
83.
go back to reference Marcantonio ER. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:96–7.PubMed Marcantonio ER. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:96–7.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Fletcher D, Fermanian C, Mardaye A, Aegerter P. Pain and Regional Anesthesia Committee of the French Anesthesia and Intensive Care Society (SFAR). A patient-based national survey on postoperative pain management in France reveals significant achievements and persistent challenges. Pain. 2008;137:441–51.PubMed Fletcher D, Fermanian C, Mardaye A, Aegerter P. Pain and Regional Anesthesia Committee of the French Anesthesia and Intensive Care Society (SFAR). A patient-based national survey on postoperative pain management in France reveals significant achievements and persistent challenges. Pain. 2008;137:441–51.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Jin F, Chung F. Minimizing perioperative adverse events in the elderly. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:608–24.PubMed Jin F, Chung F. Minimizing perioperative adverse events in the elderly. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:608–24.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Fassoulaki A, Melemeni A, Stamatakis E, Petropoulos G, Sarantopoulos C. A combination of gabapentin and local anaesthetics attenuates acute and late pain after abdominal hysterectomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24:521–8.PubMed Fassoulaki A, Melemeni A, Stamatakis E, Petropoulos G, Sarantopoulos C. A combination of gabapentin and local anaesthetics attenuates acute and late pain after abdominal hysterectomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24:521–8.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Wilson JA, Nimmo AF, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Colvin LA. A randomised double blind trial of the effect of pre-emptive epidural ketamine on persistent pain after lower limb amputation. Pain. 2008;135:108–18.PubMed Wilson JA, Nimmo AF, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Colvin LA. A randomised double blind trial of the effect of pre-emptive epidural ketamine on persistent pain after lower limb amputation. Pain. 2008;135:108–18.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Smith RV, Havens JR, Walsh SL. Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review. Addiction. 2016;111:1160–74.PubMedPubMedCentral Smith RV, Havens JR, Walsh SL. Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review. Addiction. 2016;111:1160–74.PubMedPubMedCentral
89.
go back to reference Zhu W, Ding Z, Zhang Y, Shi J, Hashimoto K, Lu L. Risks associated with misuse of ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant. Neurosci Bull. 2016;32:557–64.PubMedPubMedCentral Zhu W, Ding Z, Zhang Y, Shi J, Hashimoto K, Lu L. Risks associated with misuse of ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant. Neurosci Bull. 2016;32:557–64.PubMedPubMedCentral
90.
go back to reference Şentürk M, Özcan PE, Talu GK, Kiyan E, Çamci E, Özyalçin S, et al. The effects of three different analgesia techniques on long-term postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:11–5.PubMed Şentürk M, Özcan PE, Talu GK, Kiyan E, Çamci E, Özyalçin S, et al. The effects of three different analgesia techniques on long-term postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:11–5.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Tiippana E, Nilsson E, Kalso E. Post-thoracotomy pain after thoracic epidural analgesia: a prospective follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:433–8.PubMed Tiippana E, Nilsson E, Kalso E. Post-thoracotomy pain after thoracic epidural analgesia: a prospective follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:433–8.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Brandsborg B, Nikolajsen L, Hansen CT, Kehlet H, Jensen TS. Risk factors for chronic pain after hysterectomy: a nationwide questionnaire and database study. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:1003–122.PubMed Brandsborg B, Nikolajsen L, Hansen CT, Kehlet H, Jensen TS. Risk factors for chronic pain after hysterectomy: a nationwide questionnaire and database study. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:1003–122.PubMed
93.
go back to reference Kalliomäki M-L, Meyerson J, Gunnarsson U, Gordh T, Sandblom G. Long-term pain after inguinal hernia repair in a population-based cohort; risk factors and interference with daily activities. Eur J Pain. 2008;12:214–25.PubMed Kalliomäki M-L, Meyerson J, Gunnarsson U, Gordh T, Sandblom G. Long-term pain after inguinal hernia repair in a population-based cohort; risk factors and interference with daily activities. Eur J Pain. 2008;12:214–25.PubMed
94.
go back to reference Katz J, Cohen L. Preventive analgesia is associated with reduced pain disability 3 weeks but not 6 months after major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:169–74.PubMed Katz J, Cohen L. Preventive analgesia is associated with reduced pain disability 3 weeks but not 6 months after major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:169–74.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Wylde V, Dennis J, Beswick AD, Bruce J, Eccleston C, Howells N, et al. Systematic review of management of chronic pain after surgery. Br J Surg. 2017;104:1293–306.PubMedPubMedCentral Wylde V, Dennis J, Beswick AD, Bruce J, Eccleston C, Howells N, et al. Systematic review of management of chronic pain after surgery. Br J Surg. 2017;104:1293–306.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
go back to reference Scott JC, Stanski DR. Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age: a simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987;240:159–66.PubMed Scott JC, Stanski DR. Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age: a simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987;240:159–66.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Dobscha SK, Corson K, Perrin NA, Hanson GC, Leibowitz RQ, Doak MN, et al. Collaborative care for chronic pain in primary care: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1242–52.PubMed Dobscha SK, Corson K, Perrin NA, Hanson GC, Leibowitz RQ, Doak MN, et al. Collaborative care for chronic pain in primary care: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1242–52.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Notcutt W, Gibbs G. Inadequate pain management: myth, stigma and professional fear. Postgrad Med J. 2010;86:453–8.PubMed Notcutt W, Gibbs G. Inadequate pain management: myth, stigma and professional fear. Postgrad Med J. 2010;86:453–8.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Wang L, Chang Y, Kennedy SA, Hong PJ, Chow N, Couban RJ, et al. Perioperative psychotherapy for persistent post-surgical pain and physical impairment: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:1304–14.PubMed Wang L, Chang Y, Kennedy SA, Hong PJ, Chow N, Couban RJ, et al. Perioperative psychotherapy for persistent post-surgical pain and physical impairment: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:1304–14.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Jain SK, Dar MY, Kumar S, Yadav A, Kearns SR. Role of anti-oxidant (vitamin-C) in post-operative pain relief in foot and ankle trauma surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;25:542–5.PubMed Jain SK, Dar MY, Kumar S, Yadav A, Kearns SR. Role of anti-oxidant (vitamin-C) in post-operative pain relief in foot and ankle trauma surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;25:542–5.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Reddi D. Preventing chronic postoperative pain. Anaesthesia. 2016;71:64–71.PubMed Reddi D. Preventing chronic postoperative pain. Anaesthesia. 2016;71:64–71.PubMed
102.
go back to reference De Oliveira GS, Almeida MD, Benzon HT, McCarthy RJ. Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:575–88.PubMed De Oliveira GS, Almeida MD, Benzon HT, McCarthy RJ. Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:575–88.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Rai A, Meng H, Weinrib A, Englesakis M, Kumbhare D, Grosman-Rimon L, et al. A review of adjunctive CNS medications used for the treatment of post-surgical pain. CNS Drugs. 2017;31:605–15.PubMed Rai A, Meng H, Weinrib A, Englesakis M, Kumbhare D, Grosman-Rimon L, et al. A review of adjunctive CNS medications used for the treatment of post-surgical pain. CNS Drugs. 2017;31:605–15.PubMed
104.
go back to reference McKeown JL. Pain management issues for the geriatric surgical patient. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;33:563–76.PubMed McKeown JL. Pain management issues for the geriatric surgical patient. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;33:563–76.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Nicholls JL, Azam MA, Burns LC, Englesakis M, Sutherland AM, Weinrib AZ, et al. Psychological treatments for the management of postsurgical pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2018;9:49–644.PubMedPubMedCentral Nicholls JL, Azam MA, Burns LC, Englesakis M, Sutherland AM, Weinrib AZ, et al. Psychological treatments for the management of postsurgical pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2018;9:49–644.PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
go back to reference Jessen Lundorf L, Korvenius Nedergaard H, Møller AM. Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD010358.PubMed Jessen Lundorf L, Korvenius Nedergaard H, Møller AM. Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD010358.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Daykin H. The efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for analgesia in the older adult: a literature review. Br J Pain. 2017;11:23–31.PubMed Daykin H. The efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for analgesia in the older adult: a literature review. Br J Pain. 2017;11:23–31.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Sharrock NE. Epidural anesthetic dose responses in patients 20–80 years old. Anesthesiology. 1978;49:425–8.PubMed Sharrock NE. Epidural anesthetic dose responses in patients 20–80 years old. Anesthesiology. 1978;49:425–8.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Chronic Post-Surgical Pain in the Frail Older Adult
Authors
Gary Esses
Stacie Deiner
Fred Ko
Yury Khelemsky
Publication date
01-05-2020
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs & Aging / Issue 5/2020
Print ISSN: 1170-229X
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1969
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-020-00761-2

Other articles of this Issue 5/2020

Drugs & Aging 5/2020 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine