Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Primary Care 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease | Review

COPD – do the right thing

Authors: Hanna Sandelowsky, Ulla Møller Weinreich, Bernt B. Aarli, Josefin Sundh, Kristian Høines, Georgios Stratelis, Anders Løkke, Christer Janson, Christian Jensen, Kjell Larsson

Published in: BMC Primary Care | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

A gap exists between guidelines and real-world clinical practice for the management and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although this has narrowed in the last decade, there is room for improvement in detection rates, treatment choices and disease monitoring. In practical terms, primary care practitioners need to become aware of the huge impact of COPD on patients, have non-judgemental views of smoking and of COPD as a chronic disease, use a holistic consultation approach and actively motivate patients to adhere to treatment.
This article is based on discussions at a virtual meeting of leading Nordic experts in COPD (the authors) who were developing an educational programme for COPD primary care in the Nordic region. The article aims to describe the diagnosis and lifelong management cycle of COPD, with a strong focus on providing a hands-on, practical approach for medical professionals to optimise patient outcomes in COPD primary care.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Diab N, Gershon AS, Sin DD, Tan WC, Bourbeau J, Boulet LP, et al. Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(9):1130–9.PubMedCrossRef Diab N, Gershon AS, Sin DD, Tan WC, Bourbeau J, Boulet LP, et al. Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(9):1130–9.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Guarascio AJ, Ray SM, Finch CK, Self TH. The clinical and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;5:235–45.PubMedPubMedCentral Guarascio AJ, Ray SM, Finch CK, Self TH. The clinical and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;5:235–45.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Löfdahl CG, Tilling B, Ekström T, Jörgensen L, Johansson G, Larsson K. COPD health care in Sweden - a study in primary and secondary care. Respir Med. 2010;104(3):404–11.PubMedCrossRef Löfdahl CG, Tilling B, Ekström T, Jörgensen L, Johansson G, Larsson K. COPD health care in Sweden - a study in primary and secondary care. Respir Med. 2010;104(3):404–11.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Perez X, Wisnivesky JP, Lurslurchachai L, Kleinman LC, Kronish IM. Barriers to adherence to COPD guidelines among primary care providers. Respir Med. 2012;106(3):374–81.PubMedCrossRef Perez X, Wisnivesky JP, Lurslurchachai L, Kleinman LC, Kronish IM. Barriers to adherence to COPD guidelines among primary care providers. Respir Med. 2012;106(3):374–81.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Ställberg B, Janson C, Johansson G, Larsson K, Stratelis G, Telg G, et al. Management, morbidity and mortality of COPD during an 11-year period: an observational retrospective epidemiological register study in Sweden (PATHOS). Prim Care Respir J. 2014;23(1):38–45.PubMedCrossRef Ställberg B, Janson C, Johansson G, Larsson K, Stratelis G, Telg G, et al. Management, morbidity and mortality of COPD during an 11-year period: an observational retrospective epidemiological register study in Sweden (PATHOS). Prim Care Respir J. 2014;23(1):38–45.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Roche N, Lepage T, Bourcereau J, Terrioux P. Guidelines versus clinical practice in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2001;18(6):903–8.PubMedCrossRef Roche N, Lepage T, Bourcereau J, Terrioux P. Guidelines versus clinical practice in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2001;18(6):903–8.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Arne M, Emtner M, Lisspers K, Wadell K, Ställberg B. Availability of pulmonary rehabilitation in primary care for patients with COPD: a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Eur Clin Respir J. 2016;3:31601.PubMedCrossRef Arne M, Emtner M, Lisspers K, Wadell K, Ställberg B. Availability of pulmonary rehabilitation in primary care for patients with COPD: a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Eur Clin Respir J. 2016;3:31601.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Jones RCM, Price D, Ryan D, Sims EJ, von Ziegenweidt J, Mascarenhas L, et al. Opportunities to diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in routine care in the UK: a retrospective study of a clinical cohort. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(4):267–76.PubMedCrossRef Jones RCM, Price D, Ryan D, Sims EJ, von Ziegenweidt J, Mascarenhas L, et al. Opportunities to diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in routine care in the UK: a retrospective study of a clinical cohort. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(4):267–76.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Rothnie KJ, Chandan JS, Goss HG, Mullerova H, Quint JK. Validity and interpretation of spirometric recordings to diagnose COPD in UK primary care. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1663–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rothnie KJ, Chandan JS, Goss HG, Mullerova H, Quint JK. Validity and interpretation of spirometric recordings to diagnose COPD in UK primary care. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1663–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Heffler E, Crimi C, Mancuso S, Campisi R, Puggioni F, Brussino L, et al. Misdiagnosis of asthma and COPD and underuse of spirometry in primary care unselected patients. Respir Med. 2018;142:48–52.PubMedCrossRef Heffler E, Crimi C, Mancuso S, Campisi R, Puggioni F, Brussino L, et al. Misdiagnosis of asthma and COPD and underuse of spirometry in primary care unselected patients. Respir Med. 2018;142:48–52.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Ragaišienė G, Kibarskyte R, Gauronskaite R, Giedraityte M, Dapsauskaite A, Kasiulevicius V, et al. Diagnosing COPD in primary care: what has real life practice got to do with guidelines? Multidiscip Respir Med. 2019;14:28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ragaišienė G, Kibarskyte R, Gauronskaite R, Giedraityte M, Dapsauskaite A, Kasiulevicius V, et al. Diagnosing COPD in primary care: what has real life practice got to do with guidelines? Multidiscip Respir Med. 2019;14:28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–128.PubMedCrossRef Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–128.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789–858.CrossRef James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789–858.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Ställberg B, Janson C, Larsson K, Johansson G, Kostikas K, Gruenberger JB, et al. Real-world retrospective cohort study ARCTIC shows burden of comorbidities in Swedish COPD versus non-COPD patients. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2018;28(1):33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ställberg B, Janson C, Larsson K, Johansson G, Kostikas K, Gruenberger JB, et al. Real-world retrospective cohort study ARCTIC shows burden of comorbidities in Swedish COPD versus non-COPD patients. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2018;28(1):33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I, Tzanakis N. Managing comorbidities in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:95–109.PubMedPubMedCentral Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I, Tzanakis N. Managing comorbidities in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:95–109.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference van der Molen T, Miravitlles M, Kocks JWH. COPD management: role of symptom assessment in routine clinical practice. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:461–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van der Molen T, Miravitlles M, Kocks JWH. COPD management: role of symptom assessment in routine clinical practice. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:461–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
22.
go back to reference Weiss ST, DeMeo DL, Postma DS. COPD: problems in diagnosis and measurement. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003;21:4s–12s.CrossRef Weiss ST, DeMeo DL, Postma DS. COPD: problems in diagnosis and measurement. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003;21:4s–12s.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Venker C, Ceccato CM, Halonen M, Martinez FD. Chronic bronchitis before age 50 years predicts incident airflow limitation and mortality risk. Thorax. 2009;64(10):894–900.PubMedCrossRef Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Venker C, Ceccato CM, Halonen M, Martinez FD. Chronic bronchitis before age 50 years predicts incident airflow limitation and mortality risk. Thorax. 2009;64(10):894–900.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Mapel DW, Dalal AA, Blanchette CM, Petersen H, Ferguson GT. Severity of COPD at initial spirometry-confirmed diagnosis: data from medical charts and administrative claims. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:573–81.PubMedPubMedCentral Mapel DW, Dalal AA, Blanchette CM, Petersen H, Ferguson GT. Severity of COPD at initial spirometry-confirmed diagnosis: data from medical charts and administrative claims. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:573–81.PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Sandelowsky H, Ställberg B, Nager A, Hasselström J. The prevalence of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a primary care population with respiratory tract infections - a case finding study. BMC Fam Pract. 2011;12:122.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sandelowsky H, Ställberg B, Nager A, Hasselström J. The prevalence of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a primary care population with respiratory tract infections - a case finding study. BMC Fam Pract. 2011;12:122.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Shrikrishna D, Patel M, Tanner RJ, Seymour JM, Connolly BA, Puthucheary ZA, et al. Quadriceps wasting and physical inactivity in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(5):1115–22.PubMedCrossRef Shrikrishna D, Patel M, Tanner RJ, Seymour JM, Connolly BA, Puthucheary ZA, et al. Quadriceps wasting and physical inactivity in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(5):1115–22.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Watz H, Waschki B, Meyer T, Magnussen H. Physical activity in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(2):262–72.PubMedCrossRef Watz H, Waschki B, Meyer T, Magnussen H. Physical activity in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(2):262–72.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Kaplan A, Thomas M. Screening for COPD: the gap between logic and evidence. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160113.PubMedCrossRef Kaplan A, Thomas M. Screening for COPD: the gap between logic and evidence. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160113.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference van den Boom G, Rutten-van Mölken MP, Tirimanna PR, van Schayck CP, Folgering H, van Weel C. Association between health-related quality of life and consultation for respiratory symptoms: results from the DIMCA programme. Eur Respir J. 1998;11(1):67–72.PubMedCrossRef van den Boom G, Rutten-van Mölken MP, Tirimanna PR, van Schayck CP, Folgering H, van Weel C. Association between health-related quality of life and consultation for respiratory symptoms: results from the DIMCA programme. Eur Respir J. 1998;11(1):67–72.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Ofir D, Laveneziana P, Webb KA, Lam YM, O’Donnell DE. Mechanisms of dyspnea during cycle exercise in symptomatic patients with GOLD stage I chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(6):622–9.PubMedCrossRef Ofir D, Laveneziana P, Webb KA, Lam YM, O’Donnell DE. Mechanisms of dyspnea during cycle exercise in symptomatic patients with GOLD stage I chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(6):622–9.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Al Talag A, Wilcox P. Clinical physiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BCMJ. 2008;50(2):97–102. Al Talag A, Wilcox P. Clinical physiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BCMJ. 2008;50(2):97–102.
33.
go back to reference O'Donnell DE, Laveneziana P. Dyspnea and activity limitation in COPD: mechanical factors. COPD. 2007;4(3):225–36.PubMedCrossRef O'Donnell DE, Laveneziana P. Dyspnea and activity limitation in COPD: mechanical factors. COPD. 2007;4(3):225–36.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference O'Donnell DE. Hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(2):180–4.PubMedCrossRef O'Donnell DE. Hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(2):180–4.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Watz H, Pitta F, Rochester CL, Garcia-Aymerich J, ZuWallack R, Troosters T, et al. An official European Respiratory Society statement on physical activity in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1521–37.PubMedCrossRef Watz H, Pitta F, Rochester CL, Garcia-Aymerich J, ZuWallack R, Troosters T, et al. An official European Respiratory Society statement on physical activity in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1521–37.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Okajima Y, Come CE, Nardelli P, Sonavane SK, Yen A, Nath HP, et al. Luminal plugging on chest CT scan: association with lung function, quality of life, and COPD clinical phenotypes. Chest. 2020;158(1):121–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Okajima Y, Come CE, Nardelli P, Sonavane SK, Yen A, Nath HP, et al. Luminal plugging on chest CT scan: association with lung function, quality of life, and COPD clinical phenotypes. Chest. 2020;158(1):121–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott WM, Buzatu L, et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(26):2645–53.PubMedCrossRef Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott WM, Buzatu L, et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(26):2645–53.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Nishimura K, Izumi T, Tsukino M, Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest. 2002;121(5):1434–40.PubMedCrossRef Nishimura K, Izumi T, Tsukino M, Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest. 2002;121(5):1434–40.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Sundh J, Janson C, Lisspers K, Ställberg B, Montgomery S. The dyspnoea, obstruction, smoking, exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive of mortality in COPD. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(3):295–301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sundh J, Janson C, Lisspers K, Ställberg B, Montgomery S. The dyspnoea, obstruction, smoking, exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive of mortality in COPD. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(3):295–301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres JP, Aguirre-Jaime A, Marin JM, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(6):591–7.PubMedCrossRef Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres JP, Aguirre-Jaime A, Marin JM, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(6):591–7.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Barnes PJ. Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(1):16–27.PubMedCrossRef Barnes PJ. Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(1):16–27.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Baraldo S, Turato G, Saetta M. Pathophysiology of the small airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2012;84(2):89–97.PubMedCrossRef Baraldo S, Turato G, Saetta M. Pathophysiology of the small airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2012;84(2):89–97.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Rossi A, Aisanov Z, Avdeev S, Di Maria G, Donner CF, Izquierdo JL, et al. Mechanisms, assessment and therapeutic implications of lung hyperinflation in COPD. Respir Med. 2015;109(7):785–802.PubMedCrossRef Rossi A, Aisanov Z, Avdeev S, Di Maria G, Donner CF, Izquierdo JL, et al. Mechanisms, assessment and therapeutic implications of lung hyperinflation in COPD. Respir Med. 2015;109(7):785–802.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Kupper N, Bonhof C, Westerhuis B, Widdershoven J, Denollet J. Determinants of dyspnea in chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2016;22(3):201–9.PubMedCrossRef Kupper N, Bonhof C, Westerhuis B, Widdershoven J, Denollet J. Determinants of dyspnea in chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2016;22(3):201–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Jenkins CR, Celli B, Anderson JA, Ferguson GT, Jones PW, Vestbo J, et al. Seasonality and determinants of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations in the TORCH study. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(1):38–45.PubMedCrossRef Jenkins CR, Celli B, Anderson JA, Ferguson GT, Jones PW, Vestbo J, et al. Seasonality and determinants of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations in the TORCH study. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(1):38–45.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Partridge MR, Karlsson N, Small IR. Patient insight into the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the morning: an internet survey. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(8):2043–8.PubMedCrossRef Partridge MR, Karlsson N, Small IR. Patient insight into the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the morning: an internet survey. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(8):2043–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Braghiroli A, Braido F, Piraino A, Rogliani P, Santus P, Scichilone N. Day and night control of COPD and role of pharmacotherapy: a review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:1269–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Braghiroli A, Braido F, Piraino A, Rogliani P, Santus P, Scichilone N. Day and night control of COPD and role of pharmacotherapy: a review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:1269–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
go back to reference van Buul AR, Kasteleyn MJ, Chavannes NH, Taube C. Association between morning symptoms and physical activity in COPD: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160033.PubMedCrossRef van Buul AR, Kasteleyn MJ, Chavannes NH, Taube C. Association between morning symptoms and physical activity in COPD: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160033.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Singh D, Miravitlles M, Vogelmeier C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease individualized therapy: tailored approach to symptom management. Adv Ther. 2017;34(2):281–99.PubMedCrossRef Singh D, Miravitlles M, Vogelmeier C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease individualized therapy: tailored approach to symptom management. Adv Ther. 2017;34(2):281–99.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Vestbo J, Edwards LD, Scanlon PD, Yates JC, Agusti A, Bakke P, et al. Changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second over time in COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(13):1184–92.PubMedCrossRef Vestbo J, Edwards LD, Scanlon PD, Yates JC, Agusti A, Bakke P, et al. Changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second over time in COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(13):1184–92.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Wang M, Aaron CP, Madrigano J, Hoffman EA, Angelini E, Yang J, et al. Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and change in quantitatively assessed emphysema and lung function. JAMA. 2019;322(6):546–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang M, Aaron CP, Madrigano J, Hoffman EA, Angelini E, Yang J, et al. Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and change in quantitatively assessed emphysema and lung function. JAMA. 2019;322(6):546–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Balcan B, Akan S, Ugurlu AO, Handemir BO, Ceyhan BB, Ozkaya S. Effects of biomass smoke on pulmonary functions: a case control study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:1615–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Balcan B, Akan S, Ugurlu AO, Handemir BO, Ceyhan BB, Ozkaya S. Effects of biomass smoke on pulmonary functions: a case control study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:1615–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Po JYT, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C. Respiratory disease associated with solid biomass fuel exposure in rural women and children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2011;66(3):232–9.PubMedCrossRef Po JYT, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C. Respiratory disease associated with solid biomass fuel exposure in rural women and children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2011;66(3):232–9.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Bergdahl IA, Torén K, Eriksson K, Hedlund U, Nilsson T, Flodin R, et al. Increased mortality in COPD among construction workers exposed to inorganic dust. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(3):402–6.PubMedCrossRef Bergdahl IA, Torén K, Eriksson K, Hedlund U, Nilsson T, Flodin R, et al. Increased mortality in COPD among construction workers exposed to inorganic dust. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(3):402–6.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Humerfelt S, Gulsvik A, Skjærven R, Nilssen S, Kvåle G, Sulheim O, et al. Decline in FEV1 and airflow limitation related to occupational exposures in men of an urban community. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(8):1095–103.PubMedCrossRef Humerfelt S, Gulsvik A, Skjærven R, Nilssen S, Kvåle G, Sulheim O, et al. Decline in FEV1 and airflow limitation related to occupational exposures in men of an urban community. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(8):1095–103.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Burney P, Jithoo A, Kato B, Janson C, Mannino D, Niżankowska-Mogilnicka E, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality and prevalence: the associations with smoking and poverty—a BOLD analysis. Thorax. 2014;69(5):465–73.PubMedCrossRef Burney P, Jithoo A, Kato B, Janson C, Mannino D, Niżankowska-Mogilnicka E, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality and prevalence: the associations with smoking and poverty—a BOLD analysis. Thorax. 2014;69(5):465–73.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Cosio Piqueras MG, Cosio MG. Disease of the airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2001;34(34 suppl):41s–9s.CrossRef Cosio Piqueras MG, Cosio MG. Disease of the airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2001;34(34 suppl):41s–9s.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Barnes PJ. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(3):183–92.PubMedCrossRef Barnes PJ. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(3):183–92.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Tashkin DP, Wechsler ME. Role of eosinophils in airway inflammation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:335–49.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tashkin DP, Wechsler ME. Role of eosinophils in airway inflammation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:335–49.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
64.
go back to reference Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1608–13.PubMedCrossRef Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1608–13.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Lipson DA, Barnhart F, Brealey N, Brooks J, Criner GJ, Day NC, et al. Once-daily single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy in patients with COPD. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1671–80.PubMedCrossRef Lipson DA, Barnhart F, Brealey N, Brooks J, Criner GJ, Day NC, et al. Once-daily single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy in patients with COPD. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1671–80.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Burge S, Wedzicha JA. COPD exacerbations: definitions and classifications. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(41):46s–53s.CrossRef Burge S, Wedzicha JA. COPD exacerbations: definitions and classifications. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(41):46s–53s.CrossRef
69.
70.
go back to reference Singh D, D'Urzo AD, Donohue JF, Kerwin EM. Weighing the evidence for pharmacological treatment interventions in mild COPD; a narrative perspective. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):141.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Singh D, D'Urzo AD, Donohue JF, Kerwin EM. Weighing the evidence for pharmacological treatment interventions in mild COPD; a narrative perspective. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):141.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, Locantore N, Müllerova H, Tal-Singer R, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(12):1128–38.PubMedCrossRef Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, Locantore N, Müllerova H, Tal-Singer R, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(12):1128–38.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Donaldson GC, Seemungal TAR, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57(10):847–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Donaldson GC, Seemungal TAR, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57(10):847–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Halpin DMG, Decramer M, Celli BR, Mueller A, Metzdorf N, Tashkin DP. Effect of a single exacerbation on decline in lung function in COPD. Respir Med. 2017;128:85–91.PubMedCrossRef Halpin DMG, Decramer M, Celli BR, Mueller A, Metzdorf N, Tashkin DP. Effect of a single exacerbation on decline in lung function in COPD. Respir Med. 2017;128:85–91.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Watz H, Tetzlaff K, Magnussen H, Mueller A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Wouters EFM, et al. Spirometric changes during exacerbations of COPD: a post hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):251.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Watz H, Tetzlaff K, Magnussen H, Mueller A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Wouters EFM, et al. Spirometric changes during exacerbations of COPD: a post hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):251.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Roche N, Wedzicha JA, Patalano F, Frent SM, Larbig M, Shen S, et al. COPD exacerbations significantly impact quality of life as measured by SGRQ-C total score: results from the FLAME study. Eur Respir J. 2017;50:OA1487. Roche N, Wedzicha JA, Patalano F, Frent SM, Larbig M, Shen S, et al. COPD exacerbations significantly impact quality of life as measured by SGRQ-C total score: results from the FLAME study. Eur Respir J. 2017;50:OA1487.
76.
go back to reference Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, Bestall JC, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(5 Pt 1):1418–22.PubMedCrossRef Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, Bestall JC, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(5 Pt 1):1418–22.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Halpin DMG, Decramer M, Celli B, Kesten S, Liu D, Tashkin DP. Exacerbation frequency and course of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:653–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Halpin DMG, Decramer M, Celli B, Kesten S, Liu D, Tashkin DP. Exacerbation frequency and course of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:653–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Wedzicha JA. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010;137(5):1091–7.PubMedCrossRef Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Wedzicha JA. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010;137(5):1091–7.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Halpin DMG, Decramer M, Celli B, Kesten S, Leimer I, Tashkin DP. Risk of nonlower respiratory serious adverse events following COPD exacerbations in the 4-year UPLIFT® trial. Lung. 2011;189(4):261–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Halpin DMG, Decramer M, Celli B, Kesten S, Leimer I, Tashkin DP. Risk of nonlower respiratory serious adverse events following COPD exacerbations in the 4-year UPLIFT® trial. Lung. 2011;189(4):261–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Rothnie KJ, Yan R, Smeeth L, Quint JK. Risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and death following MI in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9):e007824.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rothnie KJ, Yan R, Smeeth L, Quint JK. Risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and death following MI in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9):e007824.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Rothnie KJ, Connell O, Müllerová H, Smeeth L, Pearce N, Douglas I, et al. Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(8):935–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rothnie KJ, Connell O, Müllerová H, Smeeth L, Pearce N, Douglas I, et al. Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(8):935–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Suissa S, Dell'Aniello S, Ernst P. Long-term natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: severe exacerbations and mortality. Thorax. 2012;67(11):957–63.PubMedCrossRef Suissa S, Dell'Aniello S, Ernst P. Long-term natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: severe exacerbations and mortality. Thorax. 2012;67(11):957–63.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2000;117(5 Suppl. 2):398S–401S.PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2000;117(5 Suppl. 2):398S–401S.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Rothnie KJ, Müllerová H, Smeeth L, Quint JK. Natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in a general practice-based population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(4):464–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rothnie KJ, Müllerová H, Smeeth L, Quint JK. Natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in a general practice-based population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(4):464–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, Salcedo E, Navarro M, Ochando R. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, Salcedo E, Navarro M, Ochando R. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Ho T-W, Tsai YJ, Ruan SY, Huang CT, Lai F, Yu CJ, et al. In-hospital and one-year mortality and their predictors in patients hospitalized for first-ever chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114866.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ho T-W, Tsai YJ, Ruan SY, Huang CT, Lai F, Yu CJ, et al. In-hospital and one-year mortality and their predictors in patients hospitalized for first-ever chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114866.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Lindenauer PK, Dharmarajan K, Qin L, Lin Z, Gershon AS, Krumholz HM. Risk trajectories of readmission and death in the first year after hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(8):1009–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lindenauer PK, Dharmarajan K, Qin L, Lin Z, Gershon AS, Krumholz HM. Risk trajectories of readmission and death in the first year after hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(8):1009–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10(4):407–15.PubMedCrossRef Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10(4):407–15.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Spencer S, Jones PW, Globe Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2003;58(7):589–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Spencer S, Jones PW, Globe Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2003;58(7):589–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Cao Y-Q, Dong L-X, Cao J. Pulmonary embolism in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J. 2018;131(14):1732–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cao Y-Q, Dong L-X, Cao J. Pulmonary embolism in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J. 2018;131(14):1732–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Wang M, Lin EP, Huang LC, Li CY, Shyr Y, Lai CH. Mortality of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD and preceding hospitalization for acute exacerbation. Chest. 2020;158(3):973–85.PubMedCrossRef Wang M, Lin EP, Huang LC, Li CY, Shyr Y, Lai CH. Mortality of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD and preceding hospitalization for acute exacerbation. Chest. 2020;158(3):973–85.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Kunisaki KM, Dransfield MT, Anderson JA, Brook RD, Calverley PMA, Celli BR, et al. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiac events. A post hoc cohort analysis from the SUMMIT randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(1):51–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kunisaki KM, Dransfield MT, Anderson JA, Brook RD, Calverley PMA, Celli BR, et al. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiac events. A post hoc cohort analysis from the SUMMIT randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(1):51–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Connors AF Jr, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE, Desbiens N, Fulkerson WJ, et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(4 Pt 1):959–67.PubMedCrossRef Connors AF Jr, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE, Desbiens N, Fulkerson WJ, et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(4 Pt 1):959–67.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Sethi S. Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2000;117(5 Suppl. 2):380s–5s.PubMedCrossRef Sethi S. Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2000;117(5 Suppl. 2):380s–5s.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Wilkinson TMA, Hurst JR, Perera WR, Wilks M, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2006;129(2):317–24.PubMedCrossRef Wilkinson TMA, Hurst JR, Perera WR, Wilks M, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2006;129(2):317–24.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Barnes N, Calverley PMA, Kaplan A, Rabe KF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbations: patient insights from the global hidden depths of COPD survey. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:54.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Barnes N, Calverley PMA, Kaplan A, Rabe KF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbations: patient insights from the global hidden depths of COPD survey. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:54.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Janson C, Nwaru BI, Wiklund F, Telg G, Ekström M. Management and risk of mortality in patients hospitalised due to a first severe COPD exacerbation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:2673–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Janson C, Nwaru BI, Wiklund F, Telg G, Ekström M. Management and risk of mortality in patients hospitalised due to a first severe COPD exacerbation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:2673–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Wilkinson TMA, Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Seemungal TA, Wedzicha JA. Early therapy improves outcomes of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(12):1298–303.PubMedCrossRef Wilkinson TMA, Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Seemungal TA, Wedzicha JA. Early therapy improves outcomes of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(12):1298–303.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Langsetmo L, Platt RW, Ernst P, Bourbeau J. Underreporting exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a longitudinal cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(4):396–401.PubMedCrossRef Langsetmo L, Platt RW, Ernst P, Bourbeau J. Underreporting exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a longitudinal cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(4):396–401.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Xu W, Collet J-P, Shapiro S, Lin Y, Yang T, Wang C, et al. Negative impacts of unreported COPD exacerbations on health-related quality of life at 1 year. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(5):1022–30.PubMedCrossRef Xu W, Collet J-P, Shapiro S, Lin Y, Yang T, Wang C, et al. Negative impacts of unreported COPD exacerbations on health-related quality of life at 1 year. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(5):1022–30.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Sandelowsky H, Krakau I, Modin S, Ställberg B, Nager A. COPD patients need more information about self-management: a cross-sectional study in Swedish primary care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2019;37(4):459–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sandelowsky H, Krakau I, Modin S, Ställberg B, Nager A. COPD patients need more information about self-management: a cross-sectional study in Swedish primary care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2019;37(4):459–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Guerra B, Gaveikaite V, Bianchi C, Puhan MA. Prediction models for exacerbations in patients with COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160061.PubMedCrossRef Guerra B, Gaveikaite V, Bianchi C, Puhan MA. Prediction models for exacerbations in patients with COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160061.PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Hoogendoorn M, Feenstra TL, Boland M, Briggs AH, Borg S, Jansson S-A, et al. Prediction models for exacerbations in different COPD patient populations: comparing results of five large data sources. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3183–94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hoogendoorn M, Feenstra TL, Boland M, Briggs AH, Borg S, Jansson S-A, et al. Prediction models for exacerbations in different COPD patient populations: comparing results of five large data sources. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3183–94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Rassouli F, Baty F, Stolz D, Albrich WC, Tamm M, Widmer S, et al. Longitudinal change of COPD assessment test (CAT) in a telehealthcare cohort is associated with exacerbation risk. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3103–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rassouli F, Baty F, Stolz D, Albrich WC, Tamm M, Widmer S, et al. Longitudinal change of COPD assessment test (CAT) in a telehealthcare cohort is associated with exacerbation risk. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3103–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Kim V, Han MK, Vance GB, Make BJ, Newell JD, Hokanson JE, et al. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene study. Chest. 2011;140(3):626–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim V, Han MK, Vance GB, Make BJ, Newell JD, Hokanson JE, et al. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene study. Chest. 2011;140(3):626–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Pavord ID, Jones PW, Burgel P-R, Rabe KF. Exacerbations of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11(Spec. Iss):21–30.PubMedPubMedCentral Pavord ID, Jones PW, Burgel P-R, Rabe KF. Exacerbations of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11(Spec. Iss):21–30.PubMedPubMedCentral
107.
go back to reference Vedel-Krogh S, Nielsen SF, Lange P, Vestbo J, Nordestgaard BG. Blood eosinophils and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Copenhagen General Population Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(9):965–74.PubMedCrossRef Vedel-Krogh S, Nielsen SF, Lange P, Vestbo J, Nordestgaard BG. Blood eosinophils and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Copenhagen General Population Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(9):965–74.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Couillard S, Larivée P, Courteau J, Vanasse A. Eosinophils in COPD exacerbations are associated with increased readmissions. Chest. 2017;151(2):366–73.PubMedCrossRef Couillard S, Larivée P, Courteau J, Vanasse A. Eosinophils in COPD exacerbations are associated with increased readmissions. Chest. 2017;151(2):366–73.PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL, Pedersen OF, Crapo RO, Miller MR, et al. Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1/FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction. Thorax. 2008;63(12):1046–51.PubMedCrossRef Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL, Pedersen OF, Crapo RO, Miller MR, et al. Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1/FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction. Thorax. 2008;63(12):1046–51.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Richter DC, Joubert JR, Nell H, Schuurmans MM, Irusen EM. Diagnostic value of post-bronchodilator pulmonary function testing to distinguish between stable, moderate to severe COPD and asthma. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(4):693–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Richter DC, Joubert JR, Nell H, Schuurmans MM, Irusen EM. Diagnostic value of post-bronchodilator pulmonary function testing to distinguish between stable, moderate to severe COPD and asthma. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(4):693–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
111.
go back to reference Hardie JA, Buist AS, Vollmer WM, Ellingsen I, Bakke PS, Mørkve O. Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(5):1117–22.PubMedCrossRef Hardie JA, Buist AS, Vollmer WM, Ellingsen I, Bakke PS, Mørkve O. Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(5):1117–22.PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Abramson MJ, Schattner RL, Sulaiman ND, Del Colle EA, Aroni R, Thien F. Accuracy of asthma and COPD diagnosis in Australian general practice: a mixed methods study. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(2):167–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abramson MJ, Schattner RL, Sulaiman ND, Del Colle EA, Aroni R, Thien F. Accuracy of asthma and COPD diagnosis in Australian general practice: a mixed methods study. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(2):167–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Eaton T, Withy S, Garrett JE, Mercer J, Whitlock RM, Rea HH. Spirometry in primary care practice: the importance of quality assurance and the impact of spirometry workshops. Chest. 1999;116(2):416–23.PubMedCrossRef Eaton T, Withy S, Garrett JE, Mercer J, Whitlock RM, Rea HH. Spirometry in primary care practice: the importance of quality assurance and the impact of spirometry workshops. Chest. 1999;116(2):416–23.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Hangaard S, Helle T, Nielsen C, Hejlesen OK. Causes of misdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic scoping review. Respir Med. 2017;129:63–84.PubMedCrossRef Hangaard S, Helle T, Nielsen C, Hejlesen OK. Causes of misdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic scoping review. Respir Med. 2017;129:63–84.PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Dorinsky PM, Reisner C, Ferguson GT, Menjoge SS, Serby CW, Witek TJ Jr. The combination of ipratropium and albuterol optimizes pulmonary function reversibility testing in patients with COPD. Chest. 1999;115(4):966–71.PubMedCrossRef Dorinsky PM, Reisner C, Ferguson GT, Menjoge SS, Serby CW, Witek TJ Jr. The combination of ipratropium and albuterol optimizes pulmonary function reversibility testing in patients with COPD. Chest. 1999;115(4):966–71.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Tashkin DP, Celli B, Decramer M, Liu D, Burkhart D, Cassino C, et al. Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(4):742–50.PubMedCrossRef Tashkin DP, Celli B, Decramer M, Liu D, Burkhart D, Cassino C, et al. Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(4):742–50.PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Donohue JF. Therapeutic responses in asthma and COPD. Bronchodilators. Chest. 2004;126(2 Suppl):125S–37S discussion 59S-61S.PubMedCrossRef Donohue JF. Therapeutic responses in asthma and COPD. Bronchodilators. Chest. 2004;126(2 Suppl):125S–37S discussion 59S-61S.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Janson C, Malinovschi A, Amaral AFS, Accordini S, Bousquet J, Buist AS, et al. Bronchodilator reversibility in asthma and COPD: findings from three large population studies. Eur Respir J. 2019;54(3):1900561.PubMedCrossRef Janson C, Malinovschi A, Amaral AFS, Accordini S, Bousquet J, Buist AS, et al. Bronchodilator reversibility in asthma and COPD: findings from three large population studies. Eur Respir J. 2019;54(3):1900561.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Calverley PMA, Burge PS, Spencer S, Anderson JA, Jones PW. Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2003;58(8):659–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Calverley PMA, Burge PS, Spencer S, Anderson JA, Jones PW. Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2003;58(8):659–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Kerstjens HAM, Brand PL, Quanjer PH, van der Bruggen-Bogaarts BA, Koëter GH, Postma DS. Variability of bronchodilator response and effects of inhaled corticosteroid treatment in obstructive airways disease. Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Thorax. 1993;48(7):722–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kerstjens HAM, Brand PL, Quanjer PH, van der Bruggen-Bogaarts BA, Koëter GH, Postma DS. Variability of bronchodilator response and effects of inhaled corticosteroid treatment in obstructive airways disease. Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Thorax. 1993;48(7):722–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Le Rouzic O, Roche N, Cortot AB, Tillie-Leblond I, Masure F, Perez T, et al. Defining the “frequent exacerbator” phenotype in COPD: a hypothesis-free approach. Chest. 2018;153(5):1106–15.PubMedCrossRef Le Rouzic O, Roche N, Cortot AB, Tillie-Leblond I, Masure F, Perez T, et al. Defining the “frequent exacerbator” phenotype in COPD: a hypothesis-free approach. Chest. 2018;153(5):1106–15.PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Corlateanu A, Mendez Y, Wang Y, Garnica RJA, Botnaru V, Siafakas N. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and phenotypes: a state-of-the-art. Pulmonology. 2020;26(2):95–100.PubMedCrossRef Corlateanu A, Mendez Y, Wang Y, Garnica RJA, Botnaru V, Siafakas N. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and phenotypes: a state-of-the-art. Pulmonology. 2020;26(2):95–100.PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Sandelowsky H, Hylander I, Krakau I, Modin S, Ställberg B, Nager A. Time pressured deprioritization of COPD in primary care: a qualitative study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2016;34(1):55–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sandelowsky H, Hylander I, Krakau I, Modin S, Ställberg B, Nager A. Time pressured deprioritization of COPD in primary care: a qualitative study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2016;34(1):55–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Larsson K, Janson C, Ställberg B, Lisspers K, Olsson P, Kostikas K, et al. Impact of COPD diagnosis timing on clinical and economic outcomes: the ARCTIC observational cohort study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:995–1008.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Larsson K, Janson C, Ställberg B, Lisspers K, Olsson P, Kostikas K, et al. Impact of COPD diagnosis timing on clinical and economic outcomes: the ARCTIC observational cohort study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:995–1008.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Spruit MA, Polkey MI, Celli B, Edwards LD, Watkins ML, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Predicting outcomes from 6-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(3):291–7.PubMedCrossRef Spruit MA, Polkey MI, Celli B, Edwards LD, Watkins ML, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Predicting outcomes from 6-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(3):291–7.PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Moy ML, Gould MK, Liu I-LA, Lee JS, Nguyen HQ. Physical activity assessed in routine care predicts mortality after a COPD hospitalisation. ERJ Open Res. 2016;2(1):00062–2015.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moy ML, Gould MK, Liu I-LA, Lee JS, Nguyen HQ. Physical activity assessed in routine care predicts mortality after a COPD hospitalisation. ERJ Open Res. 2016;2(1):00062–2015.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Yawn BP. Differential assessment and management of asthma vs chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medscape J Med. 2009;11(1):20.PubMedPubMedCentral Yawn BP. Differential assessment and management of asthma vs chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medscape J Med. 2009;11(1):20.PubMedPubMedCentral
129.
go back to reference de Miguel Díez J, Chancafe Morgan J, Jiménez García R. The association between COPD and heart failure risk: a review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:305–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef de Miguel Díez J, Chancafe Morgan J, Jiménez García R. The association between COPD and heart failure risk: a review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:305–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Dou S, Zheng C, Ji X, Wang W, Xie M, Cui L, et al. Co-existence of COPD and bronchiectasis: a risk factor for a high ratio of main pulmonary artery to aorta diameter (PA:A) from computed tomography in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:675–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dou S, Zheng C, Ji X, Wang W, Xie M, Cui L, et al. Co-existence of COPD and bronchiectasis: a risk factor for a high ratio of main pulmonary artery to aorta diameter (PA:A) from computed tomography in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:675–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Cote C, Zilberberg MD, Mody SH, Dordelly LJ, Celli B. Haemoglobin level and its clinical impact in a cohort of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(5):923–9.PubMedCrossRef Cote C, Zilberberg MD, Mody SH, Dordelly LJ, Celli B. Haemoglobin level and its clinical impact in a cohort of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(5):923–9.PubMedCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Criner RN, Hatt CR, Galban CJ, Kazerooni EA, Lynch DA, McCormack MC, et al. Relationship between diffusion capacity and small airway abnormality in COPDGene. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):269.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Criner RN, Hatt CR, Galban CJ, Kazerooni EA, Lynch DA, McCormack MC, et al. Relationship between diffusion capacity and small airway abnormality in COPDGene. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):269.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
133.
go back to reference McCormack MC, Enright PL. Making the diagnosis of asthma. Respir Care. 2008;53(5):583–90.PubMed McCormack MC, Enright PL. Making the diagnosis of asthma. Respir Care. 2008;53(5):583–90.PubMed
134.
go back to reference Kim V, Aaron SD. What is a COPD exacerbation? Current definitions, pitfalls, challenges and opportunities for improvement. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(5):1801261.PubMedCrossRef Kim V, Aaron SD. What is a COPD exacerbation? Current definitions, pitfalls, challenges and opportunities for improvement. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(5):1801261.PubMedCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Falk JA, Kadiev S, Criner GJ, Scharf SM, Minai OA, Diaz P. Cardiac disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(4):543–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Falk JA, Kadiev S, Criner GJ, Scharf SM, Minai OA, Diaz P. Cardiac disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(4):543–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Divo M, Cote C, de Torres JP, Casanova C, Marin JM, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(2):155–61.PubMedCrossRef Divo M, Cote C, de Torres JP, Casanova C, Marin JM, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(2):155–61.PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, Agusti AG. Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(6):1245–57.PubMedCrossRef Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, Agusti AG. Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(6):1245–57.PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2012;380(9836):37–43.PubMedCrossRef Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2012;380(9836):37–43.PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Vanfleteren LEGW, Spruit MA, Groenen M, Gaffron S, van Empel VP, Bruijnzeel PL, et al. Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(7):728–35.PubMedCrossRef Vanfleteren LEGW, Spruit MA, Groenen M, Gaffron S, van Empel VP, Bruijnzeel PL, et al. Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(7):728–35.PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Fabbri LM, Luppi F, Beghé B, Rabe KF. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(1):204–12.PubMedCrossRef Fabbri LM, Luppi F, Beghé B, Rabe KF. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(1):204–12.PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Ellingsen J, Johansson G, Larsson K, Lisspers K, Malinovschi A, Ställberg B, et al. Impact of comorbidities and commonly used drugs on mortality in COPD - real-world data from a primary care setting. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:235–45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ellingsen J, Johansson G, Larsson K, Lisspers K, Malinovschi A, Ställberg B, et al. Impact of comorbidities and commonly used drugs on mortality in COPD - real-world data from a primary care setting. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:235–45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Yohannes AM, Willgoss TG, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Depression and anxiety in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, relevance, clinical implications and management principles. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(12):1209–21.PubMedCrossRef Yohannes AM, Willgoss TG, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Depression and anxiety in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, relevance, clinical implications and management principles. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(12):1209–21.PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Marsh S, Guck TP. Anxiety and depression: easing the burden in COPD patients. J Fam Pract. 2016;65(4):246–56.PubMed Marsh S, Guck TP. Anxiety and depression: easing the burden in COPD patients. J Fam Pract. 2016;65(4):246–56.PubMed
146.
go back to reference Sikjær MG, Løkke A, Hilberg O. The influence of psychiatric disorders on the course of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and tuberculosis. Respir Med. 2018;135:35–41.PubMedCrossRef Sikjær MG, Løkke A, Hilberg O. The influence of psychiatric disorders on the course of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and tuberculosis. Respir Med. 2018;135:35–41.PubMedCrossRef
147.
go back to reference Sundh J, Lindgren H, Hasselgren M, Montgomery S, Janson C, Ställberg B, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD – available resources and utilization in Swedish primary and secondary care. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1695–704.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sundh J, Lindgren H, Hasselgren M, Montgomery S, Janson C, Ställberg B, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD – available resources and utilization in Swedish primary and secondary care. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1695–704.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Braido F, Cazzola M, Clini E, Pelaia G, et al. LABA/LAMA fixed-dose combinations in patients with COPD: a systematic review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:3115–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Braido F, Cazzola M, Clini E, Pelaia G, et al. LABA/LAMA fixed-dose combinations in patients with COPD: a systematic review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:3115–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Ferguson GT, Rabe KF, Martinez FJ, Fabbri LM, Wang C, Ichinose M, et al. Triple therapy with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate with co-suspension delivery technology versus dual therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (KRONOS): a double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(10):747–58.PubMedCrossRef Ferguson GT, Rabe KF, Martinez FJ, Fabbri LM, Wang C, Ichinose M, et al. Triple therapy with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate with co-suspension delivery technology versus dual therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (KRONOS): a double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(10):747–58.PubMedCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Papi A, Vestbo J, Fabbri L, Corradi M, Prunier H, Cohuet G, et al. Extrafine inhaled triple therapy versus dual bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRIBUTE): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10125):1076–84.PubMedCrossRef Papi A, Vestbo J, Fabbri L, Corradi M, Prunier H, Cohuet G, et al. Extrafine inhaled triple therapy versus dual bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRIBUTE): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10125):1076–84.PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Rabe KF, Martinez FJ, Ferguson GT, Wang C, Singh D, Wedzicha JA, et al. Triple inhaled therapy at two glucocorticoid doses in moderate-to-very-severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(1):35–48.PubMedCrossRef Rabe KF, Martinez FJ, Ferguson GT, Wang C, Singh D, Wedzicha JA, et al. Triple inhaled therapy at two glucocorticoid doses in moderate-to-very-severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(1):35–48.PubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Bafadhel M, Peterson S, De Blas MA, Calverley PM, Rennard SI, Richter K, et al. Predictors of exacerbation risk and response to budesonide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post-hoc analysis of three randomised trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(2):117–26.PubMedCrossRef Bafadhel M, Peterson S, De Blas MA, Calverley PM, Rennard SI, Richter K, et al. Predictors of exacerbation risk and response to budesonide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post-hoc analysis of three randomised trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(2):117–26.PubMedCrossRef
153.
go back to reference Pascoe S, Barnes N, Brusselle G, Compton C, Criner GJ, Dransfield MT, et al. Blood eosinophils and treatment response with triple and dual combination therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis of the IMPACT trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(9):745–56.PubMedCrossRef Pascoe S, Barnes N, Brusselle G, Compton C, Criner GJ, Dransfield MT, et al. Blood eosinophils and treatment response with triple and dual combination therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis of the IMPACT trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(9):745–56.PubMedCrossRef
154.
go back to reference Martinez FJ, Ferguson GT, Bourne E, Ballal S, Darken P, Aurivillius M, et al. Budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler improves exacerbation outcomes in patients with COPD without a recent exacerbation history: a subgroup analysis of KRONOS. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021;16:179–89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Martinez FJ, Ferguson GT, Bourne E, Ballal S, Darken P, Aurivillius M, et al. Budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler improves exacerbation outcomes in patients with COPD without a recent exacerbation history: a subgroup analysis of KRONOS. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021;16:179–89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Herath SC, Normansell R, Maisey S, Poole P. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(10):CD009764. Herath SC, Normansell R, Maisey S, Poole P. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(10):CD009764.
156.
go back to reference Ni W, Shao X, Cai X, Wei C, Cui J, Wang R, et al. Prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121257.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ni W, Shao X, Cai X, Wei C, Cui J, Wang R, et al. Prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121257.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
157.
go back to reference Medical Research Council Working Party. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Lancet. 1981;1(8222):681–6. Medical Research Council Working Party. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Lancet. 1981;1(8222):681–6.
158.
go back to reference Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93(3):391–8. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93(3):391–8.
159.
go back to reference Murphy PB, Rehal S, Arbane G, Bourke S, Calverley PMA, Crook AM, et al. Effect of home noninvasive ventilation with oxygen therapy vs oxygen therapy alone on hospital readmission or death after an acute COPD exacerbation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(21):2177–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Murphy PB, Rehal S, Arbane G, Bourke S, Calverley PMA, Crook AM, et al. Effect of home noninvasive ventilation with oxygen therapy vs oxygen therapy alone on hospital readmission or death after an acute COPD exacerbation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(21):2177–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Calverley PMA, Anderson JA, Celli B, Ferguson GT, Jenkins C, Jones PW, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775–89.PubMedCrossRef Calverley PMA, Anderson JA, Celli B, Ferguson GT, Jenkins C, Jones PW, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775–89.PubMedCrossRef
161.
go back to reference Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Seemungal TA, Hagan G, Ansari Z, Stockley RA. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(1):19–26.PubMedCrossRef Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Seemungal TA, Hagan G, Ansari Z, Stockley RA. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(1):19–26.PubMedCrossRef
162.
go back to reference Soriano JB, Kiri VA, Pride NB, Vestbo J. Inhaled corticosteroids with/without long-acting beta-agonists reduce the risk of rehospitalization and death in COPD patients. Am J Respir Med. 2003;2(1):67–74.PubMedCrossRef Soriano JB, Kiri VA, Pride NB, Vestbo J. Inhaled corticosteroids with/without long-acting beta-agonists reduce the risk of rehospitalization and death in COPD patients. Am J Respir Med. 2003;2(1):67–74.PubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference Briggs AH, Lozano-Ortega G, Spencer S, Bale G, Spencer MD, Burge PS. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of fluticasone propionate for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the presence of missing data. Value Health. 2006;9(4):227–35.PubMedCrossRef Briggs AH, Lozano-Ortega G, Spencer S, Bale G, Spencer MD, Burge PS. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of fluticasone propionate for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the presence of missing data. Value Health. 2006;9(4):227–35.PubMedCrossRef
164.
go back to reference Martinez FJ, Rabe KF, Ferguson GT, Wedzicha JA, Singh D, Wang C, et al. Reduced all-cause mortality in the ETHOS trial of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(5):553–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Martinez FJ, Rabe KF, Ferguson GT, Wedzicha JA, Singh D, Wang C, et al. Reduced all-cause mortality in the ETHOS trial of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(5):553–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
165.
go back to reference LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1999;282(24):2340–6.PubMedCrossRef LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1999;282(24):2340–6.PubMedCrossRef
166.
go back to reference Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7–22.CrossRef Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7–22.CrossRef
167.
go back to reference Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–9. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–9.
168.
go back to reference Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators, Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145–53.CrossRef Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators, Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145–53.CrossRef
169.
go back to reference Janson C, Johansson G, Ställberg B, Lisspers K, Olsson P, Keininger DL, et al. Identifying the associated risks of pneumonia in COPD patients: ARCTIC an observational study. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):172.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Janson C, Johansson G, Ställberg B, Lisspers K, Olsson P, Keininger DL, et al. Identifying the associated risks of pneumonia in COPD patients: ARCTIC an observational study. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):172.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
170.
go back to reference Watz H, Tetzlaff K, Wouters EFM, Kirsten A, Magnussen H, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Blood eosinophil count and exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids: a post-hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(5):390–8.PubMedCrossRef Watz H, Tetzlaff K, Wouters EFM, Kirsten A, Magnussen H, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Blood eosinophil count and exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids: a post-hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(5):390–8.PubMedCrossRef
171.
go back to reference Oshagbemi OA, Franssen FME, van Kraaij S, Braeken DCW, Wouters EFM, Maitland-van der Zee AH, et al. Blood eosinophil counts, withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids and risk of COPD exacerbations and mortality in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). COPD. 2019;16(2):152–9.PubMedCrossRef Oshagbemi OA, Franssen FME, van Kraaij S, Braeken DCW, Wouters EFM, Maitland-van der Zee AH, et al. Blood eosinophil counts, withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids and risk of COPD exacerbations and mortality in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). COPD. 2019;16(2):152–9.PubMedCrossRef
172.
go back to reference Agusti A, Alcazar B, Cosio B, Echave JM, Faner R, Izquierdo JL, et al. Time for a change: anticipating the diagnosis and treatment of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(1):2002104.PubMedCrossRef Agusti A, Alcazar B, Cosio B, Echave JM, Faner R, Izquierdo JL, et al. Time for a change: anticipating the diagnosis and treatment of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(1):2002104.PubMedCrossRef
173.
go back to reference Au DH, Bryson CL, Chien JW, Sun H, Udris EM, Evans LE, et al. The effects of smoking cessation on the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(4):457–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Au DH, Bryson CL, Chien JW, Sun H, Udris EM, Evans LE, et al. The effects of smoking cessation on the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(4):457–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
174.
go back to reference van Eerd EAM, van der Meer RM, van Schayck OCP, Kotz D. Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(8):CD010744.PubMedCentral van Eerd EAM, van der Meer RM, van Schayck OCP, Kotz D. Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(8):CD010744.PubMedCentral
175.
go back to reference McCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, Murphy K, Murphy E, Lacasse Y. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD003793. McCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, Murphy K, Murphy E, Lacasse Y. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD003793.
176.
go back to reference Waschki B, Spruit MA, Watz H, Albert PS, Shrikrishna D, Groenen M, et al. Physical activity monitoring in COPD: compliance and associations with clinical characteristics in a multicenter study. Respir Med. 2012;106(4):522–30.PubMedCrossRef Waschki B, Spruit MA, Watz H, Albert PS, Shrikrishna D, Groenen M, et al. Physical activity monitoring in COPD: compliance and associations with clinical characteristics in a multicenter study. Respir Med. 2012;106(4):522–30.PubMedCrossRef
177.
go back to reference Donaire-Gonzalez D, Gimeno-Santos E, Balcells E, de Batlle J, Ramon MA, Rodriguez E, et al. Benefits of physical activity on COPD hospitalisation depend on intensity. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(5):1281–9.PubMedCrossRef Donaire-Gonzalez D, Gimeno-Santos E, Balcells E, de Batlle J, Ramon MA, Rodriguez E, et al. Benefits of physical activity on COPD hospitalisation depend on intensity. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(5):1281–9.PubMedCrossRef
178.
go back to reference Waschki B, Kirsten AM, Holz O, Mueller K-C, Schaper M, Sack A-L, et al. Disease progression and changes in physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(3):295–306.PubMedCrossRef Waschki B, Kirsten AM, Holz O, Mueller K-C, Schaper M, Sack A-L, et al. Disease progression and changes in physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(3):295–306.PubMedCrossRef
179.
go back to reference Waschki B, Kirsten A, Holz O, Müller K-C, Meyer T, Watz H, et al. Physical activity is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with COPD: a prospective cohort study. Chest. 2011;140(2):331–42.PubMedCrossRef Waschki B, Kirsten A, Holz O, Müller K-C, Meyer T, Watz H, et al. Physical activity is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with COPD: a prospective cohort study. Chest. 2011;140(2):331–42.PubMedCrossRef
180.
go back to reference Troosters T, van der Molen T, Polkey M, Rabinovich RA, Vogiatzis I, Weisman I, et al. Improving physical activity in COPD: towards a new paradigm. Respir Res. 2013;14:115.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Troosters T, van der Molen T, Polkey M, Rabinovich RA, Vogiatzis I, Weisman I, et al. Improving physical activity in COPD: towards a new paradigm. Respir Res. 2013;14:115.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
181.
go back to reference Demeyer H, Louvaris Z, Frei A, Rabinovich RA, de Jong C, Gimeno-Santos E, et al. Physical activity is increased by a 12-week semiautomated telecoaching programme in patients with COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2017;72(5):415–23.PubMedCrossRef Demeyer H, Louvaris Z, Frei A, Rabinovich RA, de Jong C, Gimeno-Santos E, et al. Physical activity is increased by a 12-week semiautomated telecoaching programme in patients with COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2017;72(5):415–23.PubMedCrossRef
182.
go back to reference Cranston JM, Crockett A, Moss J, Alpers JH. Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2005(4):CD001744.PubMedCentral Cranston JM, Crockett A, Moss J, Alpers JH. Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2005(4):CD001744.PubMedCentral
183.
go back to reference Group L-TOTTR. A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(17):1617–27.CrossRef Group L-TOTTR. A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(17):1617–27.CrossRef
184.
go back to reference Melani AS, Bonavia M, Cilenti V, Cinti C, Lodi M, Martucci P, et al. Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control. Respir Med. 2011;105(6):930–8.PubMedCrossRef Melani AS, Bonavia M, Cilenti V, Cinti C, Lodi M, Martucci P, et al. Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control. Respir Med. 2011;105(6):930–8.PubMedCrossRef
185.
go back to reference Lavorini F, Janson C, Braido F, Stratelis G, Løkke A. What to consider before prescribing inhaled medications: a pragmatic approach for evaluating the current inhaler landscape. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2019;13:1753466619884532.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lavorini F, Janson C, Braido F, Stratelis G, Løkke A. What to consider before prescribing inhaled medications: a pragmatic approach for evaluating the current inhaler landscape. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2019;13:1753466619884532.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
187.
go back to reference Morrison D, Agur K, Mercer S, Eiras A, González-Montalvo JI, Gruffydd-Jones K. Managing multimorbidity in primary care in patients with chronic respiratory conditions. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2016;26:16043.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morrison D, Agur K, Mercer S, Eiras A, González-Montalvo JI, Gruffydd-Jones K. Managing multimorbidity in primary care in patients with chronic respiratory conditions. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2016;26:16043.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
188.
go back to reference Lindh A, Theander K, Arne M, Lisspers K, Lundh L, Sandelowsky H, et al. Errors in inhaler use related to devices and to inhalation technique among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary health care. Nurs Open. 2019;6(4):1519–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lindh A, Theander K, Arne M, Lisspers K, Lundh L, Sandelowsky H, et al. Errors in inhaler use related to devices and to inhalation technique among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary health care. Nurs Open. 2019;6(4):1519–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
189.
go back to reference Fletcher MJ, Dahl BH. Expanding nurse practice in COPD: is it key to providing high quality, effective and safe patient care? Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(2):230–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fletcher MJ, Dahl BH. Expanding nurse practice in COPD: is it key to providing high quality, effective and safe patient care? Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(2):230–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
190.
go back to reference Lisspers K, Johansson G, Jansson C, Larsson K, Stratelis G, Hedegaard M, et al. Improvement in COPD management by access to asthma/COPD clinics in primary care: data from the observational PATHOS study. Respir Med. 2014;108(9):1345–54.PubMedCrossRef Lisspers K, Johansson G, Jansson C, Larsson K, Stratelis G, Hedegaard M, et al. Improvement in COPD management by access to asthma/COPD clinics in primary care: data from the observational PATHOS study. Respir Med. 2014;108(9):1345–54.PubMedCrossRef
191.
go back to reference British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. BTS statement on criteria for specialist referral, admission, discharge and follow-up for adults with respiratory disease. Thorax. 2008;63(Suppl. 1):i1–i16.CrossRef British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. BTS statement on criteria for specialist referral, admission, discharge and follow-up for adults with respiratory disease. Thorax. 2008;63(Suppl. 1):i1–i16.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
COPD – do the right thing
Authors
Hanna Sandelowsky
Ulla Møller Weinreich
Bernt B. Aarli
Josefin Sundh
Kristian Høines
Georgios Stratelis
Anders Løkke
Christer Janson
Christian Jensen
Kjell Larsson
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Primary Care / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 2731-4553
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-021-01583-w

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Primary Care 1/2021 Go to the issue