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World Journal of Pediatrics
Published in: World Journal of Pediatrics 2/2024

28-11-2022 | Review Article

Childhood sleep: assessments, risk factors, and potential mechanisms

Authors: Jianghong Liu, Xiaopeng Ji, Elizabeth Rovit, Susannah Pitt, Terri Lipman

Published in: World Journal of Pediatrics | Issue 2/2024

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Abstract

Background

Sleep problem is a highly prevalent health issue among pediatric populations across the world. In this review, we aimed to identify risk factors contributing to sleep deficiency and poor sleep hygiene in children. Potential biological, psychosocial, and environmental mechanisms as well as research gaps in the literature are also discussed.

Data sources

A comprehensive search for relevant English language full-text, peer-reviewed publications was performed focusing on pediatric sleep studies from prenatal to childhood and adolescence in a variety of indexes in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Psych Info. Both relevant data based and systematic reviews are included.

Results

This paper summarizes many risk factors for childhood sleep problems, including biological (e.g., genetics, gender, age and puberty, prenatal factors, postnatal factors); nutritional (e.g., macronutrients, micronutrients, omega-3 fatty acids, obesity); environmental (e.g., heavy metals, noise, light, air pollution); interpersonal (e.g., family, exposure to violence, screen media use, physical injury); and community/socioeconomic variables (e.g., racial/ethnicity and cultural factors, neighborhood conditions and socioeconomic status, school factors, public health disasters/emergencies), to better understand the development of sleep problems in children.

Conclusions

Poor childhood sleep is a multifactorial issue affected by a wide range of prenatal and early-life biological, environmental, and psychosocial risk factors and contributors. A better understanding of these risk factors and their mechanisms is an important first step to develop future research and prevention programs focusing on pediatric sleep problems.
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Metadata
Title
Childhood sleep: assessments, risk factors, and potential mechanisms
Authors
Jianghong Liu
Xiaopeng Ji
Elizabeth Rovit
Susannah Pitt
Terri Lipman
Publication date
28-11-2022
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Published in
World Journal of Pediatrics / Issue 2/2024
Print ISSN: 1708-8569
Electronic ISSN: 1867-0687
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-022-00628-z

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