Skip to main content
Top
Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1/2011

01-01-2011 | Original Contribution

Childhood bullying as a predictor for becoming a teenage mother in Finland

Authors: Venla Lehti, Andre Sourander, Anat Klomek, Solja Niemelä, Lauri Sillanmäki, Jorma Piha, Kirsti Kumpulainen, Tuula Tamminen, Irma Moilanen, Fredrik Almqvist

Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the association between bullying behaviour at the age of 8 and becoming a mother under the age of 20. This birth cohort study included 2,867 Finnish girls at baseline in 1989. Register-based follow-up data on births was collected until the end of 2001. Information, both on the main exposure and outcome, was available for 2,507 girls. Both bullies and victims had an increased risk of becoming a teenage mother independent of family-related risk factors. When controlled for childhood psychopathology, however, the association remained significant for bullies (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–4.1) and bully-victims (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.05–3.2), but not for pure victims. Reports of bullying and victimisation from the girls themselves, their parents and their teachers were all associated with becoming a teenage mother independent of each other. There is a predictive association between being a bully in childhood and becoming a mother in adolescence. It may be useful to target bullies for teenage pregnancy prevention.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Moffitt TE (2002) E-Risk Study Team Teen-aged mothers in contemporary Britain. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43:727–742CrossRefPubMed Moffitt TE (2002) E-Risk Study Team Teen-aged mothers in contemporary Britain. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43:727–742CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Maughan B, Lindelow M (1997) Secular change in psychosocial risks: the case of teenage motherhood. Psychol Med 27:1129–1144CrossRefPubMed Maughan B, Lindelow M (1997) Secular change in psychosocial risks: the case of teenage motherhood. Psychol Med 27:1129–1144CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Schmidt RM, Wiemann CM, Rickert VI, Smith EO (2006) Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed 4 years postpartum. J Adolesc Health 38:712–718CrossRefPubMed Schmidt RM, Wiemann CM, Rickert VI, Smith EO (2006) Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed 4 years postpartum. J Adolesc Health 38:712–718CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Henretta JC, Grundy EM, Okell LC, Wadsworth ME (2008) Early motherhood and mental health in midlife: a study of British and American cohorts. Aging Ment Health 12:605–614CrossRefPubMed Henretta JC, Grundy EM, Okell LC, Wadsworth ME (2008) Early motherhood and mental health in midlife: a study of British and American cohorts. Aging Ment Health 12:605–614CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference De Genna NM, Cornelius MD, Donovan JE (2009) Risk factors for young adult substance use among women who were teenage mothers. Addict Behav 34:463–470CrossRefPubMed De Genna NM, Cornelius MD, Donovan JE (2009) Risk factors for young adult substance use among women who were teenage mothers. Addict Behav 34:463–470CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Najman JM (2006) Teenage children of teenage mothers: psychological, behavioural and health outcomes from an Australian prospective longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med 62:2526–2539CrossRefPubMed Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Najman JM (2006) Teenage children of teenage mothers: psychological, behavioural and health outcomes from an Australian prospective longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med 62:2526–2539CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ (1999) Maternal age and educational and psychosocial outcomes in early adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40:479–489CrossRefPubMed Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ (1999) Maternal age and educational and psychosocial outcomes in early adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40:479–489CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Ekeus C, Olausson PO, Hjern A (2006) Psychiatric morbidity is related to parental age: a national cohort study. Psychol Med 36:269–276CrossRefPubMed Ekeus C, Olausson PO, Hjern A (2006) Psychiatric morbidity is related to parental age: a national cohort study. Psychol Med 36:269–276CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM, Horwood J (2001) Risk factors and life processes associated with teenage pregnancy. Results of a prospective study from birth to 20 years. J Marriage Fam 63:1170–1184CrossRef Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM, Horwood J (2001) Risk factors and life processes associated with teenage pregnancy. Results of a prospective study from birth to 20 years. J Marriage Fam 63:1170–1184CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Meade CS, Kershaw TS, Ickovics JR (2008) The intergenerational cycle of teenage motherhood: an ecological approach. Health Psychol 27:419–429CrossRefPubMed Meade CS, Kershaw TS, Ickovics JR (2008) The intergenerational cycle of teenage motherhood: an ecological approach. Health Psychol 27:419–429CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Imamura M, Tucker J, Hannaford P, Da Silva MO, Astin M, Wyness L, Bloemenkamp KW, Jahn A, Karro H, Olsen J, Temmerman M (2007) REPROSTAT 2 group Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in the European Union countries: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 17:630–636CrossRefPubMed Imamura M, Tucker J, Hannaford P, Da Silva MO, Astin M, Wyness L, Bloemenkamp KW, Jahn A, Karro H, Olsen J, Temmerman M (2007) REPROSTAT 2 group Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in the European Union countries: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 17:630–636CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Miller BC, Benson B, Galbraith KA (2001) Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: a research synthesis. Dev Rev 21:1–38CrossRef Miller BC, Benson B, Galbraith KA (2001) Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: a research synthesis. Dev Rev 21:1–38CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ (2000) Educational, psychosocial, and sexual outcomes of girls with conduct problems in early adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41:779–792CrossRefPubMed Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ (2000) Educational, psychosocial, and sexual outcomes of girls with conduct problems in early adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41:779–792CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Colman I, Murray J, Abbott RA, Maughan B, Kuh D, Croudace TJ, Jones PB (2009) Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort. BMJ 338:a2981CrossRefPubMed Colman I, Murray J, Abbott RA, Maughan B, Kuh D, Croudace TJ, Jones PB (2009) Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort. BMJ 338:a2981CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM (1999) Early conduct problems and later risk of teenage pregnancy in girls. Dev Psychopathol 11:127–141CrossRefPubMed Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM (1999) Early conduct problems and later risk of teenage pregnancy in girls. Dev Psychopathol 11:127–141CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Woodward LJ, Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM (2001) Teenage pregnancy: cause for concern. N Z Med J 114:301–303PubMed Woodward LJ, Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM (2001) Teenage pregnancy: cause for concern. N Z Med J 114:301–303PubMed
17.
go back to reference Miller-Johnson S, Winn DM, Coie J, Maumary-Gremaud A, Hyman C, Terry R, Lochman J (1999) Motherhood during the teen years: a developmental perspective on risk factors for childbearing. Dev Psychopathol 11:85–100CrossRefPubMed Miller-Johnson S, Winn DM, Coie J, Maumary-Gremaud A, Hyman C, Terry R, Lochman J (1999) Motherhood during the teen years: a developmental perspective on risk factors for childbearing. Dev Psychopathol 11:85–100CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Bardone AM, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Dickson N, Stanton WR, Silva PA (1998) Adult physical health outcomes of adolescent girls with conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:594–601CrossRefPubMed Bardone AM, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Dickson N, Stanton WR, Silva PA (1998) Adult physical health outcomes of adolescent girls with conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:594–601CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Jaffee SR (2002) Pathways to adversity in young adulthood among early childbearers. J Fam Psychol 16:38–49CrossRefPubMed Jaffee SR (2002) Pathways to adversity in young adulthood among early childbearers. J Fam Psychol 16:38–49CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Underwood MK, Kupersmidt JB, Coie JD (1996) Childhood peer sociometric status and aggression as predictors of adolescent childbearing. J Res Adolescence 6:201–223 Underwood MK, Kupersmidt JB, Coie JD (1996) Childhood peer sociometric status and aggression as predictors of adolescent childbearing. J Res Adolescence 6:201–223
21.
go back to reference Olweus D (1993) Victimization by peers: antecedents and long term outcomes. In: Rubin KH, Asendorf JB (eds) Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, pp 315–341 Olweus D (1993) Victimization by peers: antecedents and long term outcomes. In: Rubin KH, Asendorf JB (eds) Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, pp 315–341
22.
go back to reference Forero R, McLellan L, Rissel C, Bauman A (1999) Bullying behaviour and psychosocial health among school students in New South Wales, Australia: cross sectional survey. BMJ 319:344–348PubMed Forero R, McLellan L, Rissel C, Bauman A (1999) Bullying behaviour and psychosocial health among school students in New South Wales, Australia: cross sectional survey. BMJ 319:344–348PubMed
23.
go back to reference Dake JA, Price JH, Telljohann SK (2003) The nature and extent of bullying at school. J Sch Health 73:173–180CrossRefPubMed Dake JA, Price JH, Telljohann SK (2003) The nature and extent of bullying at school. J Sch Health 73:173–180CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Kumpulainen K, Rasanen E (2000) Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: their psychiatric symptoms and deviance in adolescence. An epidemiological sample. Child Abuse Negl 24:1567–1577CrossRefPubMed Kumpulainen K, Rasanen E (2000) Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: their psychiatric symptoms and deviance in adolescence. An epidemiological sample. Child Abuse Negl 24:1567–1577CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Wolke D, Woods S, Bloomfield L, Karstadt L (2001) Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Arch Dis Child 85:197–201CrossRefPubMed Wolke D, Woods S, Bloomfield L, Karstadt L (2001) Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Arch Dis Child 85:197–201CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Scheidt P (2001) Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA 285:2094–2100CrossRefPubMed Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Scheidt P (2001) Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA 285:2094–2100CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Hawker DS, Boulton MJ (2000) Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41:441–455CrossRefPubMed Hawker DS, Boulton MJ (2000) Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41:441–455CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Arseneault L, Walsh E, Trzesniewski K, Newcombe R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2006) Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: a nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics 118:130–138CrossRefPubMed Arseneault L, Walsh E, Trzesniewski K, Newcombe R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2006) Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: a nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics 118:130–138CrossRefPubMed
29.
30.
go back to reference Nansel TR, Overpeck MD, Haynie DL, Ruan WJ, Scheidt PC (2003) Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:348–353CrossRefPubMed Nansel TR, Overpeck MD, Haynie DL, Ruan WJ, Scheidt PC (2003) Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:348–353CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Hubbard A, Boyce WT (2006) School bullying and youth violence: causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:1035–1041CrossRefPubMed Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Hubbard A, Boyce WT (2006) School bullying and youth violence: causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:1035–1041CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Sourander A, Jensen P, Ronning JA, Elonheimo H, Niemelä S, Helenius H, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Almqvist F (2007) Childhood bullies and victims and their risk of criminality in late adolescence: the Finnish From a Boy to a Man study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:546–552CrossRefPubMed Sourander A, Jensen P, Ronning JA, Elonheimo H, Niemelä S, Helenius H, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Almqvist F (2007) Childhood bullies and victims and their risk of criminality in late adolescence: the Finnish From a Boy to a Man study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:546–552CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Almqvist F, Ikäheimo K, Kumpulainen K, Tuompo-Johansson E, Puura K, Moilanen I, Räsänen E, Tamminen T, Piha J (1999) Design and subjects of a Finnish epidemiological study on psychiatric disorders in childhood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8(Suppl 4):3–6CrossRefPubMed Almqvist F, Ikäheimo K, Kumpulainen K, Tuompo-Johansson E, Puura K, Moilanen I, Räsänen E, Tamminen T, Piha J (1999) Design and subjects of a Finnish epidemiological study on psychiatric disorders in childhood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8(Suppl 4):3–6CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Rutter MA (1967) children’s behaviour questionnaire for completion by teachers: preliminary findings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 8:1–11CrossRefPubMed Rutter MA (1967) children’s behaviour questionnaire for completion by teachers: preliminary findings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 8:1–11CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitmore K (ed) (1970) Education, health and behaviour, London, Longman Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitmore K (ed) (1970) Education, health and behaviour, London, Longman
36.
go back to reference Gissler M, Haukka J (2004) Finnish health and social welfare registers in epidemiological research. Norsk epidemiologi 14:113–120 Gissler M, Haukka J (2004) Finnish health and social welfare registers in epidemiological research. Norsk epidemiologi 14:113–120
37.
go back to reference Vuori E, Gissler M (2008) Newborn children 2006. Statistical summary 10/2008. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health Vuori E, Gissler M (2008) Newborn children 2006. Statistical summary 10/2008. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health
38.
go back to reference Vuori E, Gissler M (2008) Parturients, births and newborns 2007. Statistical summary 30/2008. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health Vuori E, Gissler M (2008) Parturients, births and newborns 2007. Statistical summary 30/2008. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health
39.
go back to reference Aro S, Koskinen R, Keskimaki I (1990) Reliability of hospital discharge data concerning diagnosis, treatments and accidents. Duodecim 106:1443–1450PubMed Aro S, Koskinen R, Keskimaki I (1990) Reliability of hospital discharge data concerning diagnosis, treatments and accidents. Duodecim 106:1443–1450PubMed
40.
go back to reference Kumpulainen K, Räsänen E, Henttonen I, Almqvist F, Kresanov K, Linna SL, Moilanen I, Piha J, Puura K, Tamminen T (1998) Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children. Child Abuse Negl 22:705–717CrossRefPubMed Kumpulainen K, Räsänen E, Henttonen I, Almqvist F, Kresanov K, Linna SL, Moilanen I, Piha J, Puura K, Tamminen T (1998) Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children. Child Abuse Negl 22:705–717CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Prinstein MJ, Boergers J, Vernberg EM (2001) Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. J Clin Child Psychol 30:479–491CrossRefPubMed Prinstein MJ, Boergers J, Vernberg EM (2001) Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. J Clin Child Psychol 30:479–491CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Crick NR, Grotpeter JK (1995) Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Dev 66:710–722CrossRefPubMed Crick NR, Grotpeter JK (1995) Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Dev 66:710–722CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Crick NR, Bigbee MA (1998) Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: a multi-informant approach. J Consult Clin Psychol 66:337–347CrossRefPubMed Crick NR, Bigbee MA (1998) Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: a multi-informant approach. J Consult Clin Psychol 66:337–347CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Salmivalli C, Kaukiainen A, Lagerspetz K (2000) Aggression and sociometric status among peers: do gender and type of aggression matter? Scand J Psychol 41:17–24CrossRefPubMed Salmivalli C, Kaukiainen A, Lagerspetz K (2000) Aggression and sociometric status among peers: do gender and type of aggression matter? Scand J Psychol 41:17–24CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Connolly J, Pepler D, Craig W, Taradash A (2000) Dating experiences of bullies in early adolescence. Child Maltreat 5:299–310CrossRefPubMed Connolly J, Pepler D, Craig W, Taradash A (2000) Dating experiences of bullies in early adolescence. Child Maltreat 5:299–310CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Greenberg MT, Speltz ML, DeKlyen M, Jones K (2001) Correlates of clinic referral for early conduct problems: variable- and person-oriented approaches. Dev Psychopathol 13:255–276CrossRefPubMed Greenberg MT, Speltz ML, DeKlyen M, Jones K (2001) Correlates of clinic referral for early conduct problems: variable- and person-oriented approaches. Dev Psychopathol 13:255–276CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Guttmann-Steinmetz S, Crowell JA (2006) Attachment and externalizing disorders: a developmental psychopathology perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:440–451CrossRefPubMed Guttmann-Steinmetz S, Crowell JA (2006) Attachment and externalizing disorders: a developmental psychopathology perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:440–451CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Shields A, Cicchetti D (2001) Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. J Clin Child Psychol 30:349–363CrossRefPubMed Shields A, Cicchetti D (2001) Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. J Clin Child Psychol 30:349–363CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Klomek AB, Marrocco F, Kleinman M, Schonfeld IS, Gould MS (2007) Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:40–49CrossRef Klomek AB, Marrocco F, Kleinman M, Schonfeld IS, Gould MS (2007) Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:40–49CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Becker-lausen E, Rickel AU (1995) Integration of teen pregnancy and child abuse research: identifying mediator variables for pregnancy outcome. J Prim Prev 16:39–53CrossRefPubMed Becker-lausen E, Rickel AU (1995) Integration of teen pregnancy and child abuse research: identifying mediator variables for pregnancy outcome. J Prim Prev 16:39–53CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Noll JG, Shenk CE, Putnam KT (2009) Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent pregnancy: a meta-analytic update. J Pediatr Psychol 34:366–378CrossRefPubMed Noll JG, Shenk CE, Putnam KT (2009) Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent pregnancy: a meta-analytic update. J Pediatr Psychol 34:366–378CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Ronning JA, Sourander A, Kumpulainen K, Tamminen T, Niemelä S, Moilanen I, Helenius H, Piha J, Almqvist F (2009) Cross-informant agreement about bullying and victimization among eight-year-olds: whose information best predicts psychiatric caseness 10–15 years later? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44:15–22CrossRefPubMed Ronning JA, Sourander A, Kumpulainen K, Tamminen T, Niemelä S, Moilanen I, Helenius H, Piha J, Almqvist F (2009) Cross-informant agreement about bullying and victimization among eight-year-olds: whose information best predicts psychiatric caseness 10–15 years later? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44:15–22CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Bonell C, Fletcher A, McCambridge J (2007) Improving school ethos may reduce substance misuse and teenage pregnancy. BMJ 334:614–616CrossRefPubMed Bonell C, Fletcher A, McCambridge J (2007) Improving school ethos may reduce substance misuse and teenage pregnancy. BMJ 334:614–616CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Childhood bullying as a predictor for becoming a teenage mother in Finland
Authors
Venla Lehti
Andre Sourander
Anat Klomek
Solja Niemelä
Lauri Sillanmäki
Jorma Piha
Kirsti Kumpulainen
Tuula Tamminen
Irma Moilanen
Fredrik Almqvist
Publication date
01-01-2011
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Issue 1/2011
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Electronic ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-010-0147-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1/2011 Go to the issue