Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Research

Characterizing functional connectivity patterns during saliva swallows in different head positions

Authors: Iva Jestrović, James L. Coyle, Ervin Sejdić

Published in: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The anatomical rationale and efficacy of the chin tuck in improving airway protection for some people with swallowing disorders have been well researched and established. However, there are still open questions regarding whether brain activity for swallowing control is altered while performing this chin-tuck maneuver.

Methods

In this study, we collected EEG signals from 55 healthy adults while swallowing in the neutral and chin-tuck head positions. The time-frequency based synchrony measure was used to form brain networks. We investigated both the small-world properties of these brain networks and differences among the constructed brain networks for the two head positions during swallowing tasks.

Results

We showed that brain networks for swallowing in both head positions exhibit small-world properties. Furthermore, we showed that swallowing in the chin-tuck head position affects brain networks in the Alpha and Gamma frequency bands.

Conclusions

According to these results, we can tell that the parameter of head position should be considered in future investigations which utilize EEG signals during swallowing activity.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Cichero JA, Murdoch BE. Dysphagia: Foundation, Theory and Practice. New York City, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2006. Cichero JA, Murdoch BE. Dysphagia: Foundation, Theory and Practice. New York City, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2006.
2.
go back to reference Gottlieb D, Kipnis M, Sister E, Vardi Y, Brill S. Validation of the 50 ml3 drinking test for evaluation of post-stroke dysphagia. Disabil Rehabil. 1996; 18(10):529–32.PubMedCrossRef Gottlieb D, Kipnis M, Sister E, Vardi Y, Brill S. Validation of the 50 ml3 drinking test for evaluation of post-stroke dysphagia. Disabil Rehabil. 1996; 18(10):529–32.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Murray J. Manual of Dysphagia Assessment in Adults. San Diego, CA: Singular; 1999. Murray J. Manual of Dysphagia Assessment in Adults. San Diego, CA: Singular; 1999.
4.
go back to reference Rogers B, Arvedson J, Buck G, Smart P, Msall M. Characteristics of dysphagia in children with cerebral palsy. Dysphagia. 1994; 9(1):69–73.PubMedCrossRef Rogers B, Arvedson J, Buck G, Smart P, Msall M. Characteristics of dysphagia in children with cerebral palsy. Dysphagia. 1994; 9(1):69–73.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Lazarus C, Logemann J. Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987; 68(2):79–84.PubMed Lazarus C, Logemann J. Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987; 68(2):79–84.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Langmore SE, Terpenning MS, Schork A, Chen Y, Murray JT, Lopatin D, Loesche WJ. Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: how important is dysphagia?Dysphagia. 1998; 13(2):69–81.PubMedCrossRef Langmore SE, Terpenning MS, Schork A, Chen Y, Murray JT, Lopatin D, Loesche WJ. Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: how important is dysphagia?Dysphagia. 1998; 13(2):69–81.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Ramsey DJ, Smithard DG, Kalra L. Early assessments of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 2003; 34(5):1252–1257.PubMedCrossRef Ramsey DJ, Smithard DG, Kalra L. Early assessments of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 2003; 34(5):1252–1257.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Pugliese G, Lichtenberg DA. Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia: an overview. Am J Infect Control. 1987; 15(6):249–65.PubMedCrossRef Pugliese G, Lichtenberg DA. Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia: an overview. Am J Infect Control. 1987; 15(6):249–65.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Garibaldi RA, Brodine S, Matsumiya S. Infections among patients in nursing homes: policies, prevalence, problems. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305(13):731–5.PubMedCrossRef Garibaldi RA, Brodine S, Matsumiya S. Infections among patients in nursing homes: policies, prevalence, problems. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305(13):731–5.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Bryan CS, Reynolds K. Bacteremic nosocomial pneumonia. analysis of172 episodes from a single metropolitan area. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984; 129(5):668–71.PubMed Bryan CS, Reynolds K. Bacteremic nosocomial pneumonia. analysis of172 episodes from a single metropolitan area. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984; 129(5):668–71.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Logemann J, Kahrilas P, Kobara M, Vakil N. The benefit of head rotation on pharyngoesophageal dysphagia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989; 70(10):767–71.PubMed Logemann J, Kahrilas P, Kobara M, Vakil N. The benefit of head rotation on pharyngoesophageal dysphagia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989; 70(10):767–71.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Lewin JS, Hebert TM, Putnam JB, DuBrow RA. Experience with the chin tuck maneuver in postesophagectomy aspirators. Dysphagia. 2001; 16(3):216–9.PubMedCrossRef Lewin JS, Hebert TM, Putnam JB, DuBrow RA. Experience with the chin tuck maneuver in postesophagectomy aspirators. Dysphagia. 2001; 16(3):216–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Logemann JA. Role of the modified barium swallow in managementof patients with dysphagia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997; 116(3):335–8.PubMedCrossRef Logemann JA. Role of the modified barium swallow in managementof patients with dysphagia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997; 116(3):335–8.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Logemann JA. The evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 1998; 6(6):395–400.CrossRef Logemann JA. The evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 1998; 6(6):395–400.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Bülow M, Olsson R, Ekberg O. Videomanometric analysis of supraglottic swallow, effortful swallow, and chin tuck in healthy volunteers. Dysphagia. 1999; 14(2):67–72.PubMedCrossRef Bülow M, Olsson R, Ekberg O. Videomanometric analysis of supraglottic swallow, effortful swallow, and chin tuck in healthy volunteers. Dysphagia. 1999; 14(2):67–72.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Shanahan TK, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Roa Pauloski B. Chin-down posture effect on aspiration in dysphagic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993; 74(7):736–9.PubMedCrossRef Shanahan TK, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Roa Pauloski B. Chin-down posture effect on aspiration in dysphagic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993; 74(7):736–9.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Macrae P, Anderson C, Humbert I. Mechanisms of airway protection during chin-down swallowing. J Speech Lang Hearing Res. 2014; 57(4):1251–1258.CrossRef Macrae P, Anderson C, Humbert I. Mechanisms of airway protection during chin-down swallowing. J Speech Lang Hearing Res. 2014; 57(4):1251–1258.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Aziz Q, Thompson DG, et al. Organization and reorganization of human swallowing motor cortex: implications for recovery after stroke. Clin Sci. 2000; 99(2):151–7.PubMedCrossRef Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Aziz Q, Thompson DG, et al. Organization and reorganization of human swallowing motor cortex: implications for recovery after stroke. Clin Sci. 2000; 99(2):151–7.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Rosenkranz K, Butler K, Williamon A, Cordivari C, Lees A, Rothwell J. Sensorimotor reorganization by proprioceptive training in musician’s dystonia and writer’s cramp. Neurology. 2008; 70(4):304–15.PubMedCrossRef Rosenkranz K, Butler K, Williamon A, Cordivari C, Lees A, Rothwell J. Sensorimotor reorganization by proprioceptive training in musician’s dystonia and writer’s cramp. Neurology. 2008; 70(4):304–15.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Davenport PW, Bolser DC, Morris KF. Swallow remodeling of respiratory neural networks. Head & Neck. 2011; 33(1):8–13.CrossRef Davenport PW, Bolser DC, Morris KF. Swallow remodeling of respiratory neural networks. Head & Neck. 2011; 33(1):8–13.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Eguiluz VM, Chialvo DR, Cecchi GA, Baliki M, Apkarian AV. Scale-free brain functional networks. Phys Rev Lett. 2005; 94(1):018102.PubMedCrossRef Eguiluz VM, Chialvo DR, Cecchi GA, Baliki M, Apkarian AV. Scale-free brain functional networks. Phys Rev Lett. 2005; 94(1):018102.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Kaiser M, Hilgetag CC. Edge vulnerability in neural and metabolic networks. Biol Cybern. 2004; 90(5):311–7.PubMedCrossRef Kaiser M, Hilgetag CC. Edge vulnerability in neural and metabolic networks. Biol Cybern. 2004; 90(5):311–7.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Micheloyannis S, Pachou E, Stam CJ, Vourkas M, Erimaki S, Tsirka V. Using graph theoretical analysis of multi channel EEG to evaluate the neural efficiency hypothesis. Neurosci Lett. 2006; 402(3):273–7.PubMedCrossRef Micheloyannis S, Pachou E, Stam CJ, Vourkas M, Erimaki S, Tsirka V. Using graph theoretical analysis of multi channel EEG to evaluate the neural efficiency hypothesis. Neurosci Lett. 2006; 402(3):273–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
25.
go back to reference Hulovatyy Y, D’Mello, Calvo RA, Milenković T. Network analysis improves interpretation of affective physiological data. J Complex Netw. 2014; 2(4):614–36.CrossRef Hulovatyy Y, D’Mello, Calvo RA, Milenković T. Network analysis improves interpretation of affective physiological data. J Complex Netw. 2014; 2(4):614–36.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Lago-Fernández LF, Huerta R, Corbacho F, Sigüenza JA. Fast response and temporal coherent oscillations in small-world networks. Phys Rev Lett. 2000; 84(12):2758.PubMedCrossRef Lago-Fernández LF, Huerta R, Corbacho F, Sigüenza JA. Fast response and temporal coherent oscillations in small-world networks. Phys Rev Lett. 2000; 84(12):2758.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Masuda N, Aihara K. Global and local synchrony of coupled neurons in small-world networks. Biol Cybern. 2004; 90(4):302–9.PubMedCrossRef Masuda N, Aihara K. Global and local synchrony of coupled neurons in small-world networks. Biol Cybern. 2004; 90(4):302–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
29.
go back to reference Babaei A, Ward BD, Siwiec RM, Ahmad S, Kern M, Nencka A, Li S-J, Shaker R. Functional connectivity of the cortical swallowing network in humans. Neuroimage. 2013; 76(1):33–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Babaei A, Ward BD, Siwiec RM, Ahmad S, Kern M, Nencka A, Li S-J, Shaker R. Functional connectivity of the cortical swallowing network in humans. Neuroimage. 2013; 76(1):33–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Humbert IA, McLaren DG. Differential psychophysiological interactionsof insular subdivisions during varied oropharyngeal swallowing tasks. Physiol Rep. 2014; 2(3):00239.CrossRef Humbert IA, McLaren DG. Differential psychophysiological interactionsof insular subdivisions during varied oropharyngeal swallowing tasks. Physiol Rep. 2014; 2(3):00239.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Jasper HH. The ten twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958; 10:371–5. Jasper HH. The ten twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958; 10:371–5.
32.
go back to reference Jestrović I, Dudik JM, Luan B, Coyle JL, Sejdić E. The effects of increased fluid viscosity on swallowing sounds in healthy adults. Biomed Eng Online. 2013; 12(1):90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Jestrović I, Dudik JM, Luan B, Coyle JL, Sejdić E. The effects of increased fluid viscosity on swallowing sounds in healthy adults. Biomed Eng Online. 2013; 12(1):90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Delorme A, Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2004; 134(1):9–21.PubMedCrossRef Delorme A, Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2004; 134(1):9–21.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Delorme A, Sejnowski T, Makeig S. Enhanced detection of artifacts in EEG data using higher-order statistics and independent component analysis. Neuroimage. 2007; 34(4):1443–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Delorme A, Sejnowski T, Makeig S. Enhanced detection of artifacts in EEG data using higher-order statistics and independent component analysis. Neuroimage. 2007; 34(4):1443–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Hyvärinen A, Oja E. Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications. Neural Netw. 2000; 13(4):411–30.PubMedCrossRef Hyvärinen A, Oja E. Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications. Neural Netw. 2000; 13(4):411–30.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Kaminski M, Blinowska K. A new method of the description of the information flow in the brain structures. Biol Cybern. 1991; 65(3):203–10.PubMedCrossRef Kaminski M, Blinowska K. A new method of the description of the information flow in the brain structures. Biol Cybern. 1991; 65(3):203–10.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Baccalá LA, Sameshima K. Partial directed coherence: a new concept in neural structure determination. Biol Cybern. 2001; 84(6):463–74.PubMedCrossRef Baccalá LA, Sameshima K. Partial directed coherence: a new concept in neural structure determination. Biol Cybern. 2001; 84(6):463–74.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Granger CW. Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: J Econ Soc. 1969; 37(3):424–38.CrossRef Granger CW. Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: J Econ Soc. 1969; 37(3):424–38.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Jestrović I, Coyle J, Sejdić E. The effects of increased fluid viscosity on stationary characteristics of EEG signal in healthy adults. Brain Res. 2014; 1589:45–53.PubMedCrossRef Jestrović I, Coyle J, Sejdić E. The effects of increased fluid viscosity on stationary characteristics of EEG signal in healthy adults. Brain Res. 2014; 1589:45–53.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Aviyente S, Bernat EM, Evans WS, Sponheim SR. A phase synchrony measure for quantifying dynamic functional integration in the brain. Hum Brain Mapping. 2011; 32(1):80–93.CrossRef Aviyente S, Bernat EM, Evans WS, Sponheim SR. A phase synchrony measure for quantifying dynamic functional integration in the brain. Hum Brain Mapping. 2011; 32(1):80–93.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Choi HI, Williams WJ. Improved time-frequency representation of multicomponent signals using exponential kernels. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process. 1989; 37(6):862–71.CrossRef Choi HI, Williams WJ. Improved time-frequency representation of multicomponent signals using exponential kernels. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process. 1989; 37(6):862–71.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Rubinov M, Sporns O. Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations. Neuroimage. 2010; 52(3):1059–1069.PubMedCrossRef Rubinov M, Sporns O. Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations. Neuroimage. 2010; 52(3):1059–1069.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Stam CJ, Reijneveld JC. Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain. Nonlinear Biomed Phys. 2007; 1(1):1–19.CrossRef Stam CJ, Reijneveld JC. Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain. Nonlinear Biomed Phys. 2007; 1(1):1–19.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Barabási AL, Albert R, Jeong H. Scale-free characteristics of random networks: the topology of the world-wide web. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl. 2000; 281(1):69–77.CrossRef Barabási AL, Albert R, Jeong H. Scale-free characteristics of random networks: the topology of the world-wide web. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl. 2000; 281(1):69–77.CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Achard S, Bullmore E. Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2007; 3(2):174–83. Achard S, Bullmore E. Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2007; 3(2):174–83.
47.
go back to reference Latora V, Marchiori M. Efficient behavior of small-world networks. Phys Rev Lett. 2001; 87(19):198701–14.PubMedCrossRef Latora V, Marchiori M. Efficient behavior of small-world networks. Phys Rev Lett. 2001; 87(19):198701–14.PubMedCrossRef
48.
49.
go back to reference Maslov S, Sneppen K. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science. 2002; 296(5569):910–3.PubMedCrossRef Maslov S, Sneppen K. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science. 2002; 296(5569):910–3.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Wilcoxon F, Katti S, Wilcox RA. Critical Values and Probability Levels for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. New York City, NY: American Cyanamid Company; 1963. Wilcoxon F, Katti S, Wilcox RA. Critical Values and Probability Levels for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. New York City, NY: American Cyanamid Company; 1963.
51.
go back to reference Baslar E, Stampfer H. Important associations among EEG-dynamics, event-related potentials, short-term memory and learning. Int J Neurosci. 1985; 26(3-4):161–80.CrossRef Baslar E, Stampfer H. Important associations among EEG-dynamics, event-related potentials, short-term memory and learning. Int J Neurosci. 1985; 26(3-4):161–80.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Yordanova J, Kolev V, Rosso OA, Schürmann M, Sakowitz OW, Özgören M, Basar E. Wavelet entropy analysis of event-related potentials indicates modality-independent theta dominance. J Neurosci Methods. 2002; 117(1):99–109.PubMedCrossRef Yordanova J, Kolev V, Rosso OA, Schürmann M, Sakowitz OW, Özgören M, Basar E. Wavelet entropy analysis of event-related potentials indicates modality-independent theta dominance. J Neurosci Methods. 2002; 117(1):99–109.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss K, Weiss M. Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress. Nutr Neurosci. 2008; 11(3):103–10.PubMedCrossRef Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss K, Weiss M. Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress. Nutr Neurosci. 2008; 11(3):103–10.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Herrmann CS, Sensowski D, Röttger S. Phase-locking and amplitude modulations of EEG alpha: Two measures reflect different cognitive processes in a working memory task. Exp Psychol. 2004; 51(4):311–8.PubMedCrossRef Herrmann CS, Sensowski D, Röttger S. Phase-locking and amplitude modulations of EEG alpha: Two measures reflect different cognitive processes in a working memory task. Exp Psychol. 2004; 51(4):311–8.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Mathewson KE, Lleras A, Beck DM, Fabiani M, Ro T, Gratton G. Pulsed out of awareness: EEG alpha oscillations represent a pulsed-inhibition of ongoing cortical processing. Front Psychol. 2011; 2(1):99.PubMedCentralPubMed Mathewson KE, Lleras A, Beck DM, Fabiani M, Ro T, Gratton G. Pulsed out of awareness: EEG alpha oscillations represent a pulsed-inhibition of ongoing cortical processing. Front Psychol. 2011; 2(1):99.PubMedCentralPubMed
56.
go back to reference Sauseng P, Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Pecherstorfer T, Freunberger R, Hanslmayr S. EEG alpha synchronization and functional coupling during top-down processing in a working memory task. Hum Brain Mapping. 2005; 26(2):148–55.CrossRef Sauseng P, Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Pecherstorfer T, Freunberger R, Hanslmayr S. EEG alpha synchronization and functional coupling during top-down processing in a working memory task. Hum Brain Mapping. 2005; 26(2):148–55.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Herrmann CS, Mecklinger A. Gamma activity in human EEG is related to highspeed memory comparisons during object selective attention. Vis Cogn. 2001; 8(3-5):593–608.CrossRef Herrmann CS, Mecklinger A. Gamma activity in human EEG is related to highspeed memory comparisons during object selective attention. Vis Cogn. 2001; 8(3-5):593–608.CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Niedermeyer E, Silva da FL. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. Niedermeyer E, Silva da FL. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
59.
go back to reference Kristeva-Feige R, Fritsch C, Timmer J, Lücking CH. Effects of attention and precision of exerted force on beta range EEG-EMG synchronization during a maintained motor contraction task. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002; 113(1):124–31.PubMedCrossRef Kristeva-Feige R, Fritsch C, Timmer J, Lücking CH. Effects of attention and precision of exerted force on beta range EEG-EMG synchronization during a maintained motor contraction task. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002; 113(1):124–31.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Welch MV, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Kahrilas PJ. Changes in pharyngeal dimensions effected by chin tuck. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993; 74(2):178–81.PubMed Welch MV, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Kahrilas PJ. Changes in pharyngeal dimensions effected by chin tuck. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993; 74(2):178–81.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Humbert IA, Fitzgerald ME, McLaren DG, Johnson S, Porcaro E, Kosmatka K, Hind J, Robbins J. Neurophysiology of swallowing: effects of age and bolus type. Neuroimage. 2009; 44(3):982–91.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Humbert IA, Fitzgerald ME, McLaren DG, Johnson S, Porcaro E, Kosmatka K, Hind J, Robbins J. Neurophysiology of swallowing: effects of age and bolus type. Neuroimage. 2009; 44(3):982–91.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Humbert IA, McLaren DG, Kosmatka K, Fitzgerald ME, Johnson S, Porcaro E, Kays S, Umoh E-O, Robbins J. Early deficits in cortical control of swallowing in alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 19(4):1185–97.PubMedCentralPubMed Humbert IA, McLaren DG, Kosmatka K, Fitzgerald ME, Johnson S, Porcaro E, Kays S, Umoh E-O, Robbins J. Early deficits in cortical control of swallowing in alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 19(4):1185–97.PubMedCentralPubMed
Metadata
Title
Characterizing functional connectivity patterns during saliva swallows in different head positions
Authors
Iva Jestrović
James L. Coyle
Ervin Sejdić
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1743-0003
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-015-0049-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 1/2015 Go to the issue