Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Genetic Counseling 2/2014

01-04-2014 | Original Research

Changes in Specialists’ Perspectives on Cancer Genetic Testing, Prophylactic Surgery and Insurance Discrimination: Then and Now

Authors: Ellen T. Matloff, Danielle C. Bonadies, Anne Moyer, Karina L. Brierley

Published in: Journal of Genetic Counseling | Issue 2/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

We surveyed cancer genetics specialists in 1998 to learn what they would do if at 50 % risk to carry a BRCA or Lynch syndrome mutation. We chose to repeat our study 14 years later, to examine how perspectives have changed with the extensive data now available. In July 2012 we surveyed the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) Cancer Special Interest Group via an internet based survey. We found statistically significant increases in the percentage of specialists who: would undergo BRCA testing (p = 0.0006), opt for prophylactic bilateral mastectomy (p =0.0001), opt for prophylactic removal of their uterus and ovaries for Lynch syndrome (p =0.0057 and P = 0.0090, respectively), and bill testing to insurance (p >0.0001). There were also statistically significant decreases in the percentage of participants who would have their colon removed for Lynch syndrome (p = 0.0002) and use an alias when pursuing testing (p > 0.0001). Over the past 14 years there has been a major change in perspective amongst cancer genetic specialists regarding genetic testing, prophylactic surgery and insurance discrimination.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
go back to reference Antoniou, A., Pharoah, P., Narod, S., Risch, H. A., Eyfjjord, J. E., Hopper, J. L., et al. (2003). Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 1117–1130.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Antoniou, A., Pharoah, P., Narod, S., Risch, H. A., Eyfjjord, J. E., Hopper, J. L., et al. (2003). Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 1117–1130.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Burke, W., Daly, M. B., & Garber, J. (1997). Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(12), 997–1003.CrossRef Burke, W., Daly, M. B., & Garber, J. (1997). Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(12), 997–1003.CrossRef
go back to reference Burn, J., Gerdes, A. M., Macrae, F., Mecklin, J. P., Moeslein, G., Olschwang, S., et al. (2011). Long-term effect of aspirin on cancer risk in carriers of hereditary colorectal cancer: an analysis from the CAPP2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 378, 2081–2087.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Burn, J., Gerdes, A. M., Macrae, F., Mecklin, J. P., Moeslein, G., Olschwang, S., et al. (2011). Long-term effect of aspirin on cancer risk in carriers of hereditary colorectal cancer: an analysis from the CAPP2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 378, 2081–2087.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cibula, D., Zikan, M., Dusek, L., & Majek, O. (2011). Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian and breast cancers in BRCA mutation carriers: a meta-analysis. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 11, 1197–1207.PubMedCrossRef Cibula, D., Zikan, M., Dusek, L., & Majek, O. (2011). Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian and breast cancers in BRCA mutation carriers: a meta-analysis. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 11, 1197–1207.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Domchek, S. M., Friebel, T. M., Singer, C. F., Evans, D. G., Lynch, H. T., Isaacs, C., et al. (2010). Association of risk-reducing surgery in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers with cancer risk and mortality. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 304, 967–975.CrossRef Domchek, S. M., Friebel, T. M., Singer, C. F., Evans, D. G., Lynch, H. T., Isaacs, C., et al. (2010). Association of risk-reducing surgery in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers with cancer risk and mortality. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 304, 967–975.CrossRef
go back to reference Engel, C., Rahner, N., Schulmann, K., Holinski-Feder, E., Goecke, T. O., Schackert, H. K., et al. (2010). Efficacy of annual colonoscopic surveillance in individuals with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 8, 174–182.PubMedCrossRef Engel, C., Rahner, N., Schulmann, K., Holinski-Feder, E., Goecke, T. O., Schackert, H. K., et al. (2010). Efficacy of annual colonoscopic surveillance in individuals with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 8, 174–182.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Evans, D. G., Shenton, A., Woodward, E., Lalloo, F., Howell, A., & Maher, E. R. (2008). Penetrance estimates for BRCA1 and BRCA2 based on genetic testing in a clinical cancer genetics service setting: risks of breast/ovarian cancer quoted should reflect the cancer burden in the family. BMC Cancer, 8, 155.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Evans, D. G., Shenton, A., Woodward, E., Lalloo, F., Howell, A., & Maher, E. R. (2008). Penetrance estimates for BRCA1 and BRCA2 based on genetic testing in a clinical cancer genetics service setting: risks of breast/ovarian cancer quoted should reflect the cancer burden in the family. BMC Cancer, 8, 155.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hamilton, J. G., Lobel, M., & Moyer, A. (2009). Emotional distress following genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: a meta-analytic review. Health Psychology, 28(4), 510–518.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hamilton, J. G., Lobel, M., & Moyer, A. (2009). Emotional distress following genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: a meta-analytic review. Health Psychology, 28(4), 510–518.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hudson, K. L., Holohan, M. K., & Collins, F. S. (2008). Keeping pace with the times — The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 2661–2663.PubMedCrossRef Hudson, K. L., Holohan, M. K., & Collins, F. S. (2008). Keeping pace with the times — The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 2661–2663.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kauff, N. D., Domchek, S. M., Friebel, T. M., Robson, M. E., Lee, J., Garber, J. E., et al. (2008). Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy for the prevention of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast and gynecologic cancer: a multicenter, prospective study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 1331–1337.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kauff, N. D., Domchek, S. M., Friebel, T. M., Robson, M. E., Lee, J., Garber, J. E., et al. (2008). Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy for the prevention of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast and gynecologic cancer: a multicenter, prospective study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 1331–1337.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kotsopoulos, J., Lubinski, J., Lynch, H. T., Kim-Sing, C., Neuhausen, S., Demsky, R., et al. (2012). Oophorectomy after menopause and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 21(7), 1089–1096.CrossRef Kotsopoulos, J., Lubinski, J., Lynch, H. T., Kim-Sing, C., Neuhausen, S., Demsky, R., et al. (2012). Oophorectomy after menopause and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 21(7), 1089–1096.CrossRef
go back to reference Leib, J. R., Hoodfar, E., Haidle, J. L., & Nagy, R. (2008). The new genetic privacy law: how GINA will affect patients seeking counseling and testing for inherited cancer risk. Community Oncology, 5, 351–354.CrossRef Leib, J. R., Hoodfar, E., Haidle, J. L., & Nagy, R. (2008). The new genetic privacy law: how GINA will affect patients seeking counseling and testing for inherited cancer risk. Community Oncology, 5, 351–354.CrossRef
go back to reference Matloff, E. T., Shappell, H., Brierley, K., Bernhardt, B. A., McKinnon, W., & Peshkin, B. N. (2000). What would you do? Specialists’ perspectives on cancer genetic testing, prophylactic surgery, and insurance discrimination. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 2484–2492.PubMed Matloff, E. T., Shappell, H., Brierley, K., Bernhardt, B. A., McKinnon, W., & Peshkin, B. N. (2000). What would you do? Specialists’ perspectives on cancer genetic testing, prophylactic surgery, and insurance discrimination. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 2484–2492.PubMed
go back to reference Matloff, E. T. (2012). Cancer genetic counseling and testing: past, present and future. Cancer Journal, 18, 285–286.CrossRef Matloff, E. T. (2012). Cancer genetic counseling and testing: past, present and future. Cancer Journal, 18, 285–286.CrossRef
go back to reference Passaperuma, K., Warner, E., Causer, P. A., Hill, K. A., Messner, S., Wong, J. W., et al. (2012). Long-term results of screening with magnetic resonance imaging in women with BRCA mutations. British Journal of Cancer, 107(1), 24–30.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Passaperuma, K., Warner, E., Causer, P. A., Hill, K. A., Messner, S., Wong, J. W., et al. (2012). Long-term results of screening with magnetic resonance imaging in women with BRCA mutations. British Journal of Cancer, 107(1), 24–30.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rebbeck, T. R., Friebel, T., Lynch, H. T., Neuhausen, S. L., van’t Veer, L., Garber, J. E., et al. (2004). Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(6), 1055–1062.PubMedCrossRef Rebbeck, T. R., Friebel, T., Lynch, H. T., Neuhausen, S. L., van’t Veer, L., Garber, J. E., et al. (2004). Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(6), 1055–1062.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rudnick, J. (Director and Producer). (2008). In the family [documentary film]. United States: Kartemquin Films. Rudnick, J. (Director and Producer). (2008). In the family [documentary film]. United States: Kartemquin Films.
go back to reference Schmeler, K. M., Lynch, H. T., Chen, L. M., Munsell, M. F., Soliman, P. T., Clark, M. B., et al. (2006). Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354(3), 261–269.PubMedCrossRef Schmeler, K. M., Lynch, H. T., Chen, L. M., Munsell, M. F., Soliman, P. T., Clark, M. B., et al. (2006). Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354(3), 261–269.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference South, C. D., Hampel, H., Comeras, I., Westman, J. A., Frankel, W. L., & de la Chapelle, A. (2008). The frequency of Muir-Torre syndrome among Lynch syndrome families. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 100, 277–281.PubMedCrossRef South, C. D., Hampel, H., Comeras, I., Westman, J. A., Frankel, W. L., & de la Chapelle, A. (2008). The frequency of Muir-Torre syndrome among Lynch syndrome families. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 100, 277–281.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stirling, D., Evans, D. G., Pichert, G., Shenton, A., Kirk, E. N., Rimmer, S., et al. (2005). Screening for familial ovarian cancer: failure of current protocols to detect ovarian cancer at an early stage according to the international Federation of gynecology and obstetrics system. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 3(24), 5588–5596.CrossRef Stirling, D., Evans, D. G., Pichert, G., Shenton, A., Kirk, E. N., Rimmer, S., et al. (2005). Screening for familial ovarian cancer: failure of current protocols to detect ovarian cancer at an early stage according to the international Federation of gynecology and obstetrics system. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 3(24), 5588–5596.CrossRef
go back to reference van Oostrom, I., Meijers-Heijboer, H., Lodder, L. N., Duivenvoorden, H. J., van Gool, A. R., Seynaeve, C., et al. (2003). Long-term psychological impact of carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation and prophylactic surgery: A 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(20), 3867–3874.PubMedCrossRef van Oostrom, I., Meijers-Heijboer, H., Lodder, L. N., Duivenvoorden, H. J., van Gool, A. R., Seynaeve, C., et al. (2003). Long-term psychological impact of carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation and prophylactic surgery: A 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(20), 3867–3874.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Warner, E., Hill, K., Causer, P., Plewes, D., Jong, R., Yaffe, M., et al. (2011). Prospective study of breast cancer incidence in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation under surveillance with and without magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 1664–1669.PubMedCrossRef Warner, E., Hill, K., Causer, P., Plewes, D., Jong, R., Yaffe, M., et al. (2011). Prospective study of breast cancer incidence in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation under surveillance with and without magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 1664–1669.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Watson, P., Vasen, H. F. A., Mecklin, J.-P., Bernstein, I., Aarnio, M., Jarvinen, H. J., et al. (2008). The risk of extra-colonic, extra-endometrial cancer in the Lynch syndrome. International Journal of Cancer, 123, 444–449.CrossRef Watson, P., Vasen, H. F. A., Mecklin, J.-P., Bernstein, I., Aarnio, M., Jarvinen, H. J., et al. (2008). The risk of extra-colonic, extra-endometrial cancer in the Lynch syndrome. International Journal of Cancer, 123, 444–449.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Changes in Specialists’ Perspectives on Cancer Genetic Testing, Prophylactic Surgery and Insurance Discrimination: Then and Now
Authors
Ellen T. Matloff
Danielle C. Bonadies
Anne Moyer
Karina L. Brierley
Publication date
01-04-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Genetic Counseling / Issue 2/2014
Print ISSN: 1059-7700
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3599
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-013-9625-z

Other articles of this Issue 2/2014

Journal of Genetic Counseling 2/2014 Go to the issue