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Sports Medicine
Published in: Sports Medicine 5/2016

01-05-2016 | Systematic Review

Challenges Establishing the Efficacy of Exercise as an Antidepressant Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Control Group Responses in Exercise Randomised Controlled Trials

Authors: Brendon Stubbs, Davy Vancampfort, Simon Rosenbaum, Philip B. Ward, Justin Richards, Michael Ussher, Felipe B. Schuch

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 5/2016

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Abstract

Background

Whilst previous meta-analyses have demonstrated that control group responses (CGRs) can negatively influence antidepressant efficacy, no such meta-analysis exists in exercise randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Objective

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating CGRs and predictors in control groups of exercise RCTs among adults with depression.

Methods

Three authors acquired RCTs from a previous Cochrane review (2013) and conducted updated searches of major databases from January 2013 to August 2015. We included exercise RCTs that (1) involved adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) or depressive symptoms; (2) measured depressive symptoms pre- and post-intervention using a validated measure [e.g. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D)]; and (3) included a non-active control group. A random effects meta-analysis calculating the standardised mean difference (SMD) together with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) was employed to determine CGR.

Results

Across 41 studies, 1122 adults with depression were included [mean (SD) age 50 (18) years, 63 % female]. A large CGR of improved depressive symptoms was evident across all studies (SMD −0.920, 95 % CI −1.11 to −0.729). CGRs were elevated across all subgroup analyses, including high quality studies (n = 11, SMD −1.430, 95 % CI −1.771 to −1.090) and MDD participants (n = 18, SMD −1.248, 95 % CI = −1.585 to −0.911). The CGR equated to an improvement of −7.5 points on the HAM-D (95 % CI −10.30 to −4.89). In MDD participants, increasing age moderated a smaller CGR, while the percentage of drop-outs, baseline depressive symptoms and a longer control group duration moderated a larger CGR (i.e. improvement) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In order to demonstrate effectiveness, exercise has to overcome a powerful CGR of approximately double that reported for antidepressant RCTS.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Challenges Establishing the Efficacy of Exercise as an Antidepressant Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Control Group Responses in Exercise Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors
Brendon Stubbs
Davy Vancampfort
Simon Rosenbaum
Philip B. Ward
Justin Richards
Michael Ussher
Felipe B. Schuch
Publication date
01-05-2016
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 5/2016
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0441-5

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