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European Spine Journal
Published in: European Spine Journal 1/2018

01-02-2018 | Review

Cervical sagittal balance: a biomechanical perspective can help clinical practice

Authors: Avinash G. Patwardhan, Saeed Khayatzadeh, Robert M. Havey, Leonard I. Voronov, Zachary A. Smith, Olivia Kalmanson, Alexander J. Ghanayem, William Sears

Published in: European Spine Journal | Special Issue 1/2018

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Abstract

Purpose

In this article, we summarize our work on understanding the influence of cervical sagittal malalignment on the mechanics of the cervical spine.

Methods

Biomechanical studies were performed using an ex vivo laboratory model to study the kinematic and kinetic response of human cervical spine specimens in the setting of cervical sagittal imbalance. The model allowed controlled variations of C2–C7 Sagittal Vertical Alignment (C2–C7 SVA) and T1-Slope so that clinically relevant sagittally malaligned profiles could be prescribed, while maintaining horizontal gaze, and their biomechanical consequences studied.

Results

Our results demonstrated that increasing C2–C7 SVA caused flexion of lower cervical (C2–C7) segments and hyperextension of suboccipital (C0–C1–C2) segments to maintain horizontal gaze. An increase in C2–C7 SVA increased the lower cervical neural foraminal areas. Conversely, increasing T1-slope predominantly influenced subaxial cervical lordosis and, as a result, decreased cervical neural foraminal areas. Therefore, we believe patients with increased upper thoracic kyphosis and radicular symptoms may respond with increased forward head posture (FHP) as a compensatory mechanism to increase their lower cervical neural foraminal area and alleviate nerve root compression as well as reduce the burden on posterior muscles and soft and bony structures of the cervical spine. Increasing FHP (i.e., increased C2–C7 SVA) was associated with shortening of the cervical flexors and occipital extensors and lengthening of the cervical extensors and occipital flexors, which corresponds to C2–C7 flexion and C0–C2 extension. The greatest shortening occurred in the suboccipital muscles, suggesting considerable load bearing of these muscles during chronic FHP. Regardless, there was no evidence of nerve compression within the suboccipital triangle. Finally, cervical sagittal imbalance may play a role in exacerbating adjacent segment pathomechanics after multilevel cervical fusion and should be considered during surgical planning.

Conclusions

The results of our biomechanical studies have improved our understanding of the impact of cervical sagittal malalignment on pathomechanics of the cervical spine. We believe this improved understanding will assist in clinical decision-making.
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Metadata
Title
Cervical sagittal balance: a biomechanical perspective can help clinical practice
Authors
Avinash G. Patwardhan
Saeed Khayatzadeh
Robert M. Havey
Leonard I. Voronov
Zachary A. Smith
Olivia Kalmanson
Alexander J. Ghanayem
William Sears
Publication date
01-02-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Spine Journal / Issue Special Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 0940-6719
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0932
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-017-5367-1

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