Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Oral Health
Published in: BMC Oral Health 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Caries | Research article

Individual and familial factors associated with caries and gingivitis among adolescents resident in a semi-urban community in South-Western Nigeria

Authors: Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Maha El Tantawi, Nneka Maureen Chukwumah, Michael Alade, Olakunle Oginni, Boladale Mapayi, Olaniyi Arowolo, Nadia A. Sam-Agudu

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Objectives

We describe the prevalence, and individual and familial risk indicators for dental caries and gingivitis among 10–19-year-old adolescents in Ile-Ife, South-West Nigeria.

Methods

This cross-sectional study collected data through household surveys conducted between December 2018 and January 2019. Adolescents were recruited through multistage sampling. Oral health outcomes were caries, measured by the ‘Decayed, Missing due to caries, and Filled Teeth’ (DMFT) index, and gingivitis, measured by the Loe and Silness gingival index. Explanatory variables were individual (sex, age, oral health perception) and familial (socioeconomic status, birth rank, family size and parental living status) factors. Oral health behaviors (daily tooth-brushing, use of fluoridated toothpaste, consuming refined carbohydrates in-between meals, use of dental floss, dental service utilization in past 12 months, and smoking habits) were treated as confounders. Poisson regression models with robust estimation were constructed to determine associations between explanatory factors and oral health outcomes.

Results

A total of 1472 adolescents were surveyed. Caries prevalence was 3.4%, with mean (standard deviation) DMFT of 0.06 (0.36) and plaque index of 0.84 (0.56). Only 128 (8.7%) adolescents brushed their teeth twice daily, 192 (16.1%) used dental floss daily, 14 (1.1%) utilized dental services in the last 12 months, and 508 (36.1%) consumed refined carbohydrates in-between meals less than once daily. The proportion of respondents who currently smoked cigarettes was 1.6%, and 91.7% of respondents used fluoridated toothpaste daily. The adjusted prevalence ratio of having caries increased by 18% for every additional age-year (APR: 1.18; 95% CI 1.004, 1.34). Additionally, participants with high socioeconomic status had significantly lower prevalence of caries compared to those with lower status (APR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.17, 0.91). Moderate/severe gingivitis was significantly associated with higher frequency of consuming refined carbohydrates in-between meals (APR: 2.33; 95% CI 1.36, 3.99) and higher plaque index scores (APR: 16.24; 95% CI 9.83, 26.82).

Conclusion

Caries prevalence increased with increasing age and was higher among Nigerian adolescents with low socioeconomic status, while moderate/severe gingivitis was associated with frequent consumption of refined carbohydrates and higher plaque index score. While behavioral interventions may reduce the risk of gingivitis, structural interventions may be needed to reduce the risk for caries in this population.
Literature
1.
Marcenes W, Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe E, Flaxman A, Naghavi M, Lopez A, et al. Global burden of oral conditions in 1990–2010: a systematic analysis. J Dent Res. 2013;2013(92):592–7.CrossRef
2.
The Lancet Child Adolescent Health. Oral health: oft overlooked. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3(10):663.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Eid SA, Ali-Khattab NM, Elheeny AAH. Untreated dental caries prevalence and impact on the quality of life among 11–14-year-old Egyptian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Crall JJ, Forrest CB. A life course health development perspective on oral health. 2017 May 19. In: Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, Faustman EM, editors. Handbook of life course health development (Internet). Cham (CH): Springer; 2018.
5.
Mota-Veloso I, Soares ME, Alencar BM, Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Ramos-Jorge J. Impact of untreated dental caries and its clinical consequences on the oral health-related quality of life of schoolchildren aged 8–10 years. Qual Life Res. 2016;25(1):193–9.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Souza JGS, Souza SE, Noronha MDS, Ferreira EFE, Martins AMEBL. Impact of untreated dental caries on the daily activities of children. J Public Health Dent. 2018;78(3):197–202.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Benzian H, Monse B, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Hobdell M, Mulder J, van Palenstein HW. Untreated severe dental decay: a neglected determinant of low body mass index in 12-year-old Filipino children. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:558.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Piovesan C, Antunes JLF, Mendes F, Guedes RS, Ardenghi TM. Influence of children’s oral health related quality of life on school performance and school absenteeism. J Public Health Dent. 2012;72(2):156–63.PubMedCrossRef
9.
10.
de Barbosa TS, Gavião MBD, Mialhe FL. Gingivitis and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic literature review. Braz Dent Sci. 2015;18:1.CrossRef
11.
Needleman I, McGrath C, Floyd P, Biddle A. Impact of oral health on the life quality of periodontal patien: 7–16 ts. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(6):454–7.PubMedCrossRef
12.
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, “Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017; 390 (10100): 1211–1259.
13.
Sanz M. European workshop in periodontal health and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2010;12(B):B2.CrossRef
14.
Nazir M, Al-Ansari A, Al-Khalifa K, Alhareky M, Gaffar B, Almas K. Global prevalence of periodontal disease and lack of its surveillance. Sci World J. 2020;28:2146160.
15.
Jepsen S, Blanco J, Buchalla W, Carvalho JC, Dietrich T, Dörfer C, et al. Prevention and control of dental caries and periodontal diseases at individual and population level: consensus report of group 3 of joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(Suppl 18):S85–93.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Steinberg L. A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk taking. Dev Rev. 2008;28(1):76–106.CrossRef
17.
Adekoya-Sofowora CA, Nasir WO, Oginni AO, Taiwo M. Dental caries in 12-year-old suburban Nigerian school children. Afr Health Sci. 2006;6(3):145–50.PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
19.
Tudoroniu C, Popa M, Lacob SM, Pop AL, Nasui BA. Correlation of caries prevalence, oral health behavior and sweets nutritional habits among 10–19-year-old Cluj-Napoca Romanian adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6923.PubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Folayan MO, Oginni O, Arowolo O, El Tantawi M. Association between adverse childhood experiences, bullying, self-esteem, resilience, social support, caries and oral hygiene in children and adolescents in sub-urban Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):202.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Akinyamoju CA, Dairo DM, Adeoye IA, Akinyamoju AO. Dental caries and oral hygiene status: survey of schoolchildren in rural communities, Southwest Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2018;25(4):239–45.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Chukwumah NM, Folayan MO, Oziegbe EO, Umweni AA. Impact of dental caries and its treatment on the quality of life of 12- to 15-year-old adolescents in Benin. Nigeria Int J Paediatr Dent. 2016;26(1):66–76.PubMedCrossRef
23.
24.
Popoola BO, Dosunmu EB, Ifesanya JU. Periodontal status and treatment need among adolescents in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Braz J Oral Sci. 2015;14:2.CrossRef
25.
Silveira MF, Freire RS, Brito MFSF, Martins AMEBL, Marcopito LF. Periodontal conditions of adolescents and associated factors. Rev Gauch Odontol. 2019;2019:67.
26.
Bokhari AM, Quadri MFA. What factors contribute to the self-reported oral health status of Arab adolescents? An assessment using a validated Arabic-WHO tool for child oral health (A-OHAT). BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Anand R. The effect of the supervised use of fluoridated toothpaste on the gingival health of children. J Clin Diagn Res. 2011;5(2):388–9.
28.
Amin TT, Al-Abad BM. Oral hygiene practices, dental knowledge, dietary habits and their relation to caries among male primary school children in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):361.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Kubota M, Tanno-Nakanishi M, Yamada S, Okuda K. Effect of smoking on subgingival microflora of patients with periodontitis in Japan. BMC Oral Health. 2011;11(1):1.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Wang Q, Cai C, Duan Y, Wang X. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor but not acetylcholinesterase plays an important role in nicotine-related periodontitis. Med Hypoth. 2010;74(5):954–5.CrossRef
31.
Lukacs J. Sex differences in dental caries experience: clinical evidence, complex etiology. Clin Oral Invest. 2010;15(5):649–56.CrossRef
32.
Lukacs JR, Largaespada LL. Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: saliva, hormones, and “life-history” etiologies. Am J Hum Biol. 2006;18(4):540–55.PubMedCrossRef
33.
34.
Costa SM, Martins CC, Bonfim Mde L, Zina LG, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA, Abreu MH. A systematic review of socioeconomic indicators and dental caries in adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(10):3540–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
Wellappuli N, Amarasena N. Influence of family structure on dental caries experience of preschool children in Sri Lanka. Caries Res. 2012;46(3):208–12.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Primosch RE. Effect of family structure on the dental caries experience of children. J Public Health Dent. 1982;42(2):155–68.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Frencken JE, Sharma P, Stenhouse L, Green D, Laverty D, Dietrich T. Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe periodontitis—a comprehensive review. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(Suppl 18):S94–105.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Adeniyi AA, Sofola OO, Kalliecharan RV. An appraisal of the oral health care system in Nigeria. Int Dent J. 2012;2012(62):292–300.CrossRef
39.
Folayan MO, Chukwumah NM, Onyejaka NO, Adeniyi AA, Olatosi OO. Appraisal of the national response to the caries epidemic in children in Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Adolescent Health Care Services and Models of Care for Treatment, Prevention, and Healthy Development. Adolescent Health Services: Missing Opportunities. Lawrence RS, Appleton Gootman J, Sim LJ, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2009.
41.
Okeigbemen SA. The prevalence of dental caries among 12 to 15-year-old school children in Nigeria: report of a local survey and campaign. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2004;2(1):27–31.PubMed
42.
Denloye O, Ajayi D, Bankole O. A Study of dental caries prevalence in 12–14-year-old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pediat Dent J. 2005;15(2):147–51.CrossRef
43.
Folayan MO, Owotade FJ, Ozeigbe E, Fadeyibi R. Effect of birth rank on the caries experience of children from a suburban population in Nigeria. J Dent Oral Hygiene. 2010;2(3):27–30.
44.
Araoye MO. Research methodology with statistics for health and social sciences. Ilorin: Nathadex Publisher 2003; 115(9):25–120.
45.
Fisher-Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Weintraub JA, Soobader MJ, Bramlett MD, Newacheck PW. Influences on children’s oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):e510–20.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Ola D, Gambôa AB, Folayan MO, Marcenes W. Family structure, socioeconomic position and utilization of oral health services among Nigerian senior secondary school pupils. J Public Health Dent. 2013;73(2):158–65.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Olusanya O. The importance of social class in voluntary fertility control in a developing country. West Afr J Med. 1985;4:205–12.
48.
Folayan MO, Idehen EE, Ufomata D. The effect of sociodemographic factors on dental anxiety in children seen in a suburban Nigerian hospital. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003;13:20–6.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Folayan MO, Kolawole KA, Oyedele T, Chukumah NM, Onyejaka N, Agbaje H, Oziegbe EO, Oshomoji OV. Association between preventive oral health habits of parents and caries experience in children resident in a sub-urban Nigeria population. PLoS ONE. 2014;14:156.
50.
Folayan MO, Khami MR, Onyejaka N, Popoola BO, Adeyemo YI. Preventive oral health practices of school pupils in Southern Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Löe H. The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38(6):610–6.CrossRef
52.
Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121–35.PubMedCrossRef
53.
World Health Organisation. World Health Organisation Oral Health surveys: Basic Methods. 5th Edition. Geneva. 2003.
54.
Federal Ministry of Health. Guidelines for Young Persons’ Participation in Research and Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services. 2014.
55.
Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e297.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Dye BA, Thornton-Evans G, Li X, Iafolla TJ. Dental caries and sealant prevalence in children and adolescents in the United States, 2011–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;191:1–8.
57.
Ndagire B, Kutesa A, Ssenyonga R, Kiiza HM, Nakanjako D, Rwenyonyi CM. Prevalence, severity and factors associated with dental caries among school adolescents in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Braz Dent J. 2020;31(2):171–8.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
58.
Tudoroniu C, Popa M, Iacob SM, Pop AL, Năsui BA. Correlation of caries prevalence, oral health behavior and sweets nutritional habits among 10 to 19-year-old Cluj-Napoca Romanian Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6923.PubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Olatosi OO, Oyapero A, Onyejaka NK. Disparities in caries experience and socio-behavioural risk indicators among private school children in Lagos, Nigeria. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada. 2020;20:e0023.CrossRef
60.
Moynihan P, Petersen PE. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1A):201–26.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Obregón-Rodríguez N, Fernández-Riveiro P, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Smyth-Chamosa E, Montes-Martínez A, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. Prevalence and caries-related risk factors in schoolchildren of 12- and 15-year-old: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):120.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Bernabé E, Sheiham A. Age, period and cohort trends in caries of permanent teeth in four developed countries. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(7):e115-121.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Folayan MO, Tantawi ME, Gaffar B, Schroth RJ, Catillo JL, Al-Batayneh OB, et al. An ecological study of the association between environmental indicators and early childhood caries. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):474.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Lula EC, Ribeiro CC, Hugo FN, Alves CM, Silva AA. Added sugars and periodontal disease in young adults: an analysis of NHANES III data. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(4):1182–7.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Rippe JM, Angelopoulos TJ. Sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, and fructose, their metabolism and potential health effects: what do we really know? Adv Nutr. 2013;4:236–45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
D’Aiuto F, Nibali L, Parkar M, Patel K, Suvan J, Donos N. Oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and severe periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2010;89:1241–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Yoshihara A, Watanabe R, Hanada N, Miyazaki H. A Longitudinal study of the relationship between diet intake and dental caries and periodontal disease in elderly Japanese subjects. Gerodontology. 2009;26:130–6.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Sidi AD, Ashley FP. Influence of frequent sugar intakes on experimental gingivitis. J Periodontol. 1984;55:419–23.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM Jr, Setyaadmadja AT. Periodontal pathosis in man. 13. Effect of sucrose drinks upon sulcus depth. J Oral Ther Pharmacol. 1965; 2: 195–202.
70.
Arcella D, Ottolenghi L, Polimeni A, Leclercq C. The relationship between frequency of carbohydrates intake and dental caries: a cross sectional study in Italian teenagers. Public Health Nutr. 2001;5(4):553–60.CrossRef
71.
Zimmermann H, Zimmermann N, Hagenfeld D, Veile A, Kim TS, Becher H. Is frequency of tooth brushing a risk factor for periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015;43(2):116–27.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Rathee M, Jain P. Gingivitis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
73.
Akhionbare O, Ojehanon PI. A study of the effect of frequency of tooth brushing on the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Port Harcourt Med J. 2016;10:119–23.CrossRef
74.
Davies RM, Davies GM, Ellwood RP. Prevention. Part 4: Toothbrushing: what advice should be given to patients? Br Dent J. 2003;195(3):135–41.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Liccardo D, Cannavo A, Spagnuolo G, Ferrara N, Cittadini A, Rengo C, et al. Periodontal disease: a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6):1414.PubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Federal Ministry of Health. National Oral Health Policy. Federal Ministry of Health Abuja. 2020.
Metadata
Title
Individual and familial factors associated with caries and gingivitis among adolescents resident in a semi-urban community in South-Western Nigeria
Authors
Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
Maha El Tantawi
Nneka Maureen Chukwumah
Michael Alade
Olakunle Oginni
Boladale Mapayi
Olaniyi Arowolo
Nadia A. Sam-Agudu
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01527-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Oral Health 1/2021 Go to the issue

Research article

Association between psychological factors and temporomandibular disorders in adolescents of rural and urban zones

Research article

Fluoride in the drinking water and dental caries experience by tooth surface susceptibility among adults

Research

Restorative treatment decisions for carious lesions: Do Russian dentists and dental students apply minimal intervention dentistry?

Research article

Hydrogeogenic fluoride in groundwater and dental fluorosis in Thai agrarian communities: a prevalence survey and case–control study

Research

Oral health status among transgender young adults: a cross-sectional study

Research

Evaluation of the position and morphology of tongue and hyoid bone in skeletal Class II malocclusion based on cone beam computed tomography