Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Review

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pulmonary hypertension

Authors: William M Bradlow, J Simon R Gibbs, Raad H Mohiaddin

Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension represents a group of conditions characterized by higher than normal pulmonary artery pressures. Despite improved treatments, outcomes in many instances remain poor. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in patients with pulmonary hypertension. This technique offers certain advantages over other imaging modalities since it is well suited to the assessment of the right ventricle and the proximal pulmonary arteries. Reflecting the relatively sparse evidence supporting its use, CMR is not routinely recommended for patients with pulmonary hypertension. However, it is particularly useful in patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. Furthermore, it has proven informative in a number of ways; illustrating how right ventricular remodeling is favorably reversed by drug therapies and providing explicit confirmation of the importance of the right ventricle to clinical outcome. This review will discuss these aspects and practical considerations before speculating on future applications.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Galie N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, Torbicki A, Vachiery JL, Barbera JA, Beghetti M, Corris P, Gaine S, Gibbs JS: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2009, 30: 2493-2537.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Humbert M, Sitbon O, Chaouat A, Bertocchi M, Habib G, Gressin V, Yaici A, Weitzenblum E, Cordier JF, Chabot F: Survival in patients with idiopathic, familial, and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern management era. Circulation. 122: 156-163.
3.
Lang IM, Plank C, Sadushi-Kolici R, Jakowitsch J, Klepetko W, Maurer G: Imaging in pulmonary hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 3: 1287-1295.
4.
von Schulthess GK, Fisher MR, Higgins CB: Pathologic blood flow in pulmonary vascular disease as shown by gated magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Intern Med. 1985, 103: 317-323.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Mackey ES, Sandler MP, Campbell RM, Graham TP, Atkinson JB, Price R, Moreau GA: Right ventricular myocardial mass quantification with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1990, 65: 529-532. 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90828-O.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Boxt LM, Katz J: Magnetic resonance imaging for quantitation of right ventricular volume in patients with pulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Imaging. 1993, 8: 92-97. 10.1097/00005382-199321000-00002.CrossRefPubMed
7.
D'Alonzo GE, Barst RJ, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM, Fishman AP, Goldring RM, Groves BM, Kernis JT: Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Results from a national prospective registry. Ann Intern Med. 1991, 115: 343-349.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Raymond RJ, Hinderliter AL, Willis PW, Ralph D, Caldwell EJ, Williams W, Ettinger NA, Hill NS, Summer WR, de Boisblanc B: Echocardiographic predictors of adverse outcomes in primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 39: 1214-1219. 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01744-8.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Heath D, Edwards JE: Configuration of elastic tissue of pulmonary trunk in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1960, 21: 59-62.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Mauritz GJ, Marcus JT, Boonstra A, Postmus PE, Westerhof N, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Non-invasive stroke volume assessment in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: left-sided data mandatory. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008, 10: 51-10.1186/1532-429X-10-51.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
11.
Kafka H, Mohiaddin RH: Cardiac MRI and pulmonary MR angiography of sinus venosus defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in cause of right undiagnosed ventricular enlargement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009, 192: 259-266. 10.2214/AJR.07.3430.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Robbins IM, Colvin EV, Doyle TP, Kemp WE, Loyd JE, McMahon WS, Kay GN: Pulmonary vein stenosis after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1998, 98: 1769-1775.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Broberg CS, Ujita M, Prasad S, Li W, Rubens M, Bax BE, Davidson SJ, Bouzas B, Gibbs JS, Burman J, Gatzoulis MA: Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in eisenmenger syndrome is associated with biventricular dysfunction and decreased pulmonary flow velocity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 50: 634-642. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.056.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Kauczor HU, Schwickert HC, Mayer E, Kersjes W, Moll R, Schweden F: Pulmonary artery sarcoma mimicking chronic thromboembolic disease: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1994, 17: 185-189. 10.1007/BF00571532.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Hoeper MM, Niedermeyer J, Hoffmeyer F, Flemming P, Fabel H: Pulmonary hypertension after splenectomy?. Ann Intern Med. 1999, 130: 506-509.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Kramer CM, Barkhausen J, Flamm SD, Kim RJ, Nagel E: Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008, 10: 35-10.1186/1532-429X-10-35.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
17.
Mooij CF, de Wit CJ, Graham DA, Powell AJ, Geva T: Reproducibility of MRI measurements of right ventricular size and function in patients with normal and dilated ventricles. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008, 28: 67-73. 10.1002/jmri.21407.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
18.
Geva T: Repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the roles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluating pathophysiology and for pulmonary valve replacement decision support. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011, 13: 9-10.1186/1532-429X-13-9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
19.
Alfakih K, Plein S, Bloomer T, Jones T, Ridgway J, Sivananthan M: Comparison of right ventricular volume measurements between axial and short axis orientation using steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003, 18: 25-32. 10.1002/jmri.10329.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Strugnell WE, Slaughter RE, Riley RA, Trotter AJ, Bartlett H: Modified RV short axis series--a new method for cardiac MRI measurement of right ventricular volumes. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 769-774. 10.1080/10976640500295433.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ: Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2006, 27: 2879-2888. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl336.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Kawut SM, Lima JA, Barr RG, Chahal H, Jain A, Tandri H, Praestgaard A, Bagiella E, Kizer JR, Johnson WC: Sex and race differences in right ventricular structure and function: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis-right ventricle study. Circulation. 123: 2542-2551.
23.
Bradlow WM, Hughes ML, Keenan NG, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Assomull R, Gibbs JS, Mohiaddin RH: Measuring the heart in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): implications for trial study size. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010, 31: 117-124. 10.1002/jmri.22011.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Kind T, Mauritz GJ, Marcus JT, van de Veerdonk M, Westerhof N, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Right ventricular ejection fraction is better reflected by transverse rather than longitudinal wall motion in pulmonary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010, 12: 35-10.1186/1532-429X-12-35.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
25.
Blyth KG, Groenning BA, Martin TN, Foster JE, Mark PB, Dargie HJ, Peacock AJ: Contrast enhanced-cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2005, 26: 1993-1999. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi328.CrossRefPubMed
26.
McCann GP, Gan CT, Beek AM, Niessen HW, Vonk Noordegraaf A, van Rossum AC: Extent of MRI delayed enhancement of myocardial mass is related to right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary artery hypertension. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 188: 349-355. 10.2214/AJR.05.1259.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Sanz J, Dellegrottaglie S, Kariisa M, Sulica R, Poon M, O'Donnell TP, Mehta D, Fuster V, Rajagopalan S: Prevalence and correlates of septal delayed contrast enhancement in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2007, 100: 731-735. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.094.CrossRefPubMed
28.
McCann GP, Beek AM, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, van Rossum AC: Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2005, 112: e268-10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512848.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Bradley SP, Auger WR, Moser KM, Fedullo PF, Channick RN, Bloor CM: Right ventricular pathology in chronic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1996, 78: 584-587. 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00372-4.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Bradlow WM, Assomull R, Kilner PJ, Gibbs JS, Sheppard MN, Mohiaddin RH: Understanding late gadolinium enhancement in pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010, 3: 501-503. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.919779.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Kuribayashi T, Roberts WC: Myocardial disarray at junction of ventricular septum and left and right ventricular free walls in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1992, 70: 1333-1340. 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90771-P.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Kilner PJ, Gatehouse PD, Firmin DN: Flow measurement by magnetic resonance: a unique asset worth optimising. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007, 9: 723-728. 10.1080/10976640701465090.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Saba TS, Foster J, Cockburn M, Cowan M, Peacock AJ: Ventricular mass index using magnetic resonance imaging accurately estimates pulmonary artery pressure. Eur Respir J. 2002, 20: 1519-1524. 10.1183/09031936.02.00014602.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Roeleveld RJ, Marcus JT, Boonstra A, Postmus PE, Marques KM, Bronzwaer JG, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: A comparison of noninvasive MRI-based methods of estimating pulmonary artery pressure in pulmonary hypertension. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 22: 67-72. 10.1002/jmri.20338.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Roeleveld RJ, Marcus JT, Faes TJ, Gan TJ, Boonstra A, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Interventricular septal configuration at mr imaging and pulmonary arterial pressure in pulmonary hypertension. Radiology. 2005, 234: 710-717. 10.1148/radiol.2343040151.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Sanz J, Kuschnir P, Rius T, Salguero R, Sulica R, Einstein AJ, Dellegrottaglie S, Fuster V, Rajagopalan S, Poon M: Pulmonary arterial hypertension: noninvasive detection with phase-contrast MR imaging. Radiology. 2007, 243: 70-79. 10.1148/radiol.2431060477.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kondo C, Caputo GR, Masui T, Foster E, O'Sullivan M, Stulbarg MS, Golden J, Catterjee K, Higgins CB: Pulmonary hypertension: pulmonary flow quantification and flow profile analysis with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiology. 1992, 183: 751-758.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Mousseaux E, Tasu JP, Jolivet O, Simonneau G, Bittoun J, Gaux JC: Pulmonary arterial resistance: noninvasive measurement with indexes of pulmonary flow estimated at velocity-encoded MR imaging--preliminary experience. Radiology. 1999, 212: 896-902.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Reiter G, Reiter U, Kovacs G, Kainz B, Schmidt K, Maier R, Olschewski H, Rienmueller R: Magnetic resonance-derived 3-dimensional blood flow patterns in the main pulmonary artery as a marker of pulmonary hypertension and a measure of elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008, 1: 23-30. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.780247.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Mohiaddin RH, Yang GZ, Kilner PJ: Visualization of flow by vector analysis of multidirectional cine MR velocity mapping. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994, 18: 383-392. 10.1097/00004728-199405000-00008.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Bogren HG, Klipstein RH, Mohiaddin RH, Firmin DN, Underwood SR, Rees RS, Longmore DB: Pulmonary artery distensibility and blood flow patterns: a magnetic resonance study of normal subjects and of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am Heart J. 1989, 118: 990-999. 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90235-4.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Sanz J, Kariisa M, Dellegrottaglie S, Prat-Gonzalez S, Garcia MJ, Fuster V, Rajagopalan S: Evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in pulmonary hypertension with cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009, 2: 286-295. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.08.007.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Laffon E, Laurent F, Bernard V, De Boucaud L, Ducassou D, Marthan R: Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension by MR phase-mapping method. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 90: 2197-2202.PubMed
44.
Bradlow WM, Gatehouse PD, Hughes RL, O'Brien AB, Gibbs JS, Firmin DN, Mohiaddin RH: Assessing normal pulse wave velocity in the proximal pulmonary arteries using transit time: a feasibility, repeatability, and observer reproducibility study by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007, 25: 974-981. 10.1002/jmri.20888.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Paelinck BP, de Roos A, Bax JJ, Bosmans JM, van Der Geest RJ, Dhondt D, Parizel PM, Vrints CJ, Lamb HJ: Feasibility of tissue magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study in comparison with tissue Doppler imaging and invasive measurement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005, 45: 1109-1116. 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.051.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Roeleveld RJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Marcus JT, Bronzwaer JG, Marques KM, Postmus PE, Boonstra A: Effects of epoprostenol on right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2004, 125: 572-579. 10.1378/chest.125.2.572.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Michelakis ED, Tymchak W, Noga M, Webster L, Wu XC, Lien D, Wang SH, Modry D, Archer SL: Long-term treatment with oral sildenafil is safe and improves functional capacity and hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2003, 108: 2066-2069. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000099502.17776.C2.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Wilkins MR, Paul GA, Strange JW, Tunariu N, Gin-Sing W, Banya WA, Westwood MA, Stefanidis A, Ng LL, Pennell DJ: Sildenafil versus Endothelin Receptor Antagonist for Pulmonary Hypertension (SERAPH) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 171: 1292-1297. 10.1164/rccm.200410-1411OC.CrossRefPubMed
49.
van Wolferen SA, Boonstra A, Marcus JT, Marques KM, Bronzwaer JG, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Right ventricular reverse remodelling after sildenafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Heart. 2006, 92: 1860-1861. 10.1136/hrt.2005.085118.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
50.
Frist WH, Lorenz CH, Walker ES, Loyd JE, Stewart JR, Graham TP, Pearlstein DP, Key SP, Merrill WH: MRI complements standard assessment of right ventricular function after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995, 60: 268-271. 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00365-R.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Moulton MJ, Creswell LL, Ungacta FF, Downing SW, Szabo BA, Pasque MK: Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence for remodeling of the right ventricle after single-lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1996, 94: II312-319.PubMed
52.
Kasimir MT, Seebacher G, Jaksch P, Winkler G, Schmid K, Marta GM, Simon P, Klepetko W: Reverse cardiac remodelling in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension after isolated lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004, 26: 776-781. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.05.057.CrossRefPubMed
53.
D'Armini AM, Zanotti G, Ghio S, Magrini G, Pozzi M, Scelsi L, Meloni G, Klersy C, Vigano M: Reverse right ventricular remodeling after pulmonary endarterectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007, 133: 162-168. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.08.059.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Reesink HJ, Marcus JT, Tulevski II, Jamieson S, Kloek JJ, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Bresser P: Reverse right ventricular remodeling after pulmonary endarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: utility of magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate restoration of the right ventricle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007, 133: 58-64. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.032.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Jardim C, Rochitte CE, Humbert M, Rubenfeld G, Jasinowodolinski D, Carvalho CR, Souza R: Pulmonary artery distensibility in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an MRI pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2007, 29: 476-481. 10.1183/09031936.00016806.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Wilkins MR, Ali O, Bradlow W, Wharton J, Taegtmeyer A, Rhodes CJ, Ghofrani HA, Howard L, Nihoyannopoulos P, Mohiaddin RH: Simvastatin as a Treatment for Pulmonary Hypertension Trial (SiPHT). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010
57.
Macchia A, Marchioli R, Marfisi R, Scarano M, Levantesi G, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G: A meta-analysis of trials of pulmonary hypertension: a clinical condition looking for drugs and research methodology. Am Heart J. 2007, 153: 1037-1047. 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.037.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Fuster V, Steele PM, Edwards WD, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, Frye RL: Primary pulmonary hypertension: natural history and the importance of thrombosis. Circulation. 1984, 70: 580-587. 10.1161/01.CIR.70.4.580.CrossRefPubMed
59.
van Wolferen SA, Marcus JT, Boonstra A, Marques KM, Bronzwaer JG, Spreeuwenberg MD, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Prognostic value of right ventricular mass, volume, and function in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28: 1250-1257. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl477.CrossRefPubMed
60.
van de Veerdonk MC, Kind T, Marcus JT, Mauritz GJ, Heymans MW, Bogaard HJ, Boonstra A, Marques KM, Westerhof N, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Progressive right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension responding to therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 58: 2511-2519.
61.
Gan CT, Lankhaar JW, Westerhof N, Marcus JT, Becker A, Twisk JW, Boonstra A, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery stiffness predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2007, 132: 1906-1912. 10.1378/chest.07-1246.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Hardziyenka M, Campian ME, Reesink HJ, Surie S, Bouma BJ, Groenink M, Klemens CA, Beekman L, Remme CA, Bresser P, Tan HL: Right ventricular failure following chronic pressure overload is associated with reduction in left ventricular mass evidence for atrophic remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 57: 921-928.
63.
Marcus JT, Gan CT, Zwanenburg JJ, Boonstra A, Allaart CP, Gotte MJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Interventricular mechanical asynchrony in pulmonary arterial hypertension: left-to-right delay in peak shortening is related to right ventricular overload and left ventricular underfilling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 51: 750-757. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.041.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Vogel-Claussen J, Skrok J, Shehata ML, Singh S, Sibley CT, Boyce DM, Lechtzin N, Girgis RE, Mathai SC, Goldstein TA: Right and left ventricular myocardial perfusion reserves correlate with right ventricular function and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Radiology. 258: 119-127.
65.
Spindler M, Schmidt M, Geier O, Sandstede J, Hahn D, Ertl G, Beer M: Functional and metabolic recovery of the right ventricle during Bosentan therapy in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 853-854. 10.1080/10976640500295540.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Kuehne T, Yilmaz S, Steendijk P, Moore P, Groenink M, Saaed M, Weber O, Higgins CB, Ewert P, Fleck E: Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of right ventricular pressure-volume loops: in vivo validation and clinical application in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2004, 110: 2010-2016. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143138.02493.DD.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Sanz J, Garcia-Alvarez A, Fernandez-Friera L, Nair A, Mirelis JG, Sawit ST, Pinney S, Fuster V: Right ventriculo-arterial coupling in pulmonary hypertension: a magnetic resonance study. Heart. 2012, 98: 238-243. 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300462.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Holverda S, Gan CT, Marcus JT, Postmus PE, Boonstra A, Vonk-Noordegraaf A: Impaired stroke volume response to exercise in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 1732-1733. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.048.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Muthurangu V, Taylor A, Andriantsimiavona R, Hegde S, Miquel ME, Tulloh R, Baker E, Hill DL, Razavi RS: Novel method of quantifying pulmonary vascular resistance by use of simultaneous invasive pressure monitoring and phase-contrast magnetic resonance flow. Circulation. 2004, 110: 826-834. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000138741.72946.84.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Ghofrani HA, Wilkins MW, Rich S: Uncertainties in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2008, 118: 1195-1201. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.674002.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Fleming TR, DeMets DL: Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled?. Ann Intern Med. 1996, 125: 605-613.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Bossone E, Bodini BD, Mazza A, Allegra L: Pulmonary arterial hypertension: the key role of echocardiography. Chest. 2005, 127: 1836-1843. 10.1378/chest.127.5.1836.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Goodman DJ, Harrison DC, Popp RL: Echocardiographic features of primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1974, 33: 438-443. 10.1016/0002-9149(74)90329-4.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Marcus JT, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Roeleveld RJ, Postmus PE, Heethaar RM, Van Rossum AC, Boonstra A: Impaired left ventricular filling due to right ventricular pressure overload in primary pulmonary hypertension: noninvasive monitoring using MRI. Chest. 2001, 119: 1761-1765. 10.1378/chest.119.6.1761.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Maron BJ, Clark CE, Henry WL, Fukuda T, Edwards JE, Mathews EC, Redwood DR, Epstein SE: Prevalence and characteristics of disproportionate ventricular septal thickening in patients with acquired or congenital heart diseases: echocardiographic and morphologic findings. Circulation. 1977, 55: 489-496.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pulmonary hypertension
Authors
William M Bradlow
J Simon R Gibbs
Raad H Mohiaddin
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1532-429X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-14-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2012 Go to the issue

Research

A CMR study of the effects of tissue edema and necrosis on left ventricular dyssynchrony in acute myocardial infarction: implications for cardiac resynchronization therapy

Research

Structural and functional cardiac changes in myotonic dystrophy type 1: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study

Research

Quantitative evaluation of high intensity signal on MIP images of carotid atherosclerotic plaques from routine TOF-MRA reveals elevated volumes of intraplaque hemorrhage and lipid rich necrotic core

Research

Evaluation of 3D blood flow patterns and wall shear stress in the normal and dilated thoracic aorta using flow-sensitive 4D CMR

Research

Superior diagnostic performance of perfusion-cardiovascular magnetic resonance versus SPECT to detect coronary artery disease: The secondary endpoints of the multicenter multivendor MR-IMPACT II (Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary Artery Disease Trial)

Research

Non-contrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance