Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Breast Cancer | Research

Role of beta-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucan derived from yeast on natural killer (NK) cells and breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D cultures

Authors: Abdelhadi Boulifa, Martin J. Raftery, Alexander Sebastian Franzén, Clarissa Radecke, Sebastian Stintzing, Jens-Uwe Blohmer, Gabriele Pecher

Published in: BMC Cancer | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

Background

Beta-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan is a complex polysaccharide, which is found in the cell wall of various fungi, yeasts, bacteria, algae, barley, and oats and has immunomodulatory, anticancer and antiviral effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of beta-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan derived from yeast on the proliferation of primary NK cells and breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models, and on the cytotoxicity of primary NK cells against breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of yeast-derived beta-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucan on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of human NK cells and breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models using the XTT cell proliferation assay and the CellTiter-Glo® 2.0 assay to determine the cytotoxicity of human NK cells on breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models.

Results

We found that the co-incubation of NK cells with beta-glucan in the absence of IL2 at 48 h significantly increased the proliferation of NK cells, whereas the co-incubation of NK cells with beta-glucan in the presence of IL2 (70 U/ml) increased the proliferation of NK cells but not significantly. Moreover, beta-glucan significantly inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines in 2D model and induced a weak, non-significant growth inhibitory effect on breast cancer multicellular tumor spheroids (3D). In addition, the cytotoxicity of NK cells against breast cancer cell lines was examined in 2D and 3D models, and beta-glucan significantly increased the cytotoxicity of NK cells against MCF-7 (in 2D).

Conclusions

Yeast derived beta-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan could contribute to the treatment of cancer by enhancing NK cell immune response as well as contributing to inhibition of breast cancer cell growth.

Available only for authorised users

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.CrossRefPubMed

Sun YS, Zhao Z, Yang ZN, Xu F, Lu HJ, et al. Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer. Int J Biol Sci. 2017;13:1387–97. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.21635.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Noel B, Singh SK, Lillard JW, Singh R. Role of natural compounds in preventing and treating breast cancer. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2020;12:137–60. https://doi.org/10.2741/S544.CrossRefPubMed

He X, Xu T, Hu W, et al. Circular RNAs: their role in the pathogenesis and orchestration of breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:647736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.647736.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dubsky P, Pinker K, Cardoso F, Montagna G, Ritter M, Denkert C, et al. Breast conservation and axillary management after primary systemic therapy in patients with early-stage breast cancer: the Lucerne toolbox. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:e18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30580-5.CrossRefPubMed

Krall JA, Reinhardt F, Mercury OA, Pattabiraman DR, Brooks MW, Dougan M, et al. The systemic response to surgery triggers the outgrowth of distant immune-controlled tumors in mouse models of dormancy. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10:eaan3464. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aan3464.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Balasubramanian I, Harding T, Boland MR, Ryan EJ, et al. The impact of postoperative wound complications on oncological outcomes following immediate breast reconstruction for breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Breast Cancer. 2021;21:e377–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2020.12.005.CrossRefPubMed

Almeida TS, Arantes MR, Neto JJL, Souza TM, Pessoa IP, et al. Evaluation of seeds ethanolic extract of Triplaris Gardneriana Wedd. Using in vitro and in vivo toxicological methods. J Toxicol Enviton Health A. 2020;83:135–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1731035.CrossRef

Mitra S, Dash R. Natural products for the management and prevention of breast cancer. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2018;2018:8324696. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8324696.CrossRef

10.

Zhu F, Du B, Bian Z, Xu B. Beta-glucans from edible and medicinal mushrooms: characteristics, physicochemical and biological activities. J Food Compos Anal. 2015;41:165–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.01.019.CrossRef

11.

Du B, Bian Z, Xu B. Skin health promotion effects of natural beta-glucan derived from cereals and microorganisms: a review. Phytother Res. 2014;28:159–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4963.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Nazarkiewicz-Zajac D, Harasym J, Brach J, Czarnota JL, Stechman M, Slabisz A, et al. A Kit and a method of producing beta-glucan, insoluble food fiber as well as preparation of oat proteins. 2011. https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2011078711A1/en.

13.

De Marco Castro E, Calder PC, Roche HM. β-1,3/1,6-glucans and immunity: state of the art and future directions. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021;65:1901071. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201901071.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Murphy EA, Davis JM, Carmichael MD. Immune modulating effects of β-glucan. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13:656–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833f1afbβ.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Meng X, Liang H, Luo L. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on the structural characteristics, antitumor mechanisms and immunomodulating activities. Carbohydr Res. 2016;424:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.008.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Kaur R, Sharma M, Ji D, Xu M, Agyei D. Structural features, modification, and functionalities of beta-glucan. Fibers. 2020;8:1. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib8010001.CrossRef

17.

Han B, Baruah K, Cox E, et al. Structure-functional activity relationship of β-glucans from the perspective of immunomodulation: a minireview. Front Immunol. 2020;11:658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Naumann E, van Rees AB, Önning G, Öste R, Wydra M, Mensink RP. Beta-glucan incorporated into a fruit drink effectively lowers serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:601–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.83.3.601.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Geller A, Shrestha R, Yan J. Yeast-derived beta-glucan in cancer: novel uses of a traditional therapeutic. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153618.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Pan P, Huang YW, Oshima K, Yearsley M, Zhang J, Arnold M, Yu J, Wang LS. The immunomodulatory potential of natural compounds in tumor-bearing mice and humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59:992–1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1537237.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Jin Y, Li P, Wang F. Beta-glucans as potential immunoadjuvants: a review on the adjuvanticity, structure-activity relationship and receptor recognition properties. Vaccine. 2018;36:5235–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.038.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Taylor PR, Brown GD, Reid DM, Willment JA. The beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1, is predominantly expressed on the surface of cells of the monocyte/ macrophage and neutrophil lineages. J Immunol. 2002;169:3876–82. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3876.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Ariizumi K, Shen GL, Shikano S, Xu S, Ritter R, Kumamoto T, Edelbaum D, Morita A, Bergstresser PR, Ta-kashima A. Identification of a novel, dendritic cell-associated molecule, dectin-1, by subtractive cDNA cloning. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:20157–67. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M909512199.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Cain JA, Newman SL, Ross GD. Role of complement receptor type three and serum opsonins in the neutrophil response to yeast. Complement. 1987;4:75–86. https://doi.org/10.1159/000463011.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Rice PJ, Kelley JL, Kogan G, Ensley HE, Kalbfleisch JH, Browder IW, Williams DL. Human monocyte scavenger receptors are pattern recognition receptors for (1–3)-beta-D-glucans. J Leukoc Biol. 2002;72:140–6. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.72.1.140.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Vannucci L, Krizan J, Sima P, Stakheev D, Caja F, Rajsiglova L, Horak V, Saieh M. Immunostimulatory properties and antitumor activities of glucans (review). Int J Oncol. 2013;43:357–64. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1974.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Zimmerman JW, Lindermuth J, Fish PA, Palace GP, Stevenson TT, DeMong DE. A novel carbohydrate-glycosphingolipid interaction between a beta-(1–3)-glucan immunomodulator, PGG-glucan, and lactosylceramide of human leukocytes. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:22014–20. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.34.22014.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Novak M, Vetvicka V. Glucans as biological response modifiers. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009;9:67–75. https://doi.org/10.2174/187153009787582423.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Smiderle FR, Ruthes AC, van Arkel J, Chanput W, Iacomini M, Wichers HJ, Van Griensven LJ. Polysaccharides from agaricus bisporus and agaricus brasiliensis show similarities in their structures and their immunomodulatory effects on human monocytic THP-1 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;11:58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-58.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Soule HD, Vazguez J, Long A, Albert S, Brennan M. A human cell line from a pleural effusion derived from a breast carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973;51:1409–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/51.5.1409.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Perrot-Applanat M, Di Benedetto M. Autocrine functions of VEGF in breast tumor cells: adhesion, survival, migration and invasion. Cell Adh Migr. 2012;6:547–53. https://doi.org/10.4161/cam.23332.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Buteau-Iozano H, Ancelin M, Lardeux B. Transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by estradiol and tamoxifen in breast cancer cells: a complex interplay between estrogen receptors α and β. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4977–84 PMID: 12208749.

33.

Tavassoli FA, Noms HJ. Secretory carcinoma of the breast. Cancer (Phila). 1980;45:2404–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19800501)45:9%3c2404::aid-cncr2820450928%3e3.0.co;2-8.CrossRef

34.

Rosen PP, Cranor ML. Secretory carcinoma of the breast. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991;115:141–4 PMID: 1992979.PubMed

35.

Keydar I, Chen L, Karby S, Weiss FR, Delarea J, Radu M, Chaitcik S, Brenner HJ. Establishment and characterization of a cell line of human breast carcinoma origin. Eur J Cancer (1965). 1979;15(5):659–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2964(79)90139-7.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Holliday DL, Speirs V. Choosing the right cell line for breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Res. 2011;13:215. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2889.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Cellusaurus. Available online: https://www.cellosaurus.org/. Accessed 25 Nov 2023.

38.

Hsu HY, Lin TY, Lu MK, Leng PJ, Tsao SM, Wu YC. Fucoidan induces toll-like receptor 4- regulated reactive oxygen species and promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer. Sci Rep. 2017;23:7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44990.CrossRef

39.

Cailleau R, Olivé M, Cruciger QV. Long-term human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin: preliminary characterization. Vitro. 1978;14:911–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02616120.CrossRef

40.

Synytsya A, Novák M. Structural diversity of fungal glucans. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;92:792–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.077.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. Glucan supplementation enhances the immune response against an influenza challenge in mice. Anticancer Res. 2015;3:22. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.01.08.CrossRef

42.

Eom SY, Zhang YW, Kim NS, et al. Effects of Keumsa Sangwhang (Phellinus linteus) mushroom extracts on the natural killer cell activity in human. Korean J Food Sci Technol. 2006;38:717–9.

43.

Bobovčák M, Kuniaková R, Gabriž J, Majtán J. Effect of Pleuran (β -glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) supplementation on cellular immune response after intensive exercise in elite athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010;35:755–62. https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-070.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Elder MJ, Webster SJ, Chee R, Williams DL, Gaston JSH, Goodall JC. β-Glucan size controls dectin-1-mediated immune responses in human dendritic cells by regulating IL-1β production. Front Immunol. 2017;8:791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00791.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Xu S, Huo J, Lee K, Kurosaki T, Lam K. Phospholipase Cg2 is critical for Dectin-1-mediated Ca2 + Flux and cytokine production in dendritic cells. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:7038–46. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M806650200.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Dillon S, Agrawal S, Banerjee K, et al. Yeast zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, induces regulatory antigen-presenting cells and immunological tolerance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:916–28. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI27203.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Heldt S, Prattes J, Eigl S, et al. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in hematological malignancy patients: performance of cytokines, asp LFD, and aspergillus PCR in same day blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples. J Infect. 2018;77:235–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.05.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Hefter M, Lother J, Weiß E, et al. Human primary myeloid dendritic cells interact with the opportunistic fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus via the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1. Med Mycol. 2017;55:573–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myw105.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Mehraj V, Ramendra R, Isnard S, et al. Circulating (1→3)-β-D-glucan is associated with immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:232–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz212.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. Glucans and cancer: comparison of commercially available β-glucans – part IV. Anticancer Res. 2018;38:1327–33. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.12355.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. Anti-infectious and anti-tumor activities of β-glucans. Anticancer Res. 2020;40:3139–45. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.14295.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Steimbach L, Borgmann AV, Gomar GG, Hoffmann LV, Rutckeviski R, de Andrade DP, Smiderle FR. Fungal beta-glucans as adjuvants for treating cancer patients – a systematic review of clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:3104–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.029.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM. Botryosphaeran. In: Oliveira J, Radhouani H, Reis RL, editors. Polysaccharides of microbial origin: biomedical applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 1–17.

54.

Chaichian S, Moazzami B, Sadoughi F, Haddad Kashani H, Zaroudi M, Asemi Z. Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer. J Ovarian Res. 2020;13:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-00626-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Filiz AK, Joha Z, Yulak F. Mechanism of anticancer effect of β-glucan on SH-SY5Y cell line. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2021;16:122–8. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v16i4.54872.CrossRef

56.

Sadeghi F, Peymaeei F, Falahati M, Safari E, Farahyar S, Roudbar Mohammadi S, Roudbary M. The effect of Candida cell wall beta-glucan on treatment-resistant LL/2 cancer cell line: in vitro evaluation. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47:3653–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05459-7.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Xu H, Zou S, Xu X. The β-glucan from Lentinus edodes suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. Oncotarget. 2017;8:86693–709. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21411.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Zhang X, Li T, Liu S, et al. β-glucan from Lentinus edodes inhibits breast cancer progression via the Nur77/ HIF-1α axis. Biosci Rep. 2020;40:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20201006.ADSCrossRef

59.

Lacroix M, Leclercq G. Relevance of breast cancer cell lines as models for breast tumours: an update. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;83:249–89. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BREA.0000014042.54925.cc.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Vargo-Gogola T, Rosen JM. Modelling breast cancer: one size does not fit all. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:659–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2193.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Neve RM, Chin K, Fridlyand J, Yeh J, Baehner FL, Fevr T, Clark L, Bayani N, Coppe JP, Tong F, et al. A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell. 2006;10:515–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.008.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Bhattacharya S, Calar K, Evans C, Petrasko M, de la Puente P. Bioengineering the oxygen-deprived tumor microenvironment within a three-dimensional platform for studying tumor-immune interactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:1040. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.01040.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Ramos AA, Almeida T, Lima B, Rocha E. Cytotoxic activity of the seaweed compound fucosterol alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil in colon cells using 2D and 3D culturing. J Toxicol Enviton Health A. 2019;82:537–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1634378.CrossRef

64.

Pinto B, Henriques AC, Silva PMA, Bousbaa H. Three-dimensional spheroids as in vitro preclinical models for cancer research. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121186.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Chan GC, Chan WK, Sze DM. The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol. 2009;2:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-2-25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Willment JA, Marshall AS, Reid DM, Williams DL, Wong SY, Gordon S, Brown GD. The human β-glucan receptor is widely expressed and functionally equivalent to murine Dectin-1 on primary cells. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35:1539–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425725.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Del Cornò M, Gessani S, Conti L. Shaping the Innate Immune response by Dietary glucans: any role in the control of cancer? Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:155. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010155.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Yoon TJ, Koppula S, Lee KH. The effects of β-glucans on cancer metastasis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2013;13:699–708. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520611313050004.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Mantovani MS, Bellini MF, Angeli JP, Oliveira RJ, Silva AF, Ribeiro LR. β-glucans in promoting health: prevention against mutation and cancer. Mutat Res. 2008;658:154–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.07.002.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Huyan T, Li Q, Yang H, et al. Protective effect of polysaccharides on simulated microgravity-induced functional inhibition of human NK cells. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;101:819–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.021.CrossRefPubMed

71.

El-Deeb NM, El-Adawi HI, El-Wahab AEA, et al. Modulation of NKG2D, KIR2DL and cytokine production by Pleurotus Ostreatus Glucan enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity toward Cancer cells. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00165.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Duval K, Grover H, Han LH, Mou Y, Pegoraro AF, Fredberg J, Chen Z. Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture. Physiology. 2017;32:266–77. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00036.2016.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Edmondson R, Broglie JJ, Adcock AF, Yang L. Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2014;12:207–18. https://doi.org/10.1089/adt.2014.573.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Ellem SJ, De-Juan-Pardo EM, Risbridger GP. In vitro modeling of the prostate cancer microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014;79–80:214–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2014.04.008.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Luca AC, Mersch S, Deenen R, Schmidt S, Messner I, et al. Impact of the 3D microenvironment on phenotype, gene expression, and EGFR inhibition of colorectal cancer cell lines. PLoS One. 2013;8:e59689. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059689.ADSCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Asghar W, El Assal R, Shafiee H, Pitteri S, Paulmurugan R, Demirci U. Engineering cancer microenvironments for in vitro 3-D tumor models. Mater Today. 2015;18:539–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.05.002.CrossRef

77.

Carvalho MR, Lima D, Reis RL, Correlo VM, Oliveira JM. Evaluating biomaterial- and microfluidic-based 3D tumor models. Trends Biotechnol. 2015;33:667–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.009.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Imamura Y, Mukohara T, Shimono Y, Funakoshi Y, Chayahara Y, Toyoda N, et al. Comparison of 2D- and 3D-culture models as drug-testing platforms in breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2015;33:1837–43. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3767.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Breslin S, O’Driscoll L. The relevance of using 3D cell cultures, in addition to 2D monolayer cultures, when evaluating breast cancer drug sensitivity and resistance. Oncotarget. 2016;7:45745–56. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9935.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Ma X, Liu J, Zhu W, Tang M, Lawrence N, Yu C, Gou M, Chen S. 3D bioprinting of functional tissue models for personalized drug screening and in vitro disease modeling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018;132:235–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.011.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Lovitt CJ, Shelper TB, Avery VM. Evaluation of chemotherapeutics in a three-dimensional breast cancer model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015;141:951–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-015-1950-1.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Falkenberg N, Höfig I, Rosemann M, Szumielewski J, Richter S, Schorpp K, Hadian K, Aubele M, Atkinson MJ, Anastasov N. Three-dimensional microtissues essentially contribute to preclinical validations of therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Cancer Med. 2016;5:703–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.630.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Role of beta-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucan derived from yeast on natural killer (NK) cells and breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D cultures
Authors: Abdelhadi Boulifa
Martin J. Raftery
Alexander Sebastian Franzén
Clarissa Radecke
Sebastian Stintzing
Jens-Uwe Blohmer
Gabriele Pecher
Publication date: 01-12-2024
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer
Published in: BMC Cancer / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-11979-3

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

Inhibition of growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by co-delivery of anti-PD-1 antibody and sorafenib using biomimetic nano-platelets

Development and validation of prediction models for papillary thyroid cancer structural recurrence using machine learning approaches

Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting overall survival in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma

Epidemiology, characteristics, and prognostic factors of lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma: a systematic literature review

Predictive value of CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT features on spread through air space in lung adenocarcinoma

Liver cancer in China: the analysis of mortality and burden of disease trends from 2008 to 2021

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer