Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Annals of Surgical Oncology 13/2021

01-12-2021 | Breast Cancer | Global Health Services Research

Disparities in Surgical Oncology: Management of Advanced Cancer

Authors: Wasay Nizam, MD, Heather L. Yeo, MHS, MD, MBA, MS, Samilia Obeng-Gyasi, MD, MPH, Malcolm V. Brock, MD, Fabian M. Johnston, MD, MHS

Published in: Annals of Surgical Oncology | Issue 13/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Significant variations in the patterns of care, incidence, and mortality rates of several common cancers have been noted. These disparities have been attributed to a complex interplay of factors, including genetic, environmental, and healthcare-related components. Within this review, primarily focusing on commonly occurring cancers (breast, lung, colorectal), we initially summarize the burden of these disparities with regard to incidence and screening patterns. We then explore the interaction between several proven genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences that are known to contribute to these disparities.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Singh GK, Jemal A. Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in cancer mortality, incidence, and survival in the United States, 1950–2014: over six decades of changing patterns and widening inequalities. J Environ Public Health. 2017;2017:2819372.PubMedPubMedCentral Singh GK, Jemal A. Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in cancer mortality, incidence, and survival in the United States, 1950–2014: over six decades of changing patterns and widening inequalities. J Environ Public Health. 2017;2017:2819372.PubMedPubMedCentral
2.
go back to reference Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7–33.PubMed Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7–33.PubMed
3.
go back to reference DeSantis CE, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(3):211–33.PubMed DeSantis CE, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(3):211–33.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Smith CJ, Minas TZ, Ambs S. Analysis of tumor biology to advance cancer health disparity research. Am J Pathol. 2018;188(2):304–16.PubMedPubMedCentral Smith CJ, Minas TZ, Ambs S. Analysis of tumor biology to advance cancer health disparity research. Am J Pathol. 2018;188(2):304–16.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Zavala VA, Bracci PM, Carethers JM, Carvajal-Carmona L, Coggins NB, Cruz-Correa MR, et al. Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. Br J Cancer. 2021;124(2):315–32.PubMed Zavala VA, Bracci PM, Carethers JM, Carvajal-Carmona L, Coggins NB, Cruz-Correa MR, et al. Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. Br J Cancer. 2021;124(2):315–32.PubMed
7.
go back to reference National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer facts SEER. National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer facts SEER.
8.
go back to reference Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7–34.PubMed Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7–34.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Haiman CA, Stram DO, Wilkens LR, Pike MC, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, et al. Ethnic and racial differences in the smoking-related risk of lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(4):333–42.PubMed Haiman CA, Stram DO, Wilkens LR, Pike MC, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, et al. Ethnic and racial differences in the smoking-related risk of lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(4):333–42.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V, Singh GK, Cardinez C, Ghafoor A, et al. Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54(2):78–93.PubMed Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V, Singh GK, Cardinez C, Ghafoor A, et al. Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54(2):78–93.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Ellis L, Canchola AJ, Spiegel D, Ladabaum U, Haile R, Gomez SL. Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer survival: the contribution of tumor, sociodemographic, institutional, and neighborhood characteristics. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2018;36(1):25–33. Ellis L, Canchola AJ, Spiegel D, Ladabaum U, Haile R, Gomez SL. Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer survival: the contribution of tumor, sociodemographic, institutional, and neighborhood characteristics. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2018;36(1):25–33.
12.
go back to reference Warner ET, Tamimi RM, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, Wong Y-N, Edge SB, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer survival: mediating effect of tumor characteristics and sociodemographic and treatment factors. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(20):2254.PubMedPubMedCentral Warner ET, Tamimi RM, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, Wong Y-N, Edge SB, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer survival: mediating effect of tumor characteristics and sociodemographic and treatment factors. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(20):2254.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
go back to reference Iqbal J, Ginsburg O, Rochon PA, Sun P, Narod SA. Differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and cancer-specific survival by race and ethnicity in the United States. JAMA. 2015;313(2):165–73.PubMed Iqbal J, Ginsburg O, Rochon PA, Sun P, Narod SA. Differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and cancer-specific survival by race and ethnicity in the United States. JAMA. 2015;313(2):165–73.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Wu AH, Gomez SL, Vigen C, Kwan ML, Keegan TH, Lu Y, et al. The California Breast Cancer Survivorship Consortium (CBCSC): prognostic factors associated with racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer survival. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(10):1821–36.PubMedPubMedCentral Wu AH, Gomez SL, Vigen C, Kwan ML, Keegan TH, Lu Y, et al. The California Breast Cancer Survivorship Consortium (CBCSC): prognostic factors associated with racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer survival. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(10):1821–36.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
go back to reference Zhao F, Copley B, Niu Q, Liu F, Johnson JA, Sutton T, et al. Racial disparities in survival outcomes among breast cancer patients by molecular subtypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021;185(3):841–9.PubMed Zhao F, Copley B, Niu Q, Liu F, Johnson JA, Sutton T, et al. Racial disparities in survival outcomes among breast cancer patients by molecular subtypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021;185(3):841–9.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Ma H, Lu Y, Malone KE, Marchbanks PA, Deapen DM, Spirtas R, et al. Mortality risk of black women and white women with invasive breast cancer by hormone receptors, HER2, and p53 status. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(1):1–11. Ma H, Lu Y, Malone KE, Marchbanks PA, Deapen DM, Spirtas R, et al. Mortality risk of black women and white women with invasive breast cancer by hormone receptors, HER2, and p53 status. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(1):1–11.
17.
go back to reference Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Clark AS, Giantonio BJ, Ross RN, Teng Y, et al. Characteristics associated with differences in survival among Black and White women with breast cancer. JAMA. 2013;310(4):389–97.PubMed Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Clark AS, Giantonio BJ, Ross RN, Teng Y, et al. Characteristics associated with differences in survival among Black and White women with breast cancer. JAMA. 2013;310(4):389–97.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Rauscher GH, Silva A, Pauls H, Frasor J, Bonini MG, Hoskins K. Racial disparity in survival from estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer: implications for reducing breast cancer mortality disparities. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017;163(2):321–30.PubMedPubMedCentral Rauscher GH, Silva A, Pauls H, Frasor J, Bonini MG, Hoskins K. Racial disparity in survival from estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer: implications for reducing breast cancer mortality disparities. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017;163(2):321–30.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Snyder RA, Hu C-Y, Zafar SN, Francescatti A, Chang GJ. Racial disparities in recurrence and overall survival in patients with locoregional colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(6):770–7.PubMed Snyder RA, Hu C-Y, Zafar SN, Francescatti A, Chang GJ. Racial disparities in recurrence and overall survival in patients with locoregional colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(6):770–7.PubMed
20.
go back to reference White A, Joseph D, Rim SH, Johnson CJ, Coleman MP, Allemani C. Colon cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001–2009): findings from the CONCORD-2 study. Cancer. 2017;123:5014–36.PubMed White A, Joseph D, Rim SH, Johnson CJ, Coleman MP, Allemani C. Colon cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001–2009): findings from the CONCORD-2 study. Cancer. 2017;123:5014–36.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Lai Y, Wang C, Civan JM, Palazzo JP, Ye Z, Hyslop T, et al. Effects of cancer stage and treatment differences on racial disparities in survival from colon cancer: a United States population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(5):1135–46.PubMed Lai Y, Wang C, Civan JM, Palazzo JP, Ye Z, Hyslop T, et al. Effects of cancer stage and treatment differences on racial disparities in survival from colon cancer: a United States population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(5):1135–46.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Ross RN, Niknam BA, Ludwig JM, Wang W, et al. Racial disparities in colon cancer survival: a matched cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(12):845–54.PubMed Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Ross RN, Niknam BA, Ludwig JM, Wang W, et al. Racial disparities in colon cancer survival: a matched cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(12):845–54.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Valeri L, Chen JT, Garcia-Albeniz X, Krieger N, VanderWeele TJ, Coull BA. The role of stage at diagnosis in colorectal cancer black–white survival disparities: a counterfactual causal inference approach. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2016;25(1):83–9. Valeri L, Chen JT, Garcia-Albeniz X, Krieger N, VanderWeele TJ, Coull BA. The role of stage at diagnosis in colorectal cancer black–white survival disparities: a counterfactual causal inference approach. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2016;25(1):83–9.
24.
go back to reference Chan C, Lopez A, Castaneda G, Bhuket T, Liu B, Yee S, et al. Black patients with colorectal cancer have more advanced cancer stage at time of diagnosis: a community-based safety-net hospital experience. J Commun Health. 2017;42(4):724–9. Chan C, Lopez A, Castaneda G, Bhuket T, Liu B, Yee S, et al. Black patients with colorectal cancer have more advanced cancer stage at time of diagnosis: a community-based safety-net hospital experience. J Commun Health. 2017;42(4):724–9.
25.
go back to reference Parise CA, Bauer KR, Caggiano V. Variation in breast cancer subtypes with age and race/ethnicity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010;76(1):44–52.PubMed Parise CA, Bauer KR, Caggiano V. Variation in breast cancer subtypes with age and race/ethnicity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010;76(1):44–52.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Tao L, Gomez SL, Keegan TH, Kurian AW, Clarke CA. Breast cancer mortality in African-American and non-Hispanic white women by molecular subtype and stage at diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2015;24(7):1039–45. Tao L, Gomez SL, Keegan TH, Kurian AW, Clarke CA. Breast cancer mortality in African-American and non-Hispanic white women by molecular subtype and stage at diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2015;24(7):1039–45.
27.
go back to reference Guda K, Veigl ML, Varadan V, Nosrati A, Ravi L, Lutterbaugh J, et al. Novel recurrently mutated genes in African American colon cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(4):1149–54.PubMedPubMedCentral Guda K, Veigl ML, Varadan V, Nosrati A, Ravi L, Lutterbaugh J, et al. Novel recurrently mutated genes in African American colon cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(4):1149–54.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Li E, Ji P, Ouyang N, Zhang Y, Wang XY, Rubin DC, et al. Differential expression of miRNAs in colon cancer between African and Caucasian Americans: implications for cancer racial health disparities. Int J Oncol. 2014;45(2):587–94.PubMedPubMedCentral Li E, Ji P, Ouyang N, Zhang Y, Wang XY, Rubin DC, et al. Differential expression of miRNAs in colon cancer between African and Caucasian Americans: implications for cancer racial health disparities. Int J Oncol. 2014;45(2):587–94.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Curran T, Sun Z, Gerry B, Findlay VJ, Wallace K, Li Z, et al. Differential immune signatures in the tumor microenvironment are associated with colon cancer racial disparities. Cancer Med. 2021;10(5):1805–14.PubMedPubMedCentral Curran T, Sun Z, Gerry B, Findlay VJ, Wallace K, Li Z, et al. Differential immune signatures in the tumor microenvironment are associated with colon cancer racial disparities. Cancer Med. 2021;10(5):1805–14.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
go back to reference Wallace K, Lewin DN, Sun S, Spiceland CM, Rockey DC, Alekseyenko AV, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and colorectal cancer survival in African American and Caucasian patients. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2018;27(7):755–61. Wallace K, Lewin DN, Sun S, Spiceland CM, Rockey DC, Alekseyenko AV, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and colorectal cancer survival in African American and Caucasian patients. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2018;27(7):755–61.
31.
go back to reference Jovov B, Araujo-Perez F, Sigel CS, Stratford JK, McCoy AN, Yeh JJ, et al. Differential gene expression between African American and European American colorectal cancer patients. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):e30168.PubMedPubMedCentral Jovov B, Araujo-Perez F, Sigel CS, Stratford JK, McCoy AN, Yeh JJ, et al. Differential gene expression between African American and European American colorectal cancer patients. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):e30168.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
go back to reference Zhang C, Zhang C, Wang Q, Li Z, Lin J, Wang H. Differences in stage of cancer at diagnosis, treatment, and survival by race and ethnicity among leading cancer types. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e202950.PubMedPubMedCentral Zhang C, Zhang C, Wang Q, Li Z, Lin J, Wang H. Differences in stage of cancer at diagnosis, treatment, and survival by race and ethnicity among leading cancer types. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e202950.PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Robbins HA, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Shiels MS. Age at cancer diagnosis for blacks compared with whites in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(3):diu489. Robbins HA, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Shiels MS. Age at cancer diagnosis for blacks compared with whites in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(3):diu489.
34.
go back to reference Aizer AA, Wilhite TJ, Chen M-H, Graham PL, Choueiri TK, Hoffman KE, et al. Lack of reduction in racial disparities in cancer-specific mortality over a 20-year period. Cancer. 2014;120(10):1532–9.PubMed Aizer AA, Wilhite TJ, Chen M-H, Graham PL, Choueiri TK, Hoffman KE, et al. Lack of reduction in racial disparities in cancer-specific mortality over a 20-year period. Cancer. 2014;120(10):1532–9.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Obeng-Gyasi S, Timsina L, Bhattacharyya O, Fisher CS, Haggstrom DA. Breast cancer presentation, surgical management and mortality across the rural–urban continuum in the national cancer database. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020;27(6):1805–15.PubMed Obeng-Gyasi S, Timsina L, Bhattacharyya O, Fisher CS, Haggstrom DA. Breast cancer presentation, surgical management and mortality across the rural–urban continuum in the national cancer database. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020;27(6):1805–15.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Halpern MT, Ward EM, Pavluck AL, Schrag NM, Bian J, Chen AY. Association of insurance status and ethnicity with cancer stage at diagnosis for 12 cancer sites: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(3):222–31.PubMed Halpern MT, Ward EM, Pavluck AL, Schrag NM, Bian J, Chen AY. Association of insurance status and ethnicity with cancer stage at diagnosis for 12 cancer sites: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(3):222–31.PubMed
37.
go back to reference America Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures for African-Americans 2019–2021. American Cancer Society; 2019. America Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures for African-Americans 2019–2021. American Cancer Society; 2019.
38.
go back to reference DeSantis CE, Ma J, Gaudet MM, Newman LA, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, et al. Breast cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(6):438–51.PubMed DeSantis CE, Ma J, Gaudet MM, Newman LA, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, et al. Breast cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(6):438–51.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Stapleton SM, Oseni TO, Bababekov YJ, Hung Y-C, Chang DC. Race/ethnicity and age distribution of breast cancer diagnosis in the United States. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(6):594–5.PubMedPubMedCentral Stapleton SM, Oseni TO, Bababekov YJ, Hung Y-C, Chang DC. Race/ethnicity and age distribution of breast cancer diagnosis in the United States. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(6):594–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
40.
go back to reference Monticciolo DL, Newell MS, Moy L, Niell B, Monsees B, Sickles EA. Breast cancer screening in women at higher-than-average risk: recommendations from the ACR. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018;15(3):408–14.PubMed Monticciolo DL, Newell MS, Moy L, Niell B, Monsees B, Sickles EA. Breast cancer screening in women at higher-than-average risk: recommendations from the ACR. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018;15(3):408–14.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Daly B, Olopade OI. A perfect storm: how tumor biology, genomics, and health care delivery patterns collide to create a racial survival disparity in breast cancer and proposed interventions for change. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(3):221–38.PubMed Daly B, Olopade OI. A perfect storm: how tumor biology, genomics, and health care delivery patterns collide to create a racial survival disparity in breast cancer and proposed interventions for change. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(3):221–38.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Jackson DK, Li Y, Eskander MF, Tsung A, Oppong BA, Bhattacharyya O, et al. Racial disparities in low-value surgical care and time to surgery in high-volume hospitals. J Surg Oncol. 2021;123(2):676–86.PubMed Jackson DK, Li Y, Eskander MF, Tsung A, Oppong BA, Bhattacharyya O, et al. Racial disparities in low-value surgical care and time to surgery in high-volume hospitals. J Surg Oncol. 2021;123(2):676–86.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Bleicher RJ, Ruth K, Sigurdson ER, Beck JR, Ross E, Wong Y-N, et al. Time to surgery and breast cancer survival in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(3):330–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Bleicher RJ, Ruth K, Sigurdson ER, Beck JR, Ross E, Wong Y-N, et al. Time to surgery and breast cancer survival in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(3):330–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
go back to reference Restrepo DJ, Boczar D, Huayllani MT, Sisti A, Gabriel E, McLaughlin SA, et al. Influence of race, income, insurance, and education on the rate of breast reconstruction. Anticancer Res. 2019;39(6):2969–73.PubMed Restrepo DJ, Boczar D, Huayllani MT, Sisti A, Gabriel E, McLaughlin SA, et al. Influence of race, income, insurance, and education on the rate of breast reconstruction. Anticancer Res. 2019;39(6):2969–73.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Du XL, Gor BJ. Racial disparities and trends in radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer in women, 1992 to 2002. Ethn Dis. 2007;17(1):122. Du XL, Gor BJ. Racial disparities and trends in radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer in women, 1992 to 2002. Ethn Dis. 2007;17(1):122.
47.
go back to reference Parise CA, Bauer KR, Caggiano V. Disparities in receipt of adjuvant radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery among the cancer-reporting regions of California. Cancer. 2012;118(9):2516–24.PubMed Parise CA, Bauer KR, Caggiano V. Disparities in receipt of adjuvant radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery among the cancer-reporting regions of California. Cancer. 2012;118(9):2516–24.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Wheeler SB, Carpenter WR, Peppercorn J, Schenck AP, Weinberger M, Biddle AK. Structural/organizational characteristics of health services partly explain racial variation in timeliness of radiation therapy among elderly breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133(1):333–45.PubMedPubMedCentral Wheeler SB, Carpenter WR, Peppercorn J, Schenck AP, Weinberger M, Biddle AK. Structural/organizational characteristics of health services partly explain racial variation in timeliness of radiation therapy among elderly breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133(1):333–45.PubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Butler PD, Familusi O, Serletti JM, Fox JP. Influence of race, insurance status, and geographic access to plastic surgeons on immediate breast reconstruction rates. Am J Surg. 2018;215(6):987–94.PubMed Butler PD, Familusi O, Serletti JM, Fox JP. Influence of race, insurance status, and geographic access to plastic surgeons on immediate breast reconstruction rates. Am J Surg. 2018;215(6):987–94.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Reeder A, Attar M, Nazario L, Bathula C, Zhang A, Hochbaum D, et al. Stress hormones reduce the efficacy of paclitaxel in triple negative breast cancer through induction of DNA damage. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(9):1461–70.PubMedPubMedCentral Reeder A, Attar M, Nazario L, Bathula C, Zhang A, Hochbaum D, et al. Stress hormones reduce the efficacy of paclitaxel in triple negative breast cancer through induction of DNA damage. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(9):1461–70.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
go back to reference Chavez-MacGregor M, Clarke CA, Lichtensztajn DY, Giordano SH. Delayed initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy among patients with breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(3):322–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Chavez-MacGregor M, Clarke CA, Lichtensztajn DY, Giordano SH. Delayed initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy among patients with breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(3):322–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
go back to reference Griggs JJ, Sorbero ME, Stark AT, Heininger SE, Dick AW. Racial disparity in the dose and dose intensity of breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;81(1):21–31.PubMed Griggs JJ, Sorbero ME, Stark AT, Heininger SE, Dick AW. Racial disparity in the dose and dose intensity of breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;81(1):21–31.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Schneider BP, Li L, Radovich M, Shen F, Miller KD, Flockhart DA, et al. Genome-wide association studies for taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy in ECOG-5103 and ECOG-1199. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(22):5082–91.PubMedPubMedCentral Schneider BP, Li L, Radovich M, Shen F, Miller KD, Flockhart DA, et al. Genome-wide association studies for taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy in ECOG-5103 and ECOG-1199. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(22):5082–91.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
go back to reference Reeder-Hayes K, Hinton SP, Meng K, Carey LA, Dusetzina SB. Disparities in use of human epidermal growth hormone receptor 2-targeted therapy for early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(17):2003.PubMedPubMedCentral Reeder-Hayes K, Hinton SP, Meng K, Carey LA, Dusetzina SB. Disparities in use of human epidermal growth hormone receptor 2-targeted therapy for early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(17):2003.PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
go back to reference Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, Buzdar A, Howell A, Dowsett M, et al. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(12):1135–41.PubMed Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, Buzdar A, Howell A, Dowsett M, et al. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(12):1135–41.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Osborne CK. Tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(22):1609–18.PubMed Osborne CK. Tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(22):1609–18.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Roberts MC, Wheeler SB, Reeder-Hayes K. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in endocrine therapy adherence in breast cancer: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(Suppl 3):e4-15.PubMedPubMedCentral Roberts MC, Wheeler SB, Reeder-Hayes K. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in endocrine therapy adherence in breast cancer: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(Suppl 3):e4-15.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
go back to reference Albain KS, Gray RJ, Makower DF, Faghih A, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, et al. Race, ethnicity, and clinical outcomes in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer in the randomized TAILORx trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(4):390–9.PubMed Albain KS, Gray RJ, Makower DF, Faghih A, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, et al. Race, ethnicity, and clinical outcomes in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer in the randomized TAILORx trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(4):390–9.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Makower D, Lin J, Xue X, Sparano JA. Lymphovascular invasion, race, and the 21-gene recurrence score in early estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2021;7(1):1–7. Makower D, Lin J, Xue X, Sparano JA. Lymphovascular invasion, race, and the 21-gene recurrence score in early estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2021;7(1):1–7.
61.
go back to reference Hoskins KF, Danciu OC, Ko NY, Calip GS. Association of race/ethnicity and the 21-gene recurrence score with breast cancer-specific mortality among US women. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(3):370–8.PubMed Hoskins KF, Danciu OC, Ko NY, Calip GS. Association of race/ethnicity and the 21-gene recurrence score with breast cancer-specific mortality among US women. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(3):370–8.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, Schoenfeld PS, Burke CA, Inadomi JM. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2008. Am J Gasterenterol. 2009;104(3):739–50. Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, Schoenfeld PS, Burke CA, Inadomi JM. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2008. Am J Gasterenterol. 2009;104(3):739–50.
65.
go back to reference Jackson CS, Oman M, Patel AM, Vega KJ. Health disparities in colorectal cancer among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(Suppl 1):S32.PubMedPubMedCentral Jackson CS, Oman M, Patel AM, Vega KJ. Health disparities in colorectal cancer among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(Suppl 1):S32.PubMedPubMedCentral
66.
go back to reference Andersen SW, Blot WJ, Lipworth L, Steinwandel M, Murff HJ, Zheng W. Association of race and socioeconomic status with colorectal cancer screening, colorectal cancer risk, and mortality in southern US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917995. Andersen SW, Blot WJ, Lipworth L, Steinwandel M, Murff HJ, Zheng W. Association of race and socioeconomic status with colorectal cancer screening, colorectal cancer risk, and mortality in southern US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917995.
67.
go back to reference Halbert CH, Armstrong K, Gandy OH, Shaker L. Racial differences in trust in health care providers. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(8):896–901.PubMed Halbert CH, Armstrong K, Gandy OH, Shaker L. Racial differences in trust in health care providers. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(8):896–901.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Khankari K, Eder M, Osborn CY, Makoul G, Clayman M, Skripkauskas S, et al. Improving colorectal cancer screening among the medically underserved: a pilot study within a federally qualified health center. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(10):1410–4.PubMedPubMedCentral Khankari K, Eder M, Osborn CY, Makoul G, Clayman M, Skripkauskas S, et al. Improving colorectal cancer screening among the medically underserved: a pilot study within a federally qualified health center. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(10):1410–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
69.
go back to reference Naylor K, Ward J, Polite BN. Interventions to improve care related to colorectal cancer among racial and ethnic minorities: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(8):1033–46.PubMedPubMedCentral Naylor K, Ward J, Polite BN. Interventions to improve care related to colorectal cancer among racial and ethnic minorities: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(8):1033–46.PubMedPubMedCentral
70.
go back to reference Tramontano AC, Chen Y, Watson TR, Eckel A, Hur C, Kong CY. Racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer treatment utilization and phase-specific costs, 2000–2014. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0231599.PubMedPubMedCentral Tramontano AC, Chen Y, Watson TR, Eckel A, Hur C, Kong CY. Racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer treatment utilization and phase-specific costs, 2000–2014. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0231599.PubMedPubMedCentral
71.
go back to reference Sineshaw HM, Ng K, Flanders WD, Brawley OW, Jemal A. Factors that contribute to differences in survival of black vs white patients with colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4):906-915.e7.PubMed Sineshaw HM, Ng K, Flanders WD, Brawley OW, Jemal A. Factors that contribute to differences in survival of black vs white patients with colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4):906-915.e7.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Gill AA, Enewold L, Zahm SH, Shriver CD, Stojadinovic A, McGlynn KA, et al. Colon cancer treatment: are there racial disparities in an equal-access healthcare system? Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(9):1059.PubMedPubMedCentral Gill AA, Enewold L, Zahm SH, Shriver CD, Stojadinovic A, McGlynn KA, et al. Colon cancer treatment: are there racial disparities in an equal-access healthcare system? Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(9):1059.PubMedPubMedCentral
73.
go back to reference Breslin TM, Morris AM, Gu N, Wong SL, Finlayson EV, Banerjee M, et al. Hospital factors and racial disparities in mortality after surgery for breast and colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(24):3945.PubMedPubMedCentral Breslin TM, Morris AM, Gu N, Wong SL, Finlayson EV, Banerjee M, et al. Hospital factors and racial disparities in mortality after surgery for breast and colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(24):3945.PubMedPubMedCentral
74.
go back to reference Eaglehouse YL, Georg MW, Shriver CD, Zhu K. Racial comparisons in timeliness of colon cancer treatment in an equal-access health system. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(4):410–7.PubMed Eaglehouse YL, Georg MW, Shriver CD, Zhu K. Racial comparisons in timeliness of colon cancer treatment in an equal-access health system. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(4):410–7.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Rhoads KF, Patel MI, Ma Y, Schmidt LA. How do integrated health care systems address racial and ethnic disparities in colon cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(8):854.PubMedPubMedCentral Rhoads KF, Patel MI, Ma Y, Schmidt LA. How do integrated health care systems address racial and ethnic disparities in colon cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(8):854.PubMedPubMedCentral
76.
go back to reference Laryea JA, Siegel E, Klimberg S. Racial disparity in colorectal cancer: the role of equal treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(3):295–302.PubMed Laryea JA, Siegel E, Klimberg S. Racial disparity in colorectal cancer: the role of equal treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(3):295–302.PubMed
77.
go back to reference National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):395–409. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):395–409.
78.
go back to reference Haddad DN, Sandler KL, Henderson LM, Rivera MP, Aldrich MC. Disparities in lung cancer screening: a review. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(4):399–405.PubMedPubMedCentral Haddad DN, Sandler KL, Henderson LM, Rivera MP, Aldrich MC. Disparities in lung cancer screening: a review. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(4):399–405.PubMedPubMedCentral
79.
go back to reference Annangi S, Nutalapati S, Foreman MG, Pillai R, Flenaugh EL. Potential racial disparities using current lung cancer screening guidelines. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2019;6(1):22–6.PubMed Annangi S, Nutalapati S, Foreman MG, Pillai R, Flenaugh EL. Potential racial disparities using current lung cancer screening guidelines. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2019;6(1):22–6.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. Screening for lung cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021;325(10):962–70.PubMed Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. Screening for lung cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021;325(10):962–70.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Wolf A, Alpert N, Tran BV, Liu B, Flores R, Taioli E. Persistence of racial disparities in early-stage lung cancer treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157(4):1670-1679.e4.PubMed Wolf A, Alpert N, Tran BV, Liu B, Flores R, Taioli E. Persistence of racial disparities in early-stage lung cancer treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157(4):1670-1679.e4.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Bach PB, Cramer LD, Warren JL, Begg CB. Racial differences in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(16):1198–205.PubMed Bach PB, Cramer LD, Warren JL, Begg CB. Racial differences in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(16):1198–205.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Taioli E, Flores R. Appropriateness of surgical approach in black patients with lung cancer—15 years later, little has changed. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(3):573–7.PubMed Taioli E, Flores R. Appropriateness of surgical approach in black patients with lung cancer—15 years later, little has changed. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(3):573–7.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Fang P, He W, Gomez D, Hoffman KE, Smith BD, Giordano SH, et al. Racial disparities in guideline-concordant cancer care and mortality in the United States. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2018;3(3):221–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Fang P, He W, Gomez D, Hoffman KE, Smith BD, Giordano SH, et al. Racial disparities in guideline-concordant cancer care and mortality in the United States. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2018;3(3):221–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
85.
go back to reference Lin JJ, Mhango G, Wall MM, Lurslurchachai L, Bond KT, Nelson JE, et al. Cultural factors associated with racial disparities in lung cancer care. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(4):489–95.PubMedPubMedCentral Lin JJ, Mhango G, Wall MM, Lurslurchachai L, Bond KT, Nelson JE, et al. Cultural factors associated with racial disparities in lung cancer care. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(4):489–95.PubMedPubMedCentral
86.
go back to reference Palmer JR, Polley EC, Hu C, John EM, Haiman C, Hart SN, et al. Contribution of germline predisposition gene mutations to breast cancer risk in African American women. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(12):1213–21.PubMed Palmer JR, Polley EC, Hu C, John EM, Haiman C, Hart SN, et al. Contribution of germline predisposition gene mutations to breast cancer risk in African American women. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(12):1213–21.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Zheng Y, Zhang J, Niu Q, Huo D, Olopade OI. Novel germline PALB2 truncating mutations in African American breast cancer patients. Cancer. 2012;118(5):1362–70.PubMed Zheng Y, Zhang J, Niu Q, Huo D, Olopade OI. Novel germline PALB2 truncating mutations in African American breast cancer patients. Cancer. 2012;118(5):1362–70.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Wang S, Pitt JJ, Zheng Y, Yoshimatsu TF, Gao G, Sanni A, et al. Germline variants and somatic mutation signatures of breast cancer across populations of African and European ancestry in the US and Nigeria. Int J Cancer. 2019;145(12):3321–33.PubMedPubMedCentral Wang S, Pitt JJ, Zheng Y, Yoshimatsu TF, Gao G, Sanni A, et al. Germline variants and somatic mutation signatures of breast cancer across populations of African and European ancestry in the US and Nigeria. Int J Cancer. 2019;145(12):3321–33.PubMedPubMedCentral
89.
go back to reference Jones CC, Bush WS, Crawford DC, Wenzlaff AS, Schwartz AG, Wiencke JK, et al. Germline genetic variants and lung cancer survival in African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2017;26(8):1288–95. Jones CC, Bush WS, Crawford DC, Wenzlaff AS, Schwartz AG, Wiencke JK, et al. Germline genetic variants and lung cancer survival in African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2017;26(8):1288–95.
90.
go back to reference Schenk A, López S, Kschischo M, McGranahan N. Germline ancestry influences the evolutionary disease course in lung adenocarcinomas. Evol Appl. 2020;13(7):1550–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Schenk A, López S, Kschischo M, McGranahan N. Germline ancestry influences the evolutionary disease course in lung adenocarcinomas. Evol Appl. 2020;13(7):1550–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
91.
go back to reference Campbell JD, Lathan C, Sholl L, Ducar M, Vega M, Sunkavalli A, et al. Comparison of prevalence and types of mutations in lung cancers among Black and White populations. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(6):801–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Campbell JD, Lathan C, Sholl L, Ducar M, Vega M, Sunkavalli A, et al. Comparison of prevalence and types of mutations in lung cancers among Black and White populations. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(6):801–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
92.
go back to reference Hebbring SJ, Adjei AA, Baer JL, Jenkins GD, Zhang J, Cunningham JM, et al. Human SULT1A1 gene: copy number differences and functional implications. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16(5):463–70.PubMed Hebbring SJ, Adjei AA, Baer JL, Jenkins GD, Zhang J, Cunningham JM, et al. Human SULT1A1 gene: copy number differences and functional implications. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16(5):463–70.PubMed
93.
go back to reference Weber TK, Chin H-M, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Keitz B, Gilligan R, O’Malley L, et al. Novel hMLH1 and hMSH2 germline mutations in African Americans with colorectal cancer. JAMA. 1999;281(24):2316–20.PubMed Weber TK, Chin H-M, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Keitz B, Gilligan R, O’Malley L, et al. Novel hMLH1 and hMSH2 germline mutations in African Americans with colorectal cancer. JAMA. 1999;281(24):2316–20.PubMed
94.
go back to reference Guindalini RSC, Win AK, Gulden C, Lindor NM, Newcomb PA, Haile RW, et al. Mutation spectrum and risk of colorectal cancer in African American families with Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(6):1446–53.PubMed Guindalini RSC, Win AK, Gulden C, Lindor NM, Newcomb PA, Haile RW, et al. Mutation spectrum and risk of colorectal cancer in African American families with Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(6):1446–53.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Sun X, Chandar AK, Canto MI, Thota PN, Brock M, Shaheen NJ, et al. Genomic regions associated with susceptibility to Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in African Americans: the cross BETRNet admixture study. PloS One. 2017;12(10):e0184962.PubMedPubMedCentral Sun X, Chandar AK, Canto MI, Thota PN, Brock M, Shaheen NJ, et al. Genomic regions associated with susceptibility to Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in African Americans: the cross BETRNet admixture study. PloS One. 2017;12(10):e0184962.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
go back to reference Bryc K, Durand EY, Macpherson JM, Reich D, Mountain JL. The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96(1):37–53.PubMedPubMedCentral Bryc K, Durand EY, Macpherson JM, Reich D, Mountain JL. The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96(1):37–53.PubMedPubMedCentral
97.
go back to reference Mohammed SI, Springfield S, Das R. Role of epigenetics in cancer health disparities. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;863:395–410.PubMed Mohammed SI, Springfield S, Das R. Role of epigenetics in cancer health disparities. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;863:395–410.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Ahmad A, Azim S, Zubair H, Khan MA, Singh S, Carter JE, et al. Epigenetic basis of cancer health disparities: looking beyond genetic differences. Biochim Biophys Acta-Rev Cancer. 2017;1868(1):16–28.PubMed Ahmad A, Azim S, Zubair H, Khan MA, Singh S, Carter JE, et al. Epigenetic basis of cancer health disparities: looking beyond genetic differences. Biochim Biophys Acta-Rev Cancer. 2017;1868(1):16–28.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Lerner L, Winn R, Hulbert A. Lung cancer early detection and health disparities: the intersection of epigenetics and ethnicity. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(4):2498.PubMedPubMedCentral Lerner L, Winn R, Hulbert A. Lung cancer early detection and health disparities: the intersection of epigenetics and ethnicity. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(4):2498.PubMedPubMedCentral
100.
go back to reference Thayer ZM, Kuzawa CW. Biological memories of past environments: epigenetic pathways to health disparities. Epigenetics. 2011;6(7):798–803.PubMed Thayer ZM, Kuzawa CW. Biological memories of past environments: epigenetic pathways to health disparities. Epigenetics. 2011;6(7):798–803.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Carlson ED, Chamberlain RM. Allostatic load and health disparities: a theoretical orientation. Res Nurs Health. 2005;28(4):306–15.PubMed Carlson ED, Chamberlain RM. Allostatic load and health disparities: a theoretical orientation. Res Nurs Health. 2005;28(4):306–15.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Rodriquez EJ, Kim EN, Sumner AE, Nápoles AM, Pérez-Stable EJ. Allostatic load: Importance, markers, and score determination in minority and disparity populations. J Urban Health. 2019;96(1):3–11.PubMedPubMedCentral Rodriquez EJ, Kim EN, Sumner AE, Nápoles AM, Pérez-Stable EJ. Allostatic load: Importance, markers, and score determination in minority and disparity populations. J Urban Health. 2019;96(1):3–11.PubMedPubMedCentral
103.
go back to reference Olden K, Lin Y-S, Bussard D. Epigenome: a biomarker or screening tool to evaluate health impact of cumulative exposure to chemical and non-chemical stressors. Biosensors. 2016;6(2):12.PubMedCentral Olden K, Lin Y-S, Bussard D. Epigenome: a biomarker or screening tool to evaluate health impact of cumulative exposure to chemical and non-chemical stressors. Biosensors. 2016;6(2):12.PubMedCentral
104.
go back to reference Cunliffe VT. The epigenetic impacts of social stress: how does social adversity become biologically embedded? Epigenomics. 2016;8(12):1653–69.PubMedPubMedCentral Cunliffe VT. The epigenetic impacts of social stress: how does social adversity become biologically embedded? Epigenomics. 2016;8(12):1653–69.PubMedPubMedCentral
105.
go back to reference Jones PA, Baylin SB. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet. 2002;3(6):415–28.PubMed Jones PA, Baylin SB. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet. 2002;3(6):415–28.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Grønbaek K, Hother C, Jones PA. Epigenetic changes in cancer. Apmis. 2007;115(10):1039–59.PubMed Grønbaek K, Hother C, Jones PA. Epigenetic changes in cancer. Apmis. 2007;115(10):1039–59.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Lara OD, Wang Y, Asare A, Xu T, Chiu H-S, Liu Y, et al. Pan-cancer clinical and molecular analysis of racial disparities. Cancer. 2020;126(4):800–7.PubMed Lara OD, Wang Y, Asare A, Xu T, Chiu H-S, Liu Y, et al. Pan-cancer clinical and molecular analysis of racial disparities. Cancer. 2020;126(4):800–7.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Nesset KA, Perri AM, Mueller CR. Frequent promoter hypermethylation and expression reduction of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in breast tumors. Epigenetics. 2014;9(6):851–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Nesset KA, Perri AM, Mueller CR. Frequent promoter hypermethylation and expression reduction of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in breast tumors. Epigenetics. 2014;9(6):851–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
109.
go back to reference Ambrosone CB, Young AC, Sucheston LE, Wang D, Li Y, Liu S, et al. Genome-wide methylation patterns provide insight into differences in breast tumor biology between American women of African and European ancestry. Oncotarget. 2014;5(1):237.PubMed Ambrosone CB, Young AC, Sucheston LE, Wang D, Li Y, Liu S, et al. Genome-wide methylation patterns provide insight into differences in breast tumor biology between American women of African and European ancestry. Oncotarget. 2014;5(1):237.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Mehrotra A, Liu H, Adams JL, Wang MC, Lave JR, Thygeson NM, et al. Comparing costs and quality of care at retail clinics with that of other medical settings for 3 common illnesses. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(5):321–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Mehrotra A, Liu H, Adams JL, Wang MC, Lave JR, Thygeson NM, et al. Comparing costs and quality of care at retail clinics with that of other medical settings for 3 common illnesses. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(5):321–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
111.
go back to reference Mokarram P, Kumar K, Brim H, Naghibalhossaini F, Saberi-firoozi M, Nouraie M, et al. Distinct high-profile methylated genes in colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(9):e7012.PubMedPubMedCentral Mokarram P, Kumar K, Brim H, Naghibalhossaini F, Saberi-firoozi M, Nouraie M, et al. Distinct high-profile methylated genes in colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(9):e7012.PubMedPubMedCentral
112.
go back to reference Kumar K, Brim H, Giardiello F, Smoot DT, Nouraie M, Lee EL, et al. Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(4):1155–61.PubMedPubMedCentral Kumar K, Brim H, Giardiello F, Smoot DT, Nouraie M, Lee EL, et al. Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(4):1155–61.PubMedPubMedCentral
113.
go back to reference Huo D, Hu H, Rhie SK, Gamazon ER, Cherniack AD, Liu J, et al. Comparison of breast cancer molecular features and survival by African and European Ancestry in The Cancer Genome Atlas. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(12):1654–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Huo D, Hu H, Rhie SK, Gamazon ER, Cherniack AD, Liu J, et al. Comparison of breast cancer molecular features and survival by African and European Ancestry in The Cancer Genome Atlas. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(12):1654–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
114.
go back to reference Charan M, Verma AK, Hussain S, Misri S, Mishra S, Majumder S, et al. Molecular and cellular factors associated with racial disparity in breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(16):5946. Charan M, Verma AK, Hussain S, Misri S, Mishra S, Majumder S, et al. Molecular and cellular factors associated with racial disparity in breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(16):5946.
115.
go back to reference Saini G, Ogden A, McCullough LE, Torres M, Rida P, Aneja R. Disadvantaged neighborhoods and racial disparity in breast cancer outcomes: the biological link. Cancer Causes Control. 2019;30(7):677–86.PubMedPubMedCentral Saini G, Ogden A, McCullough LE, Torres M, Rida P, Aneja R. Disadvantaged neighborhoods and racial disparity in breast cancer outcomes: the biological link. Cancer Causes Control. 2019;30(7):677–86.PubMedPubMedCentral
116.
go back to reference Hardy TM, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic diet: impact on the epigenome and cancer. Epigenomics. 2011;3(4):503–18.PubMed Hardy TM, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic diet: impact on the epigenome and cancer. Epigenomics. 2011;3(4):503–18.PubMed
117.
go back to reference Sharavanan VJ, Sivaramakrishnan M, Sivarajasekar N, Senthilrani N, Kothandan R, Dhakal N, et al. Pollutants inducing epigenetic changes and diseases. Environ Chem Lett. 2020;18(2):325–43. Sharavanan VJ, Sivaramakrishnan M, Sivarajasekar N, Senthilrani N, Kothandan R, Dhakal N, et al. Pollutants inducing epigenetic changes and diseases. Environ Chem Lett. 2020;18(2):325–43.
118.
go back to reference Vidal AC, Neelon SEB, Liu Y, Tuli AM, Fuemmeler BF, Hoyo C, et al. Maternal stress, preterm birth, and DNA methylation at imprint regulatory sequences in humans. Genet Epigenetics. 2014;6:37–44. Vidal AC, Neelon SEB, Liu Y, Tuli AM, Fuemmeler BF, Hoyo C, et al. Maternal stress, preterm birth, and DNA methylation at imprint regulatory sequences in humans. Genet Epigenetics. 2014;6:37–44.
119.
go back to reference Hoare J, Stein DJ, Heany SJ, Fouche J-P, Phillips N, Er S, et al. Accelerated epigenetic aging in adolescents from low-income households is associated with altered development of brain structures. Metab Brain Dis. 2020;35(8):1287–98.PubMed Hoare J, Stein DJ, Heany SJ, Fouche J-P, Phillips N, Er S, et al. Accelerated epigenetic aging in adolescents from low-income households is associated with altered development of brain structures. Metab Brain Dis. 2020;35(8):1287–98.PubMed
120.
go back to reference Pasculli B, Barbano R, Parrella P. Epigenetics of breast cancer: biology and clinical implication in the era of precision medicine. Semin Cancer Biol. 2018;51:22–35.PubMed Pasculli B, Barbano R, Parrella P. Epigenetics of breast cancer: biology and clinical implication in the era of precision medicine. Semin Cancer Biol. 2018;51:22–35.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Al Hadidi S, Mims M, Miller-Chism CN, Kamble R. Participation of African American persons in clinical trials supporting US food and drug administration approval of cancer drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(4):320–2.PubMed Al Hadidi S, Mims M, Miller-Chism CN, Kamble R. Participation of African American persons in clinical trials supporting US food and drug administration approval of cancer drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(4):320–2.PubMed
122.
go back to reference McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093–101.PubMed McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093–101.PubMed
123.
go back to reference Kinlein SA, Wilson CD, Karatsoreos IN. Dysregulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function contributes to altered endocrine and neurobehavioral responses to acute stress. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:31.PubMedPubMedCentral Kinlein SA, Wilson CD, Karatsoreos IN. Dysregulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function contributes to altered endocrine and neurobehavioral responses to acute stress. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:31.PubMedPubMedCentral
124.
go back to reference Seeman TE, Singer BH, Rowe JW, Horwitz RI, McEwen BS. Price of adaptation—allostatic load and its health consequences: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(19):2259–68.PubMed Seeman TE, Singer BH, Rowe JW, Horwitz RI, McEwen BS. Price of adaptation—allostatic load and its health consequences: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(19):2259–68.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Parente V, Hale L, Palermo T. Association between breast cancer and allostatic load by race: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008. Psychooncology. 2013;22(3):621–8.PubMed Parente V, Hale L, Palermo T. Association between breast cancer and allostatic load by race: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008. Psychooncology. 2013;22(3):621–8.PubMed
127.
go back to reference Akinyemiju T, Wilson LE, Deveaux A, Aslibekyan S, Cushman M, Gilchrist S, et al. Association of allostatic load with all-cause and cancer mortality by race and body mass index in theREGARDS cohort. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(6):1695.PubMedCentral Akinyemiju T, Wilson LE, Deveaux A, Aslibekyan S, Cushman M, Gilchrist S, et al. Association of allostatic load with all-cause and cancer mortality by race and body mass index in theREGARDS cohort. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(6):1695.PubMedCentral
130.
go back to reference Malard F, Dore J, Gaugler B, Mohty M. Introduction to host microbiome symbiosis in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol. 2021;14(3):547–54.PubMed Malard F, Dore J, Gaugler B, Mohty M. Introduction to host microbiome symbiosis in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol. 2021;14(3):547–54.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392–400.PubMedPubMedCentral Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392–400.PubMedPubMedCentral
132.
go back to reference Bultman SJ. Emerging roles of the microbiome in cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(2):249–55.PubMed Bultman SJ. Emerging roles of the microbiome in cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(2):249–55.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Hester CM, Jala VR, Langille MG, Umar S, Greiner KA, Haribabu B. Fecal microbes, short chain fatty acids, and colorectal cancer across racial/ethnic groups. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(9):2759–69.PubMedPubMedCentral Hester CM, Jala VR, Langille MG, Umar S, Greiner KA, Haribabu B. Fecal microbes, short chain fatty acids, and colorectal cancer across racial/ethnic groups. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(9):2759–69.PubMedPubMedCentral
134.
go back to reference Sengupta S, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Does butyrate protect from colorectal cancer? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(1):209–18.PubMed Sengupta S, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Does butyrate protect from colorectal cancer? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(1):209–18.PubMed
135.
go back to reference Gonçalves P, Martel F. Butyrate and colorectal cancer: the role of butyrate transport. Curr Drug Metab. 2013;14(9):994–1008.PubMed Gonçalves P, Martel F. Butyrate and colorectal cancer: the role of butyrate transport. Curr Drug Metab. 2013;14(9):994–1008.PubMed
136.
go back to reference Farhana L, Antaki F, Murshed F, Mahmud H, Judd SL, Nangia-Makker P, et al. Gut microbiome profiling and colorectal cancer in African Americans and Caucasian Americans. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2018;9(2):47–58.PubMedPubMedCentral Farhana L, Antaki F, Murshed F, Mahmud H, Judd SL, Nangia-Makker P, et al. Gut microbiome profiling and colorectal cancer in African Americans and Caucasian Americans. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2018;9(2):47–58.PubMedPubMedCentral
137.
go back to reference Shang F-M, Liu H-L. Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer: a review. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2018;10(3):71.PubMedPubMedCentral Shang F-M, Liu H-L. Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer: a review. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2018;10(3):71.PubMedPubMedCentral
138.
go back to reference Yu T, Guo F, Yu Y, Sun T, Ma D, Han J, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes chemoresistance to colorectal cancer by modulating autophagy. Cell. 2017;170(3):548-563.e16.PubMedPubMedCentral Yu T, Guo F, Yu Y, Sun T, Ma D, Han J, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes chemoresistance to colorectal cancer by modulating autophagy. Cell. 2017;170(3):548-563.e16.PubMedPubMedCentral
139.
go back to reference Mima K, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Cao Y, Sukawa Y, Nowak JA, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue and patient prognosis. Gut. 2016;65(12):1973–80.PubMed Mima K, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Cao Y, Sukawa Y, Nowak JA, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue and patient prognosis. Gut. 2016;65(12):1973–80.PubMed
140.
go back to reference Thyagarajan S, Zhang Y, Thapa S, Allen MS, Phillips N, Chaudhary P, et al. Comparative analysis of racial differences in breast tumor microbiome. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–13. Thyagarajan S, Zhang Y, Thapa S, Allen MS, Phillips N, Chaudhary P, et al. Comparative analysis of racial differences in breast tumor microbiome. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–13.
141.
go back to reference Smith A, Pierre JF, Makowski L, Tolley E, Lyn-Cook B, Lu L, et al. Distinct microbial communities that differ by race, stage, or breast-tumor subtype in breast tissues of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White women. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):11940.PubMedPubMedCentral Smith A, Pierre JF, Makowski L, Tolley E, Lyn-Cook B, Lu L, et al. Distinct microbial communities that differ by race, stage, or breast-tumor subtype in breast tissues of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White women. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):11940.PubMedPubMedCentral
142.
go back to reference Wu S, Powers S, Zhu W, Hannun YA. Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development. Nature. 2016;529(7584):43–7.PubMed Wu S, Powers S, Zhu W, Hannun YA. Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development. Nature. 2016;529(7584):43–7.PubMed
143.
go back to reference Spring B, King AC, Pagoto SL, Van Horn L, Fisher JD. Fostering multiple healthy lifestyle behaviors for primary prevention of cancer. Am Psychol. 2015;70(2):75.PubMedPubMedCentral Spring B, King AC, Pagoto SL, Van Horn L, Fisher JD. Fostering multiple healthy lifestyle behaviors for primary prevention of cancer. Am Psychol. 2015;70(2):75.PubMedPubMedCentral
144.
go back to reference Chan AT, Giovannucci EL. Primary prevention of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(6):2029-2043.e10.PubMed Chan AT, Giovannucci EL. Primary prevention of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(6):2029-2043.e10.PubMed
145.
go back to reference Bellanger M, Barry K, Rana J, Regnaux J-P. Cost-effectiveness of lifestyle-related interventions for the primary prevention of breast cancer: a rapid review. Front Med. 2020;6:325. Bellanger M, Barry K, Rana J, Regnaux J-P. Cost-effectiveness of lifestyle-related interventions for the primary prevention of breast cancer: a rapid review. Front Med. 2020;6:325.
146.
go back to reference Gonzalez CA. Nutrition and cancer: the current epidemiological evidence. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(Suppl 1):S42–5.PubMed Gonzalez CA. Nutrition and cancer: the current epidemiological evidence. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(Suppl 1):S42–5.PubMed
147.
go back to reference Donaldson MS. Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr J. 2004;3(1):1–21. Donaldson MS. Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr J. 2004;3(1):1–21.
148.
go back to reference Key TJ, Bradbury KE, Perez-Cornago A, Sinha R, Tsilidis KK, Tsugane S. Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? BMJ. 2020;368:m511.PubMedPubMedCentral Key TJ, Bradbury KE, Perez-Cornago A, Sinha R, Tsilidis KK, Tsugane S. Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? BMJ. 2020;368:m511.PubMedPubMedCentral
149.
go back to reference Bahr PR. Race and nutrition: an investigation of Black-White differences in health-related nutritional behaviours. Sociol Health Illn. 2007;29(6):831–56.PubMed Bahr PR. Race and nutrition: an investigation of Black-White differences in health-related nutritional behaviours. Sociol Health Illn. 2007;29(6):831–56.PubMed
150.
go back to reference Thompson TL, Singleton CR, Springfield SE, Thorpe RJ Jr, Odoms-Young A. Differences in nutrient intake and diet quality between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white men in the United States. Public Health Rep. 2020;135(3):334–42.PubMedPubMedCentral Thompson TL, Singleton CR, Springfield SE, Thorpe RJ Jr, Odoms-Young A. Differences in nutrient intake and diet quality between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white men in the United States. Public Health Rep. 2020;135(3):334–42.PubMedPubMedCentral
151.
go back to reference Bartley K, Jung M, Yi S. Diet and blood pressure: differences among whites, blacks and Hispanics in New York City 2010. Ethn Dis. 2014;24(2):175–81.PubMed Bartley K, Jung M, Yi S. Diet and blood pressure: differences among whites, blacks and Hispanics in New York City 2010. Ethn Dis. 2014;24(2):175–81.PubMed
152.
go back to reference Airhihenbuwa CO, Kumanyika S, Agurs TD, Lowe A, Saunders D, Morssink CB. Cultural aspects of African American eating patterns. Ethn Health. 1996;1(3):245–60.PubMed Airhihenbuwa CO, Kumanyika S, Agurs TD, Lowe A, Saunders D, Morssink CB. Cultural aspects of African American eating patterns. Ethn Health. 1996;1(3):245–60.PubMed
153.
go back to reference Semmes CE. Racism, health, and post-industrialism: a theory of African-American health. 1996. Semmes CE. Racism, health, and post-industrialism: a theory of African-American health. 1996.
154.
go back to reference Vance KE. Culture, food, and racism: the effects on African American health. 2018. Vance KE. Culture, food, and racism: the effects on African American health. 2018.
155.
go back to reference Hargreaves MK, Schlundt DG, Buchowski MS. Contextual factors influencing the eating behaviours of African American women: a focus group investigation. Ethn Health. 2002;7(3):133–47.PubMed Hargreaves MK, Schlundt DG, Buchowski MS. Contextual factors influencing the eating behaviours of African American women: a focus group investigation. Ethn Health. 2002;7(3):133–47.PubMed
156.
go back to reference Santarelli RL, Pierre F, Corpet DE. Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(2):131–44.PubMedPubMedCentral Santarelli RL, Pierre F, Corpet DE. Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(2):131–44.PubMedPubMedCentral
157.
go back to reference Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Patel AV, et al. Meat consumption among Black and White men and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2006;15(2):211–6. Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Patel AV, et al. Meat consumption among Black and White men and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2006;15(2):211–6.
158.
go back to reference Yazici C, Wolf PG, Kim H, Cross T-WL, Vermillion K, Carroll T, et al. Race-dependent association of sulfidogenic bacteria with colorectal cancer. Gut. 2017;66(11):1983–94.PubMed Yazici C, Wolf PG, Kim H, Cross T-WL, Vermillion K, Carroll T, et al. Race-dependent association of sulfidogenic bacteria with colorectal cancer. Gut. 2017;66(11):1983–94.PubMed
159.
go back to reference Storey M, Anderson P. Income and race/ethnicity influence dietary fiber intake and vegetable consumption. Nutr Res. 2014;34(10):844–50.PubMed Storey M, Anderson P. Income and race/ethnicity influence dietary fiber intake and vegetable consumption. Nutr Res. 2014;34(10):844–50.PubMed
160.
go back to reference Kunzmann AT, Coleman HG, Huang W-Y, Kitahara CM, Cantwell MM, Berndt SI. Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer and incident and recurrent adenoma in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(4):881–90.PubMedPubMedCentral Kunzmann AT, Coleman HG, Huang W-Y, Kitahara CM, Cantwell MM, Berndt SI. Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer and incident and recurrent adenoma in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(4):881–90.PubMedPubMedCentral
161.
go back to reference Heaney RP. Low calcium intake among African Americans: effects on bones and body weight. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1095–8.PubMed Heaney RP. Low calcium intake among African Americans: effects on bones and body weight. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1095–8.PubMed
162.
go back to reference Yang Q-H, Carter HK, Mulinare J, Berry RJ, Friedman JM, Erickson JD. Race-ethnicity differences in folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States after folic acid fortification: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1409–16.PubMed Yang Q-H, Carter HK, Mulinare J, Berry RJ, Friedman JM, Erickson JD. Race-ethnicity differences in folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States after folic acid fortification: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1409–16.PubMed
163.
go back to reference Boggs DA, Palmer JR, Wise LA, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(11):1268–79.PubMedPubMedCentral Boggs DA, Palmer JR, Wise LA, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(11):1268–79.PubMedPubMedCentral
165.
go back to reference Calle EE, Thun MJ. Obesity and cancer. Oncogene. 2004;23(38):6365–78.PubMed Calle EE, Thun MJ. Obesity and cancer. Oncogene. 2004;23(38):6365–78.PubMed
166.
go back to reference Bianchini F, Kaaks R, Vainio H. Overweight, obesity, and cancer risk. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3(9):565–74.PubMed Bianchini F, Kaaks R, Vainio H. Overweight, obesity, and cancer risk. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3(9):565–74.PubMed
167.
go back to reference Liu B, Du Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Trends in obesity and adiposity measures by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States 2011–18: population based study. BMJ. 2021;372:n365.PubMedPubMedCentral Liu B, Du Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Trends in obesity and adiposity measures by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States 2011–18: population based study. BMJ. 2021;372:n365.PubMedPubMedCentral
168.
go back to reference Samanic C, Gridley G, Chow W-H, Lubin J, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JFJ. Obesity and cancer risk among white and black United States veterans. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(1):35–43.PubMed Samanic C, Gridley G, Chow W-H, Lubin J, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JFJ. Obesity and cancer risk among white and black United States veterans. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(1):35–43.PubMed
169.
go back to reference Pierobon M, Frankenfeld CL. Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;137(1):307–14.PubMed Pierobon M, Frankenfeld CL. Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;137(1):307–14.PubMed
170.
go back to reference Dignam JJ, Wieand K, Johnson KA, Raich P, Anderson SJ, Somkin C, et al. Effects of obesity and race on prognosis in lymph node-negative, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;97(3):245–54.PubMed Dignam JJ, Wieand K, Johnson KA, Raich P, Anderson SJ, Somkin C, et al. Effects of obesity and race on prognosis in lymph node-negative, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;97(3):245–54.PubMed
171.
go back to reference Jiang M, Fares AF, Shepshelovich D, Yang P, Christiani D, Zhang J, et al. The relationship between body-mass index and overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer by sex, smoking status, and race: A pooled analysis of 20,937 International lung Cancer consortium (ILCCO) patients. Lung Cancer. 2021;152:58–65.PubMed Jiang M, Fares AF, Shepshelovich D, Yang P, Christiani D, Zhang J, et al. The relationship between body-mass index and overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer by sex, smoking status, and race: A pooled analysis of 20,937 International lung Cancer consortium (ILCCO) patients. Lung Cancer. 2021;152:58–65.PubMed
172.
go back to reference Westerlind KC. Physical activity and cancer prevention—mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(11):1834–40.PubMed Westerlind KC. Physical activity and cancer prevention—mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(11):1834–40.PubMed
173.
go back to reference Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Physical activity and cancer prevention. Sports Med. 2008;38(4):271–96.PubMed Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Physical activity and cancer prevention. Sports Med. 2008;38(4):271–96.PubMed
174.
go back to reference Hojman P, Gehl J, Christensen JF, Pedersen BK. Molecular mechanisms linking exercise to cancer prevention and treatment. Cell Metab. 2018;27(1):10–21.PubMed Hojman P, Gehl J, Christensen JF, Pedersen BK. Molecular mechanisms linking exercise to cancer prevention and treatment. Cell Metab. 2018;27(1):10–21.PubMed
175.
go back to reference August KJ, Sorkin DH. Racial/ethnic disparities in exercise and dietary behaviors of middle-aged and older adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(3):245–50.PubMed August KJ, Sorkin DH. Racial/ethnic disparities in exercise and dietary behaviors of middle-aged and older adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(3):245–50.PubMed
176.
go back to reference Joseph RP, Ainsworth BE, Keller C, Dodgson JE. Barriers to Physical activity among African American women: an integrative review of the literature. Women Health. 2015;55(6):679–99.PubMedPubMedCentral Joseph RP, Ainsworth BE, Keller C, Dodgson JE. Barriers to Physical activity among African American women: an integrative review of the literature. Women Health. 2015;55(6):679–99.PubMedPubMedCentral
177.
go back to reference Wen M, Zhang X, Harris CD, Holt JB, Croft JB. Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45(Suppl 1):S18-27.PubMed Wen M, Zhang X, Harris CD, Holt JB, Croft JB. Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45(Suppl 1):S18-27.PubMed
178.
go back to reference LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS, Merrill JK, Alberg AJ. Alcohol and cancer: a statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(1):83–93.PubMed LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS, Merrill JK, Alberg AJ. Alcohol and cancer: a statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(1):83–93.PubMed
179.
go back to reference Ezzati M, Henley SJ, Lopez AD, Thun MJ. Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: current patterns and data needs. Int J Cancer. 2005;116(6):963–71.PubMed Ezzati M, Henley SJ, Lopez AD, Thun MJ. Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: current patterns and data needs. Int J Cancer. 2005;116(6):963–71.PubMed
180.
go back to reference Hecht SS. Cigarette smoking: cancer risks, carcinogens, and mechanisms. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006;391(6):603–13.PubMed Hecht SS. Cigarette smoking: cancer risks, carcinogens, and mechanisms. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006;391(6):603–13.PubMed
181.
go back to reference Agaku IT, King BA, Dube SR. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2005–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(2):29–34.PubMedPubMedCentral Agaku IT, King BA, Dube SR. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2005–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(2):29–34.PubMedPubMedCentral
182.
go back to reference Holford TR, Levy DT, Meza R. Comparison of Smoking History Patterns Among African American and White Cohorts in the United States Born 1890 to 1990. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(Suppl 1):S16-29.PubMedPubMedCentral Holford TR, Levy DT, Meza R. Comparison of Smoking History Patterns Among African American and White Cohorts in the United States Born 1890 to 1990. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(Suppl 1):S16-29.PubMedPubMedCentral
183.
go back to reference Hooks-Anderson DR, Salas J, Secrest S, Skiöld-Hanlin S, Scherrer JF. Association between race and receipt of counselling or medication for smoking cessation in primary care. Fam Pract. 2018;35(2):160–5.PubMed Hooks-Anderson DR, Salas J, Secrest S, Skiöld-Hanlin S, Scherrer JF. Association between race and receipt of counselling or medication for smoking cessation in primary care. Fam Pract. 2018;35(2):160–5.PubMed
184.
go back to reference Hooper MW, Asfar T, Unrod M, Dorsey A, Correa JB, Brandon KO, et al. Reasons for exclusion from a smoking cessation trial: an analysis by race/ethnicity. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):23. Hooper MW, Asfar T, Unrod M, Dorsey A, Correa JB, Brandon KO, et al. Reasons for exclusion from a smoking cessation trial: an analysis by race/ethnicity. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):23.
185.
go back to reference Perez-Stable EJ, Herrera B, Jacob P III, Benowitz NL. Nicotine metabolism and intake in black and white smokers. JAMA. 1998;280(2):152–6.PubMed Perez-Stable EJ, Herrera B, Jacob P III, Benowitz NL. Nicotine metabolism and intake in black and white smokers. JAMA. 1998;280(2):152–6.PubMed
186.
go back to reference Ho JY, Elo IT. The contribution of smoking to black–white differences in U.S. mortality. Demography. 2013;50(2):545–68.PubMed Ho JY, Elo IT. The contribution of smoking to black–white differences in U.S. mortality. Demography. 2013;50(2):545–68.PubMed
187.
go back to reference Assari S, Bazargan M. Unequal effects of educational attainment on workplace exposure to second-hand smoke by race and ethnicity; minorities’ diminished returns in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). J Med Res Innov. 2019;3(2):e000179.PubMedPubMedCentral Assari S, Bazargan M. Unequal effects of educational attainment on workplace exposure to second-hand smoke by race and ethnicity; minorities’ diminished returns in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). J Med Res Innov. 2019;3(2):e000179.PubMedPubMedCentral
188.
go back to reference Homa DM, Neff LJ, King BA, Caraballo RS, Bunnell RE, Babb SD, et al. Vital signs: disparities in nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke—United States, 1999–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(4):103–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Homa DM, Neff LJ, King BA, Caraballo RS, Bunnell RE, Babb SD, et al. Vital signs: disparities in nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke—United States, 1999–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(4):103–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
189.
go back to reference Adie Y, Kats DJ, Tlimat A, Perzynski A, Dalton J, Gunzler D, et al. Neighborhood disadvantage and lung cancer incidence in ever-smokers at a safety net health-care system: a retrospective study. Chest. 2020;157(4):1021–9.PubMed Adie Y, Kats DJ, Tlimat A, Perzynski A, Dalton J, Gunzler D, et al. Neighborhood disadvantage and lung cancer incidence in ever-smokers at a safety net health-care system: a retrospective study. Chest. 2020;157(4):1021–9.PubMed
190.
go back to reference De la Roca J, Ellen IG, O’Regan KM. Race and neighborhoods in the 21st century: what does segregation mean today? Reg Sci Urban Econ. 2014;47:138–51. De la Roca J, Ellen IG, O’Regan KM. Race and neighborhoods in the 21st century: what does segregation mean today? Reg Sci Urban Econ. 2014;47:138–51.
191.
go back to reference Buehler JW, Castro JC, Cohen S, Zhao Y, Melly S, Moore K. Personal and neighborhood attributes associated with cervical and colorectal cancer screening in an urban African American population. Prev Chronic Dis. 2019;29(16):E118. Buehler JW, Castro JC, Cohen S, Zhao Y, Melly S, Moore K. Personal and neighborhood attributes associated with cervical and colorectal cancer screening in an urban African American population. Prev Chronic Dis. 2019;29(16):E118.
192.
go back to reference Johnson AM, Johnson A, Hines RB, Mohammadi R. Neighborhood context and non-small cell lung cancer outcomes in Florida non-elderly patients by race/ethnicity. Lung Cancer. 2020;142:20–7.PubMed Johnson AM, Johnson A, Hines RB, Mohammadi R. Neighborhood context and non-small cell lung cancer outcomes in Florida non-elderly patients by race/ethnicity. Lung Cancer. 2020;142:20–7.PubMed
193.
go back to reference Landrine H, Corral I, Lee JGL, Efird JT, Hall MB, Bess JJ. Residential segregation and racial cancer disparities: a systematic review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2017;4(6):1195–205.PubMed Landrine H, Corral I, Lee JGL, Efird JT, Hall MB, Bess JJ. Residential segregation and racial cancer disparities: a systematic review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2017;4(6):1195–205.PubMed
194.
go back to reference Amobi A, Plescia M, Alexander-Scott N. The business case for investing in place-based public health initiatives. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2019;25(6):612–5.PubMed Amobi A, Plescia M, Alexander-Scott N. The business case for investing in place-based public health initiatives. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2019;25(6):612–5.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Disparities in Surgical Oncology: Management of Advanced Cancer
Authors
Wasay Nizam, MD
Heather L. Yeo, MHS, MD, MBA, MS
Samilia Obeng-Gyasi, MD, MPH
Malcolm V. Brock, MD
Fabian M. Johnston, MD, MHS
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Annals of Surgical Oncology / Issue 13/2021
Print ISSN: 1068-9265
Electronic ISSN: 1534-4681
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-021-10275-9

Other articles of this Issue 13/2021

Annals of Surgical Oncology 13/2021 Go to the issue