Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research
Published in: Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 1/2021

01-12-2021 | Breast Cancer | Review

Comprehensive description of the current breast cancer microenvironment advancements via single-cell analysis

Authors: Xueqi Yan, Yinghong Xie, Fan Yang, Yijia Hua, Tianyu Zeng, Chunxiao Sun, Mengzhu Yang, Xiang Huang, Hao Wu, Ziyi Fu, Wei Li, Shiping Jiao, Yongmei Yin

Published in: Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a complex microenvironment consisting of tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and vascular cells. These cancer-associated cells shape the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence the progression of breast cancer and the therapeutic responses in patients. The exact composition of the intra-tumoral cells is mixed as the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the TME. Recent advances in single-cell technologies such as single-cell DNA sequencing (scDNA-seq), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry have provided new insights into the phenotypic and functional diversity of tumor-infiltrating cells in breast cancer. In this review, we have outlined the recent progress in single-cell characterization of breast tumor ecosystems, and summarized the phenotypic diversity of intra-tumoral cells and their potential prognostic relevance.
Literature
1.
Torre LA, Islami F, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global Cancer in women: burden and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2017;26(4):444–57.CrossRef
2.
3.
Marusyk A, Almendro V, Polyak K. Intra-tumour heterogeneity: a looking glass for cancer? Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(5):323–34.PubMedCrossRef
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cassetta L, Pollard JW. Targeting macrophages: therapeutic approaches in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018;17(12):887–904.PubMedCrossRef
8.
9.
Arce Vargas F, Furness AJS, Litchfield K, Joshi K, Rosenthal R, Ghorani E, et al. Fc effector function contributes to the activity of human anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Cancer Cell. 2018;33(4):649–63 e4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
11.
Wein L, Luen SJ, Savas P, Salgado R, Loi S. Checkpoint blockade in the treatment of breast cancer: current status and future directions. Br J Cancer. 2018;119(1):4–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Coates AS, Winer EP, Goldhirsch A, Gelber RD, Gnant M, Piccart-Gebhart M, et al. Tailoring therapies--improving the management of early breast cancer: St Gallen international expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast Cancer 2015. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(8):1533–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
14.
Curtis C, Shah SP, Chin SF, Turashvili G, Rueda OM, Dunning MJ, et al. The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups. Nature. 2012;486(7403):346–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
16.
17.
Senbabaoglu Y, Gejman RS, Winer AG, Liu M, Van Allen EM, de Velasco G, et al. Tumor immune microenvironment characterization in clear cell renal cell carcinoma identifies prognostic and immunotherapeutically relevant messenger RNA signatures. Genome Biol. 2016;17(1):231.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Wang Y, Mashock M, Tong Z, Mu X, Chen H, Zhou X, et al. Changing technologies of RNA sequencing and their applications in clinical oncology. Front Oncol. 2020;10:447.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Kulkarni A, Anderson AG, Merullo DP, Konopka G. Beyond bulk: a review of single cell transcriptomics methodologies and applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2019;58:129–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Klein AM, Mazutis L, Akartuna I, Tallapragada N, Veres A, Li V, et al. Droplet barcoding for single-cell transcriptomics applied to embryonic stem cells. Cell. 2015;161(5):1187–201.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Macosko EZ, Basu A, Satija R, Nemesh J, Shekhar K, Goldman M, et al. Highly parallel genome-wide expression profiling of individual cells using Nanoliter droplets. Cell. 2015;161(5):1202–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Ijssennagger N, Janssen AWF, Milona A, Ramos Pittol JM, Hollman DAA, Mokry M, et al. Gene expression profiling in human precision cut liver slices in response to the FXR agonist obeticholic acid. J Hepatol. 2016;64(5):1158–66.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Yuryev A. Gene expression profiling for targeted cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2015;10(1):91–9.PubMedCrossRef
24.
El-Deiry WS, Goldberg RM, Lenz HJ, Shields AF, Gibney GT, Tan AR, et al. The current state of molecular testing in the treatment of patients with solid tumors, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(4):305–43.PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Chung W, Eum HH, Lee HO, Lee KM, Lee HB, Kim KT, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq enables comprehensive tumour and immune cell profiling in primary breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15081.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Wagner J, Rapsomaniki MA, Chevrier S, Anzeneder T, Langwieder C, Dykgers A, et al. A single-cell atlas of the tumor and immune ecosystem of human breast Cancer. Cell. 2019;177(5):1330–45 e18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
28.
29.
Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess KR, Andre F, Tordai A, Mejia JA, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(8):1275–81.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Karaayvaz M, Cristea S, Gillespie SM, Patel AP, Mylvaganam R, Luo CC, et al. Unravelling subclonal heterogeneity and aggressive disease states in TNBC through single-cell RNA-seq. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3588.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
32.
Wang Q, Guldner IH, Golomb SM, Sun L, Harris JA, Lu X, et al. Single-cell profiling guided combinatorial immunotherapy for fast-evolving CDK4/6 inhibitor-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3817.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Jang BS, Han W, Kim IA. Tumor mutation burden, immune checkpoint crosstalk and radiosensitivity in single-cell RNA sequencing data of breast cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2020;142:202–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Vu TN, Nguyen HN, Calza S, Kalari KR, Wang L, Pawitan Y. Cell-level somatic mutation detection from single-cell RNA sequencing. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(22):4679–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
36.
Toomey S, Eustace AJ, Fay J, Sheehan KM, Carr A, Milewska M, et al. Impact of somatic PI3K pathway and ERBB family mutations on pathological complete response (pCR) in HER2-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapies. Breast Cancer Res. 2017;19(1):87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Kim C, Gao R, Sei E, Brandt R, Hartman J, Hatschek T, et al. Chemoresistance evolution in triple-negative breast Cancer delineated by single-cell sequencing. Cell. 2018;173(4):879–93 e13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Costa A, Kieffer Y, Scholer-Dahirel A, Pelon F, Bourachot B, Cardon M, et al. Fibroblast heterogeneity and immunosuppressive environment in human breast Cancer. Cancer Cell. 2018;33(3):463–79 e10.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Cremasco V, Astarita JL, Grauel AL, Keerthivasan S, MacIsaac K, Woodruff MC, et al. FAP delineates heterogeneous and functionally divergent stromal cells in immune-excluded breast tumors. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6(12):1472–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Raz Y, Cohen N, Shani O, Bell RE, Novitskiy SV, Abramovitz L, et al. Bone marrow-derived fibroblasts are a functionally distinct stromal cell population in breast cancer. J Exp Med. 2018;215(12):3075–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Pelon F, Bourachot B, Kieffer Y, Magagna I, Mermet-Meillon F, Bonnet I, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity in axillary lymph nodes drives metastases in breast cancer through complementary mechanisms. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):404.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Anjanappa M, Cardoso A, Cheng L, Mohamad S, Gunawan A, Rice S, et al. Individualized breast Cancer characterization through single-cell analysis of tumor and adjacent Normal cells. Cancer Res. 2017;77(10):2759–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Bartoschek M, Oskolkov N, Bocci M, Lovrot J, Larsson C, Sommarin M, et al. Spatially and functionally distinct subclasses of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts revealed by single cell RNA sequencing. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5150.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Puram SV, Tirosh I, Parikh AS, Patel AP, Yizhak K, Gillespie S, et al. Single-cell Transcriptomic analysis of primary and metastatic tumor ecosystems in head and neck Cancer. Cell. 2017;171(7):1611–24 e24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Tirosh I, Izar B, Prakadan SM, Wadsworth MH 2nd, Treacy D, Trombetta JJ, et al. Dissecting the multicellular ecosystem of metastatic melanoma by single-cell RNA-seq. Science. 2016;352(6282):189–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
47.
Cohen N, Shani O, Raz Y, Sharon Y, Hoffman D, Abramovitz L, et al. Fibroblasts drive an immunosuppressive and growth-promoting microenvironment in breast cancer via secretion of Chitinase 3-like 1. Oncogene. 2017;36(31):4457–68.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Yang X, Lin Y, Shi Y, Li B, Liu W, Yin W, et al. FAP promotes immunosuppression by Cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment via STAT3-CCL2 signaling. Cancer Res. 2016;76(14):4124–35.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Ruhland MK, Loza AJ, Capietto AH, Luo X, Knolhoff BL, Flanagan KC, et al. Stromal senescence establishes an immunosuppressive microenvironment that drives tumorigenesis. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11762.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Givel AM, Kieffer Y, Scholer-Dahirel A, Sirven P, Cardon M, Pelon F, et al. miR200-regulated CXCL12beta promotes fibroblast heterogeneity and immunosuppression in ovarian cancers. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1056.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Kieffer Y, Hocine HR, Gentric G, Pelon F, Bernard C, Bourachot B, et al. Single-cell analysis reveals fibroblast clusters linked to immunotherapy resistance in Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2020;10(9):1330–51.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Christian S, Winkler R, Helfrich I, Boos AM, Besemfelder E, Schadendorf D, et al. Endosialin (Tem1) is a marker of tumor-associated myofibroblasts and tumor vessel-associated mural cells. Am J Pathol. 2008;172(2):486–94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Winslow S, Lindquist KE, Edsjo A, Larsson C. The expression pattern of matrix-producing tumor stroma is of prognostic importance in breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2016;16(1):841.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
55.
Falato C, Tobin NP, Lorent J, Lindstrom LS, Bergh J, Foukakis T. Intrinsic subtypes and genomic signatures of primary breast cancer and prognosis after systemic relapse. Mol Oncol. 2016;10(4):517–25.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Desmedt C, Haibe-Kains B, Wirapati P, Buyse M, Larsimont D, Bontempi G, et al. Biological processes associated with breast cancer clinical outcome depend on the molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(16):5158–65.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Farmer P, Bonnefoi H, Anderle P, Cameron D, Wirapati P, Becette V, et al. A stroma-related gene signature predicts resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Nat Med. 2009;15(1):68–74.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Wu SZ, Roden DL, Wang C, Holliday H, Harvey K, Cazet AS, et al. Stromal cell diversity associated with immune evasion in human triple-negative breast cancer. EMBO J. 2020:e104063.
59.
60.
Hyun KA, Koo GB, Han H, Sohn J, Choi W, Kim SI, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition leads to loss of EpCAM and different physical properties in circulating tumor cells from metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(17):24677–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Markiewski MM, DeAngelis RA, Benencia F, Ricklin-Lichtsteiner SK, Koutoulaki A, Gerard C, et al. Modulation of the antitumor immune response by complement. Nat Immunol. 2008;9(11):1225–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
63.
Hamzah J, Jugold M, Kiessling F, Rigby P, Manzur M, Marti HH, et al. Vascular normalization in Rgs5-deficient tumours promotes immune destruction. Nature. 2008;453(7193):410–4.PubMedCrossRef
64.
65.
66.
Johansson-Percival A, Li ZJ, Lakhiani DD, He B, Wang X, Hamzah J, et al. Intratumoral LIGHT restores Pericyte contractile properties and vessel integrity. Cell Rep. 2015;13(12):2687–98.PubMedCrossRef
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
Azizi E, Carr AJ, Plitas G, Cornish AE, Konopacki C, Prabhakaran S, et al. Single-cell map of diverse immune phenotypes in the breast tumor microenvironment. Cell. 2018;174(5):1293–308 e36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
73.
Savas P, Virassamy B, Ye C, Salim A, Mintoff CP, Caramia F, et al. Single-cell profiling of breast cancer T cells reveals a tissue-resident memory subset associated with improved prognosis. Nat Med. 2018;24(7):986–93.CrossRefPubMed
74.
75.
Kumar BV, Ma W, Miron M, Granot T, Guyer RS, Carpenter DJ, et al. Human tissue-resident memory T cells are defined by Core transcriptional and functional signatures in lymphoid and mucosal sites. Cell Rep. 2017;20(12):2921–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Wang ZQ, Milne K, Derocher H, Webb JR, Nelson BH, Watson PH. CD103 and Intratumoral immune response in breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(24):6290–7.PubMedCrossRef
77.
78.
79.
Geissmann F, Manz MG, Jung S, Sieweke MH, Merad M, Ley K. Development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Science. 2010;327(5966):656–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
81.
Coffelt SB, Wellenstein MD, de Visser KE. Neutrophils in cancer: neutral no more. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(7):431–46.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Ponzetta A, Carriero R, Carnevale S, Barbagallo M, Molgora M, Perucchini C, et al. Neutrophils driving unconventional T cells mediate resistance against murine sarcomas and selected human tumors. Cell. 2019;178(2):346–60 e24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
84.
85.
Song Q, Hawkins GA, Wudel L, Chou PC, Forbes E, Pullikuth AK, et al. Dissecting intratumoral myeloid cell plasticity by single cell RNA-seq. Cancer Med. 2019;8(6):3072–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Chevrier S, Levine JH, Zanotelli VRT, Silina K, Schulz D, Bacac M, et al. An immune atlas of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell. 2017;169(4):736–49 e18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
88.
89.
de Haas N, de Koning C, Spilgies L, de Vries IJ, Hato SV. Improving cancer immunotherapy by targeting the STATe of MDSCs. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5(7):e1196312.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
Morales JK, Kmieciak M, Knutson KL, Bear HD, Manjili MH. GM-CSF is one of the main breast tumor-derived soluble factors involved in the differentiation of CD11b-Gr1- bone marrow progenitor cells into myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(1):39–49.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Kusmartsev S, Eruslanov E, Kubler H, Tseng T, Sakai Y, Su Z, et al. Oxidative stress regulates expression of VEGFR1 in myeloid cells: link to tumor-induced immune suppression in renal cell carcinoma. J Immunol. 2008;181(1):346–53.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Sinha P, Okoro C, Foell D, Freeze HH, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Srikrishna G. Proinflammatory S100 proteins regulate the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Immunol. 2008;181(7):4666–75.PubMedCrossRef
93.
94.
95.
Lindau D, Gielen P, Kroesen M, Wesseling P, Adema GJ. The immunosuppressive tumour network: myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells. Immunology. 2013;138(2):105–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Yanagisawa K, Exley MA, Jiang X, Ohkochi N, Taniguchi M, Seino K. Hyporesponsiveness to natural killer T-cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide in cancer-bearing state mediated by CD11b+ gr-1+ cells producing nitric oxide. Cancer Res. 2006;66(23):11441–6.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Sinha P, Clements VK, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Interleukin-13-regulated M2 macrophages in combination with myeloid suppressor cells block immune surveillance against metastasis. Cancer Res. 2005;65(24):11743–51.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Gallego-Ortega D, Ledger A, Roden DL, Law AM, Magenau A, Kikhtyak Z, et al. ELF5 drives lung metastasis in luminal breast Cancer through recruitment of Gr1+ CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells. PLoS Biol. 2015;13(12):e1002330.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Ouzounova M, Lee E, Piranlioglu R, El Andaloussi A, Kolhe R, Demirci MF, et al. Monocytic and granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells differentially regulate spatiotemporal tumour plasticity during metastatic cascade. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14979.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
101.
Solito S, Marigo I, Pinton L, Damuzzo V, Mandruzzato S, Bronte V. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell heterogeneity in human cancers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1319:47–65.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Naik SH, Sathe P, Park HY, Metcalf D, Proietto AI, Dakic A, et al. Development of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell subtypes from single precursor cells derived in vitro and in vivo. Nat Immunol. 2007;8(11):1217–26.PubMedCrossRef
103.
104.
Koucky V, Boucek J, Fialova A. Immunology of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Solid Tumors: A Brief Review. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(4).
105.
106.
Beatty GL, Gladney WL. Immune escape mechanisms as a guide for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(4):687–92.PubMedCrossRef
107.
108.
109.
Mildner A, Jung S. Development and function of dendritic cell subsets. Immunity. 2014;40(5):642–56.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Spranger S, Dai D, Horton B, Gajewski TF. Tumor-residing Batf3 dendritic cells are required for effector T cell trafficking and adoptive T cell therapy. Cancer Cell. 2017;31(5):711–23 e4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
Roberts EW, Broz ML, Binnewies M, Headley MB, Nelson AE, Wolf DM, et al. Critical role for CD103(+)/CD141(+) dendritic cells bearing CCR7 for tumor antigen trafficking and priming of T cell immunity in melanoma. Cancer Cell. 2016;30(2):324–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
113.
114.
115.
Karakasheva TA, Dominguez GA, Hashimoto A, Lin EW, Chiu C, Sasser K, et al. CD38+ M-MDSC expansion characterizes a subset of advanced colorectal cancer patients. JCI Insight. 2018;3(6).
116.
117.
Martinez FO, Gordon S, Locati M, Mantovani A. Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression. J Immunol. 2006;177(10):7303–11.PubMedCrossRef
118.
119.
120.
121.
Lavin Y, Kobayashi S, Leader A, Amir ED, Elefant N, Bigenwald C, et al. Innate immune landscape in early lung adenocarcinoma by paired single-cell analyses. Cell. 2017;169(4):750–65 e17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
Vivier E, Raulet DH, Moretta A, Caligiuri MA, Zitvogel L, Lanier LL, et al. Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells. Science. 2011;331(6013):44–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
124.
Bottcher JP, Bonavita E, Chakravarty P, Blees H, Cabeza-Cabrerizo M, Sammicheli S, et al. NK cells stimulate recruitment of cDC1 into the tumor microenvironment promoting Cancer immune control. Cell. 2018;172(5):1022–37 e14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
126.
Boldison J, Da Rosa LC, Davies J, Wen L, Wong FS. Dendritic cells license regulatory B cells to produce IL-10 and mediate suppression of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17(8):843–55.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Helmink BA, Reddy SM, Gao J, Zhang S, Basar R, Thakur R, et al. B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures promote immunotherapy response. Nature. 2020;577(7791):549–55.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
128.
Sautes-Fridman C, Petitprez F, Calderaro J, Fridman WH. Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019;19(6):307–25.PubMedCrossRef
129.
130.
Klein U, Tu Y, Stolovitzky GA, Keller JL, Haddad J Jr, Miljkovic V, et al. Transcriptional analysis of the B cell germinal center reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(5):2639–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
131.
Ammirante M, Luo JL, Grivennikov S, Nedospasov S, Karin M. B-cell-derived lymphotoxin promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature. 2010;464(7286):302–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
132.
133.
Hollern DP, Xu N, Thennavan A, Glodowski C, Garcia-Recio S, Mott KR, et al. B cells and T follicular helper cells mediate response to checkpoint inhibitors in high mutation burden mouse models of breast Cancer. Cell. 2019;179(5):1191–206 e21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
135.
Hinohara K, Wu HJ, Vigneau S, McDonald TO, Igarashi KJ, Yamamoto KN, et al. KDM5 histone Demethylase activity links cellular Transcriptomic heterogeneity to therapeutic resistance. Cancer Cell. 2018;34(6):939–53 e9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Comprehensive description of the current breast cancer microenvironment advancements via single-cell analysis
Authors
Xueqi Yan
Yinghong Xie
Fan Yang
Yijia Hua
Tianyu Zeng
Chunxiao Sun
Mengzhu Yang
Xiang Huang
Hao Wu
Ziyi Fu
Wei Li
Shiping Jiao
Yongmei Yin
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1756-9966
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-021-01949-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 1/2021 Go to the issue

Correction

Correction to: Genistein inhibits stemness of SKOV3 cells induced by macrophages co-cultured with ovarian cancer stem-like cells through IL-8/STAT3 axis

Research

EIF4A3-induced circ_0084615 contributes to the progression of colorectal cancer via miR-599/ONECUT2 pathway

Review

Cellular senescence or stemness: hypoxia flips the coin

Research

Class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) critically contribute to Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis

Correction

Correction to: Combination therapy of PKCζ and COX-2 inhibitors synergistically suppress melanoma metastasis

Research

USP1-dependent RPS16 protein stability drives growth and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits