Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Tumor Biology 9/2015

01-09-2015 | Review

Breast cancer circulating biomarkers: advantages, drawbacks, and new insights

Authors: Andrea Ravelli, James M. Reuben, Francesco Lanza, Simone Anfossi, Maria Rosa Cappelletti, Laura Zanotti, Angela Gobbi, Chiara Senti, Paola Brambilla, Manuela Milani, Daniele Spada, Paolo Pedrazzoli, Massimo Martino, Alberto Bottini, Daniele Generali, on behalf of the Solid Tumor Working Party of European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Society (EBMT)

Published in: Tumor Biology | Issue 9/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

As of today, the level of individualization of cancer therapies has reached a level that 20 years ago would be considered visionary. However, most of the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapy-predictive procedures which aim to improve the overall level of personalization are based on the evaluation of tumor tissue samples, therefore requiring surgical operations with consequent low compliance for patients and high costs for the hospital. Hence, the research of a panel of circulating indicators which may serve as source of information about tumor characteristics and which may be obtainable by a simple withdrawal of peripheral blood today represents a growing field of interest. This review aims to objectively summarize the characteristics of the currently available breast cancer circulating biomarkers, also providing an overview about the multitude of novel potential soluble predictors which are still under evaluation. Specifically, the usefulness of a so-called “liquid biopsy” will be discussed in terms of improvements of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy-prediction, but an overview will be given also on the potentiality of the molecular characterization arising from the isolation of circulating biomarkers and cells. Although this review will focus on the specific case of the breast, in the future liquid biopsies will hopefully be available for virtually any type of neoplasms.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Malvezzi M, Bertuccio P, Rosso T, Rota M, Levi F, La Vecchia C, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2015: does lung cancer have the highest death rate in EU women? Ann Oncol : J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2015;26(4):779–86. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv001.CrossRef Malvezzi M, Bertuccio P, Rosso T, Rota M, Levi F, La Vecchia C, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2015: does lung cancer have the highest death rate in EU women? Ann Oncol : J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2015;26(4):779–86. doi:10.​1093/​annonc/​mdv001.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Hashimoto T, Matsubara F. Changes in the tumor marker concentration in female patients with hyper-, eu-, and hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Jpn. 1989;36(6):873–9.CrossRefPubMed Hashimoto T, Matsubara F. Changes in the tumor marker concentration in female patients with hyper-, eu-, and hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Jpn. 1989;36(6):873–9.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Sturgeon CM, Duffy MJ, Stenman UH, Lilja H, Brunner N, Chan DW, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines for use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers. Clin Chem. 2008;54(12):e11–79. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105601.CrossRefPubMed Sturgeon CM, Duffy MJ, Stenman UH, Lilja H, Brunner N, Chan DW, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines for use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers. Clin Chem. 2008;54(12):e11–79. doi:10.​1373/​clinchem.​2008.​105601.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Duffy MJ, Duggan C, Keane R, Hill AD, McDermott E, Crown J, et al. High preoperative CA 15-3 concentrations predict adverse outcome in node-negative and node-positive breast cancer: study of 600 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer. Clin Chem. 2004;50(3):559–63. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.025288.CrossRefPubMed Duffy MJ, Duggan C, Keane R, Hill AD, McDermott E, Crown J, et al. High preoperative CA 15-3 concentrations predict adverse outcome in node-negative and node-positive breast cancer: study of 600 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer. Clin Chem. 2004;50(3):559–63. doi:10.​1373/​clinchem.​2003.​025288.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Gion M, Boracchi P, Dittadi R, Biganzoli E, Peloso L, Mione R, et al. Prognostic role of serum CA15.3 in 362 node-negative breast cancers. An old player for a new game. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38(9):1181–8.CrossRefPubMed Gion M, Boracchi P, Dittadi R, Biganzoli E, Peloso L, Mione R, et al. Prognostic role of serum CA15.3 in 362 node-negative breast cancers. An old player for a new game. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38(9):1181–8.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Trillet-Lenoir V, Freyer G. Advantage of using tumor markers in colorectal and breast cancers. Guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Bull Cancer. 1997;84(7):767–8.PubMed Trillet-Lenoir V, Freyer G. Advantage of using tumor markers in colorectal and breast cancers. Guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Bull Cancer. 1997;84(7):767–8.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Lee JS, Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Kim SI, Park BW. Elevated levels of preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA serum levels have independently poor prognostic significance in breast cancer. Ann Oncol : Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2013;24(5):1225–31. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds604.CrossRef Lee JS, Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Kim SI, Park BW. Elevated levels of preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA serum levels have independently poor prognostic significance in breast cancer. Ann Oncol : Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2013;24(5):1225–31. doi:10.​1093/​annonc/​mds604.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Lee JS, Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Kim SI, Park BW. Elevated levels of serum tumor markers CA 15-3 and CEA are prognostic factors for diagnosis of metastatic breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;141(3):477–84. doi:10.1007/s10549-013-2695-7.CrossRefPubMed Lee JS, Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Kim SI, Park BW. Elevated levels of serum tumor markers CA 15-3 and CEA are prognostic factors for diagnosis of metastatic breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;141(3):477–84. doi:10.​1007/​s10549-013-2695-7.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Bidard FC, Peeters DJ, Fehm T, Nole F, Gisbert-Criado R, Mavroudis D, et al. Clinical validity of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(4):406–14. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70069-5.CrossRefPubMed Bidard FC, Peeters DJ, Fehm T, Nole F, Gisbert-Criado R, Mavroudis D, et al. Clinical validity of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(4):406–14. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(14)70069-5.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Maly JJ, Macrae ER. Pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: safety, efficacy, and progression free survival. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 2014;8:81–8. doi:10.4137/BCBCR.S9032. Maly JJ, Macrae ER. Pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: safety, efficacy, and progression free survival. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 2014;8:81–8. doi:10.​4137/​BCBCR.​S9032.
18.
go back to reference Wolff AC, Hammond ME, Hicks DG, Dowsett M, McShane LM, Allison KH, et al. Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138(2):241–56. doi:10.5858/arpa.2013-0953-SA.CrossRefPubMed Wolff AC, Hammond ME, Hicks DG, Dowsett M, McShane LM, Allison KH, et al. Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138(2):241–56. doi:10.​5858/​arpa.​2013-0953-SA.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Zhou J, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhang H, Du M, Zhang S, et al. Serum HER2 ECD level and its clinical significance in advanced breast cancer patients with different molecular subtypes. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;94(18):1384–7.PubMed Zhou J, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhang H, Du M, Zhang S, et al. Serum HER2 ECD level and its clinical significance in advanced breast cancer patients with different molecular subtypes. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;94(18):1384–7.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Krawczyk N, Meier-Stiegen F, Banys M, Neubauer H, Ruckhaeberle E, Fehm T. Expression of stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:415721. doi:10.1155/2014/415721. Krawczyk N, Meier-Stiegen F, Banys M, Neubauer H, Ruckhaeberle E, Fehm T. Expression of stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:415721. doi:10.​1155/​2014/​415721.
24.
go back to reference Aktas B, Tewes M, Fehm T, Hauch S, Kimmig R, Kasimir-Bauer S. Stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are frequently overexpressed in circulating tumor cells of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res : BCR. 2009;11(4):R46. doi:10.1186/bcr2333.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Aktas B, Tewes M, Fehm T, Hauch S, Kimmig R, Kasimir-Bauer S. Stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are frequently overexpressed in circulating tumor cells of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res : BCR. 2009;11(4):R46. doi:10.​1186/​bcr2333.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Allard WJ, Matera J, Miller MC, Repollet M, Connelly MC, Rao C, et al. Tumor cells circulate in the peripheral blood of all major carcinomas but not in healthy subjects or patients with nonmalignant diseases. Clinical Cancer Res : Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2004;10(20):6897–904. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0378.CrossRef Allard WJ, Matera J, Miller MC, Repollet M, Connelly MC, Rao C, et al. Tumor cells circulate in the peripheral blood of all major carcinomas but not in healthy subjects or patients with nonmalignant diseases. Clinical Cancer Res : Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2004;10(20):6897–904. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-04-0378.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, Miller MC, et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(8):781–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040766.CrossRefPubMed Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, Miller MC, et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(8):781–91. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa040766.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Zhao S, Yang H, Zhang M, Zhang D, Liu Y, Liu Y, et al. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detected by triple-marker EpCAM, CK19, and hMAM RT-PCR and their relation to clinical outcome in metastatic breast cancer patients. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2013;65(2):263–73. doi:10.1007/s12013-012-9426-2.CrossRefPubMed Zhao S, Yang H, Zhang M, Zhang D, Liu Y, Liu Y, et al. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detected by triple-marker EpCAM, CK19, and hMAM RT-PCR and their relation to clinical outcome in metastatic breast cancer patients. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2013;65(2):263–73. doi:10.​1007/​s12013-012-9426-2.CrossRefPubMed
31.
32.
go back to reference Buim ME, Fanelli MF, Souza VS, Romero J, Abdallah EA, Mello CA et al. Detection of KRAS mutations in circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2015:1-7. doi:10.1080/15384047.2015.1070991. Buim ME, Fanelli MF, Souza VS, Romero J, Abdallah EA, Mello CA et al. Detection of KRAS mutations in circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2015:1-7. doi:10.​1080/​15384047.​2015.​1070991.
33.
go back to reference Peeters DJ, De Laere B, Van den Eynden GG, Van Laere SJ, Rothe F, Ignatiadis M, et al. Semiautomated isolation and molecular characterisation of single or highly purified tumour cells from Cell Search enriched blood samples using dielectrophoretic cell sorting. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(6):1358–67. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Peeters DJ, De Laere B, Van den Eynden GG, Van Laere SJ, Rothe F, Ignatiadis M, et al. Semiautomated isolation and molecular characterisation of single or highly purified tumour cells from Cell Search enriched blood samples using dielectrophoretic cell sorting. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(6):1358–67. doi:10.​1038/​bjc.​2013.​92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
35.
go back to reference Hodgkinson CL, Morrow CJ, Li Y, Metcalf RL, Rothwell DG, Trapani F, et al. Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med. 2014;20(8):897–903. doi:10.1038/nm.3600.CrossRefPubMed Hodgkinson CL, Morrow CJ, Li Y, Metcalf RL, Rothwell DG, Trapani F, et al. Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med. 2014;20(8):897–903. doi:10.​1038/​nm.​3600.CrossRefPubMed
37.
38.
go back to reference Saucedo-Zeni N, Mewes S, Niestroj R, Gasiorowski L, Murawa D, Nowaczyk P, et al. A novel method for the in vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients using a functionalized and structured medical wire. Int J Oncol. 2012;41(4):1241–50. doi:10.3892/ijo.2012.1557.PubMedPubMedCentral Saucedo-Zeni N, Mewes S, Niestroj R, Gasiorowski L, Murawa D, Nowaczyk P, et al. A novel method for the in vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients using a functionalized and structured medical wire. Int J Oncol. 2012;41(4):1241–50. doi:10.​3892/​ijo.​2012.​1557.PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
go back to reference Sorenson GD, Pribish DM, Valone FH, Memoli VA, Bzik DJ, Yao SL. Soluble normal and mutated DNA sequences from single-copy genes in human blood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3(1):67–71.PubMed Sorenson GD, Pribish DM, Valone FH, Memoli VA, Bzik DJ, Yao SL. Soluble normal and mutated DNA sequences from single-copy genes in human blood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3(1):67–71.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Leon SA, Revach M, Ehrlich GE, Adler R, Petersen V, Shapiro B. DNA in synovial fluid and the circulation of patients with arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1981;24(9):1142–50.CrossRefPubMed Leon SA, Revach M, Ehrlich GE, Adler R, Petersen V, Shapiro B. DNA in synovial fluid and the circulation of patients with arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1981;24(9):1142–50.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Lo YM, Rainer TH, Chan LY, Hjelm NM, Cocks RA. Plasma DNA as a prognostic marker in trauma patients. Clin Chem. 2000;46(3):319–23.PubMed Lo YM, Rainer TH, Chan LY, Hjelm NM, Cocks RA. Plasma DNA as a prognostic marker in trauma patients. Clin Chem. 2000;46(3):319–23.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Shapiro B, Chakrabarty M, Cohn EM, Leon SA. Determination of circulating DNA levels in patients with benign or malignant gastrointestinal disease. Cancer. 1983;51(11):2116–20.CrossRefPubMed Shapiro B, Chakrabarty M, Cohn EM, Leon SA. Determination of circulating DNA levels in patients with benign or malignant gastrointestinal disease. Cancer. 1983;51(11):2116–20.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Baylin SB, Esteller M, Rountree MR, Bachman KE, Schuebel K, Herman JG. Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, chromatin formation and gene expression in cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10(7):687–92.CrossRefPubMed Baylin SB, Esteller M, Rountree MR, Bachman KE, Schuebel K, Herman JG. Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, chromatin formation and gene expression in cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10(7):687–92.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Kopreski MS, Benko FA, Borys DJ, Khan A, McGarrity TJ, Gocke CD. Somatic mutation screening: identification of individuals harboring K-ras mutations with the use of plasma DNA. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(11):918–23.CrossRefPubMed Kopreski MS, Benko FA, Borys DJ, Khan A, McGarrity TJ, Gocke CD. Somatic mutation screening: identification of individuals harboring K-ras mutations with the use of plasma DNA. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(11):918–23.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Castells A, Puig P, Mora J, Boadas J, Boix L, Urgell E, et al. K-ras mutations in DNA extracted from the plasma of patients with pancreatic carcinoma: diagnostic utility and prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol : Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1999;17(2):578–84.CrossRef Castells A, Puig P, Mora J, Boadas J, Boix L, Urgell E, et al. K-ras mutations in DNA extracted from the plasma of patients with pancreatic carcinoma: diagnostic utility and prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol : Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1999;17(2):578–84.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Kohler C, Barekati Z, Radpour R, Zhong XY. Cell-free DNA in the circulation as a potential cancer biomarker. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(8):2623–8.PubMed Kohler C, Barekati Z, Radpour R, Zhong XY. Cell-free DNA in the circulation as a potential cancer biomarker. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(8):2623–8.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Goessl C, Heicappell R, Munker R, Anker P, Stroun M, Krause H, et al. Microsatellite analysis of plasma DNA from patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998;58(20):4728–32.PubMed Goessl C, Heicappell R, Munker R, Anker P, Stroun M, Krause H, et al. Microsatellite analysis of plasma DNA from patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998;58(20):4728–32.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Silva JM, Dominguez G, Garcia JM, Gonzalez R, Villanueva MJ, Navarro F, et al. Presence of tumor DNA in plasma of breast cancer patients: clinicopathological correlations. Cancer Res. 1999;59(13):3251–6.PubMed Silva JM, Dominguez G, Garcia JM, Gonzalez R, Villanueva MJ, Navarro F, et al. Presence of tumor DNA in plasma of breast cancer patients: clinicopathological correlations. Cancer Res. 1999;59(13):3251–6.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Nicholas C, Turner IG-M, Schiavon G, Hrebien S, Osin P, Nerurkar A, et al. Tracking tumor-specific mutations in circulating-free DNA to predict early relapse after treatment of primary breast cancer. (suppl; abstr 511). J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(5s):2014. Nicholas C, Turner IG-M, Schiavon G, Hrebien S, Osin P, Nerurkar A, et al. Tracking tumor-specific mutations in circulating-free DNA to predict early relapse after treatment of primary breast cancer. (suppl; abstr 511). J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(5s):2014.
56.
go back to reference Board RE, Wardley AM, Dixon JM, Armstrong AC, Howell S, Renshaw L, et al. Detection of PIK3CA mutations in circulating free DNA in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;120(2):461–7. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-0747-9.CrossRefPubMed Board RE, Wardley AM, Dixon JM, Armstrong AC, Howell S, Renshaw L, et al. Detection of PIK3CA mutations in circulating free DNA in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;120(2):461–7. doi:10.​1007/​s10549-010-0747-9.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Reinhart BJ, Slack FJ, Basson M, Pasquinelli AE, Bettinger JC, Rougvie AE, et al. The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 2000;403(6772):901–6. doi:10.1038/35002607.CrossRefPubMed Reinhart BJ, Slack FJ, Basson M, Pasquinelli AE, Bettinger JC, Rougvie AE, et al. The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 2000;403(6772):901–6. doi:10.​1038/​35002607.CrossRefPubMed
58.
60.
go back to reference Ozgur A, Tutar L, Tutar Y. Regulation of heat shock proteins by miRNAs in human breast cancer. Microrna. 2014. Ozgur A, Tutar L, Tutar Y. Regulation of heat shock proteins by miRNAs in human breast cancer. Microrna. 2014.
61.
go back to reference Fiorucci G, Chiantore MV, Mangino G, Percario ZA, Affabris E, Romeo G. Cancer regulator microRNA: potential relevance in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(4):461–74.CrossRefPubMed Fiorucci G, Chiantore MV, Mangino G, Percario ZA, Affabris E, Romeo G. Cancer regulator microRNA: potential relevance in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(4):461–74.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang K, et al. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res. 2008;18(10):997–1006. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.282.CrossRefPubMed Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang K, et al. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res. 2008;18(10):997–1006. doi:10.​1038/​cr.​2008.​282.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Chan M, Liaw CS, Ji SM, Tan HH, Wong CY, Thike AA, et al. Identification of circulating microRNA signatures for breast cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res : Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2013;19(16):4477–87. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3401.CrossRef Chan M, Liaw CS, Ji SM, Tan HH, Wong CY, Thike AA, et al. Identification of circulating microRNA signatures for breast cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res : Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2013;19(16):4477–87. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-12-3401.CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Kumar S, Keerthana R, Pazhanimuthu A, Perumal P. Overexpression of circulating miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in plasma samples of breast cancer patients. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2013;50(3):210–4.PubMed Kumar S, Keerthana R, Pazhanimuthu A, Perumal P. Overexpression of circulating miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in plasma samples of breast cancer patients. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2013;50(3):210–4.PubMed
72.
74.
go back to reference Igglezou M, Vareli K, Georgiou GK, Sainis I, Briasoulis E. Kinetics of circulating levels of miR-195, miR-155 and miR-21 in patients with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy. Anticancer Res. 2014;34(12):7443–7.PubMed Igglezou M, Vareli K, Georgiou GK, Sainis I, Briasoulis E. Kinetics of circulating levels of miR-195, miR-155 and miR-21 in patients with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy. Anticancer Res. 2014;34(12):7443–7.PubMed
76.
77.
go back to reference Kleivi Sahlberg K, Bottai G, Naume B, Burwinkel B, Calin GA, Borresen-Dale A, et al. A serum microRNA signature predicts tumor relapse and survival in triple negative breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res : Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2014. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2011. Kleivi Sahlberg K, Bottai G, Naume B, Burwinkel B, Calin GA, Borresen-Dale A, et al. A serum microRNA signature predicts tumor relapse and survival in triple negative breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res : Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2014. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-14-2011.
78.
go back to reference Eichelser C, Stuckrath I, Muller V, Milde-Langosch K, Wikman H, Pantel K, et al. Increased serum levels of circulating exosomal microRNA-373 in receptor-negative breast cancer patients. Oncotarget. 2014;5(20):9650–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Eichelser C, Stuckrath I, Muller V, Milde-Langosch K, Wikman H, Pantel K, et al. Increased serum levels of circulating exosomal microRNA-373 in receptor-negative breast cancer patients. Oncotarget. 2014;5(20):9650–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
83.
go back to reference Smith AL, Iwanaga R, Drasin DJ, Micalizzi DS, Vartuli RL, Tan AC, et al. The miR-106b-25 cluster targets Smad7, activates TGF-beta signaling, and induces EMT and tumor initiating cell characteristics downstream of Six1 in human breast cancer. Oncogene. 2012;31(50):5162–71. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.11.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Smith AL, Iwanaga R, Drasin DJ, Micalizzi DS, Vartuli RL, Tan AC, et al. The miR-106b-25 cluster targets Smad7, activates TGF-beta signaling, and induces EMT and tumor initiating cell characteristics downstream of Six1 in human breast cancer. Oncogene. 2012;31(50):5162–71. doi:10.​1038/​onc.​2012.​11.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
go back to reference Johnson LM, Price DK, Figg WD. Treatment-induced secretion of WNT16B promotes tumor growth and acquired resistance to chemotherapy: implications for potential use of inhibitors in cancer treatment. Cancer Biol Ther. 2013;14(2):90–1. doi:10.4161/cbt.22636.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Johnson LM, Price DK, Figg WD. Treatment-induced secretion of WNT16B promotes tumor growth and acquired resistance to chemotherapy: implications for potential use of inhibitors in cancer treatment. Cancer Biol Ther. 2013;14(2):90–1. doi:10.​4161/​cbt.​22636.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
94.
go back to reference Kuppen JP, De Kruijf M. E. Considerations on the prognostic and predictive significance of HLA-G in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Manag. 2014;3(4):307–9.CrossRef Kuppen JP, De Kruijf M. E. Considerations on the prognostic and predictive significance of HLA-G in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Manag. 2014;3(4):307–9.CrossRef
96.
go back to reference de Kruijf EM, Sajet A, van Nes JG, Natanov R, Putter H, Smit VT, et al. HLA-E and HLA-G expression in classical HLA class I-negative tumors is of prognostic value for clinical outcome of early breast cancer patients. J Immunol. 2010;185(12):7452–9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002629.CrossRefPubMed de Kruijf EM, Sajet A, van Nes JG, Natanov R, Putter H, Smit VT, et al. HLA-E and HLA-G expression in classical HLA class I-negative tumors is of prognostic value for clinical outcome of early breast cancer patients. J Immunol. 2010;185(12):7452–9. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​1002629.CrossRefPubMed
97.
go back to reference Rizzo R, Campioni D, Stignani M, Melchiorri L, Bagnara GP, Bonsi L, et al. A functional role for soluble HLA-G antigens in immune modulation mediated by mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy. 2008;10(4):364–75. doi:10.1080/14653240802105299.CrossRefPubMed Rizzo R, Campioni D, Stignani M, Melchiorri L, Bagnara GP, Bonsi L, et al. A functional role for soluble HLA-G antigens in immune modulation mediated by mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy. 2008;10(4):364–75. doi:10.​1080/​1465324080210529​9.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Breast cancer circulating biomarkers: advantages, drawbacks, and new insights
Authors
Andrea Ravelli
James M. Reuben
Francesco Lanza
Simone Anfossi
Maria Rosa Cappelletti
Laura Zanotti
Angela Gobbi
Chiara Senti
Paola Brambilla
Manuela Milani
Daniele Spada
Paolo Pedrazzoli
Massimo Martino
Alberto Bottini
Daniele Generali
on behalf of the Solid Tumor Working Party of European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Society (EBMT)
Publication date
01-09-2015
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Tumor Biology / Issue 9/2015
Print ISSN: 1010-4283
Electronic ISSN: 1423-0380
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3944-7

Other articles of this Issue 9/2015

Tumor Biology 9/2015 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine