Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders
Published in: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Methodology

Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

Authors: Manuel Rigo, Mina Jelačić

Published in: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Chêneau and Matthias introduced in 1979 a brace concept inspired in casting. The brace was initially named “CTM” from Chêneau-Toulouse-Münster. The name “CTM” is still popular in France but “Chêneau-type brace” is its common name in the rest of the world. Principles to construct this brace were originally based on anatomical descriptions rather than biomechanics, and its standard is poor.

Methods

This paper follows the format of the “Brace technology thematic series.” The Chêneau-type brace has been versioned by many authors. The contribution of the present authors is about to the description of the principles based on biomechanics and a specific classification created to help to standardize the brace design and construction. The classification also correlates with specific exercises (PSSE) according to the Barcelona School, using Schroth principles (BSPTS). This current authors’ version has been named “3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace.” The 3D principles are related to a detorsional mechanism created by forces and counterforces to bring the trunk into the best possible correction: (1) three-point system; (2) regional derotation; (3) sagittal alignment and balance. A custom-made TLS brace (thoracolumbosacral) is built in order to provide highly defined contact areas, which are located, shaped, and oriented in the space to generate the necessary vectors of force to correct in 3D. Expansion areas are also essential for tissue migration, growth, and breathing movements, although body reactions depend basically on how well designed are the contact areas. The brace is open in front and can be considered rigid and dynamic at the same time.

Results

Blueprints for construction of the brace according to the revisited Rigo classification are fully described in this paper.

Conclusions

Different independent teams have published comparable outcomes by using Chêneau-type braces and versions in combination with specific exercises and following a similar scoliosis comprehensive care model. This present version is also supported by scientific results from several independent teams.
Literature
1.
Maruyama T, Grivas TB, Kaspiris A. Effectiveness and outcomes of brace treatment: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011;27(1):26–42.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Negrini S, Minossi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, Maruyama T, Romano M, Vasiliadis ES. Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Spine. 2010;35(13):1285–93.CrossRefPubMed
3.
4.
Rigo M, Negrini S, Weiss HR, Grivas TB, Maruyama T, Kotwicki T, the members of SOSORT. SOSORT consensus paper on brace action: TLSO biomechanics of correction (investigating the rationale for force vector selection). Scoliosis. 2006;1:10.CrossRef
5.
Negrini S, Aulisa AG, Aulisa L, Circo AB, de Mauroy JC, Durmala J, Grivas TB, Knott P, Kotwicki T, Maruyama T, Minozzi S, O’Brien JP, Papadopoulos D, Rigo M, Rivard CH, Romano M, Wynne JH, Villagrasa M, Weiss HR, Zaina F. 2111 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. Scoliosis. 2012;7:3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Chêneau J. Corset-Chêneau. Manuel d’orthopédie des scolioses suivant la technique originale. Paris: Éditions Frison-Roche; 1994.
7.
Weiss HR, Rigo M, Chêneau J. Praxis der Chêneau Korsettversorgung in der Skoliose-Therapie. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2000.
8.
Weiss HR, Rigo M. The Chêneau concept of bracing – actual standards. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:291–302.PubMed
9.
Rigo M, Weiss HR. The Chêneau concept of bracing – biomechanical aspects. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:303–19.PubMed
10.
11.
Negrini S, Grivas TB. Introduction to the “Scoliosis” Journal Brace Technology Thematic Series: increasing existing knowledge and promoting future developments. Scoliosis. 2010;5:2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Dubousset J. Importance of the three-dimensional concept in the treatment of scoliosis deformities. Dansereau J ed. International Symposium on 3D Scoliotic Deformities joined with the VII International Symposium on Spinal Deformities and Surface Topography. Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag; 1992. p. 302–11.
13.
Raso VJ, Russell GG, Hill DL, Moreau M, MCivor J. Thoracic lordosis in idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatric Orthop. 1991;11(5):599–602.CrossRef
14.
Raso VJ, Lou E, Hill DL, Mahood JK, Moreau MJ, Durdle NG. Trunk distorsion and idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatric Orthop. 1998;18(2):222–6.
15.
Guo X, Chau WW, Chang YL, Cheng JC, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Relative anterior spinal overgrowth in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis – result of disproportionate endochondral-membranous bone growth? Summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(9):862–73.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Pathogenesis of progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Platelet activation and vascular biology in immature vertebrae: an alternative molecular hypothesis. Acta Orthop Belg. 2006;72(3):247–60.PubMed
17.
Zhu F, Qiu Y, Yeung HY, Lee KM, Cheng JC. Histomorphometric study of the spinal growth plates in idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis. Pediatric Int. 2006;48(6):591–8.CrossRef
18.
Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH, Freeman BJ. Concepts on the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Bone growth and mass, vertebral column, spinal cord, brain, skull, extra-spinal left-right skeletal length asymmetries, disproportions and molecular pathogenesis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:3–52.PubMed
19.
Chu WC, Lam WM, Ng BK, Tze-Ping L, Lee KM, Guo X, Cheng JC, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH, Jaspan T. Relative shortening and functional tethering of the spinal cord in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis – Result of asynchronous neuro-osseous growth, summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis. 2008;3:8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Burwell RG, Aujla RK, Freeman BJ, Dangerfield PH, Cole AA, Kirby AS, Polak FJ, Pratt RK, Moulton A. The posterior skeletal thorax: rib-vertebral angle and axial vertebral rotation asymmetries in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;140:263–8.PubMed
21.
Gu SX, Wang CF, Zhao YC, Zhu XD, Li M. Abnormal ossification as a cause the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Med Hypotheses. 2009;72(4):416–7.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Liu Z, Tam EM, Sun GQ, Lam TP, Zhu ZZ, Sun X, Lee KM, Ng TB, Qiu Y, Cheng JC, Yeung HY. Abnormal leptin bioavailability in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an important new finding. Spine. 2012;37(7):599–604.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Schlösser TP, van Stralen M, Brink RC, Chu WC, Lam TP, Vincken KL, Castelein RM, Cheng JC. Three-dimensional characterization of torsion and asymmetry of the intervertebral disc versus vertebral bodies in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2014;39(19):E1 159–166.CrossRef
24.
Stokes IA, Spence H, Aronsson DD, Kilmer N. Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth. Implications for scoliosis progression. Spine. 1996;21(10):1162–7.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Burwell RG. Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3-4):137–70.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Murray DW, Bulstrode CJ. The development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 1996;5(4):251–7.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Duval-Beaupere G, Taussig G, Mouilleseaux B, Pries P, Mounier C. Prognostic factors for idiopathic scoliosis. Dansereau J ed. International Symposium on 3D Scoliotic Deformities joined with the VII International Symposium on Spinal Deformities and Surface Topography. Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag; 1992. p. 211–6.
28.
Legaye J, Orban C. Evolution of scoliosis by optical scanner I.S.I.S. Stud Health Technol Inform. 1995;15:415–21.
29.
Bernhardt M, Bridwell KH. Segmental analysis of the sagittal plane alignment of the normal thoracic and lumbar spines and thoracolumbar junction. Spine. 1989;14(7):717–21.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Lehnert-Schroth C. Dreidimensionale Skoliosebehandlung. 6th ed. Stuttgart: Urban and Swarzer; 2000.
31.
Moe JH, Kettleson D. Idiopathic scoliosis: Analysis of curve patterns and preliminary results of Milwaukee brace treatment in one hundred sixty-nine patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52(8):1509–33.CrossRefPubMed
32.
33.
Rigo M, Quera-Salvá G, Villagrasa M, Ferrer M, Casas A, Corbella C, Urrutia A, Martínez S, Puigdevall N. Scoliosis intensive out-patient rehabilitation based on Schroth method. T.B. Grivas (Ed.) The Conservative Scoliosis Treatment. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:208–27.PubMed
34.
Carr WA, Moe JH, Winter RB, Lonstein JE. Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in the Milwaukee brace. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(4):599–612.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Heine J, Gotze HG. Final results of the conservative treatment of scoliosis using the Milwaukee brace. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1985;123(3):56–62.
36.
Noonan KJ, Weinstein SL, Jacobson WC, Dolan LA. Use of the Milwaukee brace for progressive idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78(4):557–67.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Katz DE, Durrani AA. Factors that influence outcome in bracing large curves in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2001;26(21):2354–61.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Landauer F, Wimmer C, Behensky H. Estimating the final outcome of brace treatment for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis at 6-month follow-up. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3-4):201–7.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Castro Jr FP. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, bracing and the Hueter-Volkmann principle. Spine J. 2003;3(3):180–5.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Watts HG, Hall JE, Stanish W. The Boston brace system for the treatment of low thoracic and lumbar scoliosis by use of a girdle without superstructure. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;126:87–92.
41.
Uden A, Willner S, Peterson H. Initial correction with the Boston thoracic brace. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53(6):907–11.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Emans JB, Kaelin A, Bancel P, Hall JE, Miller ME. The Boston bracing system for idiopathic scoliosis. Follow-up results in 295 patients. Spine. 1986;11(8):792–801.CrossRefPubMed
43.
MaCollough NC 3d, Schultz M, Javech N, Latta L. Miami TLSO in the management of scoliosis: preliminary results in 100 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 1981;1(2):141–52.CrossRef
44.
Laurnen EL, Tupper JW, Mullen MP. The Boston brace in thoracic scoliosis. A preliminary report. Spine. 1983;8(4):388–95.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Jonasson-Rajala E, Josefsson E, Lundberg B, Nilsson H. Boston thoracic brace in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Initial correction. Clin Orthop. 1984;183:37–41.
46.
Périé D, Aubin CE, Petit Y, Beauséjour M, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Boston brace correction in idiopathic scoliosis: a biomechanical study. Spine. 2003;28(15):1672–7.PubMed
47.
Wynarsky GT, Schultz AB. Optimization of skeletal configuration. Studies of scoliosis correction biomechanics. J Biomech. 1991;24(8):721–32.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Aubin CA, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Biomechanical simulation of the effect of the Boston brace on a model of the scoliotic spine and thorax. Ann Chir. 1993;47(9):881–7.PubMed
49.
Aubin CE, Dansereau J, De Guise JA, Labelle H. Rib cage-spine coupling patterns involved in brace treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1997;22(6):629–35.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Hopf C, Heine J. Long-term results of conservative treatment of scoliosis using Chêneau brace. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzeb. 1985;123(3):312–22.CrossRef
51.
Weiss HR, Deez-Kraus K. Quality criteria of scoliosis bracing assessment of primary correction. Proceedings book of the 20th Annual Meeting of the British Scoliosis Society, Low Wood Hotel Windermere 23th-24th of March 1995;29.
52.
Rigo M. The Chêneau brace. Preliminary results. Résonances Eur Rachis. 1995;8:3–10.
53.
Liljenqvist U, et al. Conservative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with the Chêneau brace. Zurich: Proceeding of the first combined meeting ESS-ESDS; 1998.
54.
Rigo M, Quera-Salvá G, Puigdevall N, Martínez M. Retrospective results in immature idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with a Chêneau brace. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:241–5.PubMed
55.
Weiss HR, Rigo M. Expert-driven Chêneau applications: description and in-brace corrections. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011;27(1):61–7.CrossRefPubMed
56.
57.
Rigo M, Gallo D, Dallmayer R. In-brace correction of the Cobb angle with RSC-CAD CAM compared with ‘hand made’ from the original author. Scoliosis. 2010;5 Suppl 1:O68.CrossRefPubMedCentral
58.
Gallo D, Wood G, Dallmayer R. Quality control of idiopathic scoliosis treatment in 147 patients while using the RSC brace. J Prosthet Orthot. 2011;23(2):69–77.CrossRef
59.
Rigo M, Gallo D. A new brace design to treat single long thoracic scoliosis. Comparison of the in-brace correction in two groups treated with the new and the classical models. Scoliosis. 2009;4 Suppl 2:O46.CrossRefPubMedCentral
60.
Udén A, Willner S. The effect of lumbar flexion and Boston Thoracic brace on the curves in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1983;8(8):846–50.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Willner S. Effect of the Boston thoracic brace on the frontal and sagittal curves of the spine. Acta Orthop Scand. 1984;55(4):457–60.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Labelle H, Dansereau J, Bellefleur C, Poitras B. 3-D study of the immediate effect of the Boston brace on the scoliotic lumbar spine. Ann Chir. 1992;46(9):814–20.PubMed
63.
Cahuzac JP, Sales de Gauzy J, Kany J. Traitement de 161 scolioses idiopatique par le corset de C.T.M. In: Proceedings book od the 2nd Congreso Transpirenaico de Rehabilitación. Ed: ICS. Ciutat Sanitària I Universitaria de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet, Barcelona 1993:55-56.
64.
Périé D, De Gauzy S, Sévely A, Hobatho MC. In vivo geometrical evaluation of Cheneau-Toulouse_Munster brace effect on scoliotic spine using MRI method. Clin Biomech. 2001;16(2):129–37.CrossRef
65.
Schmitz A, Kandyba J, Jaeger U, Koenig R, Schmitt O. Brace effect in scoliosis in the sagittal plane – an MRI study. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2002;140(3):347–50.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Schmitz A, König R, Kandyba J, Pennekamp P, Schmitt O, Jaeger UE. Visualization of the brace effect on the spinal profile in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(2):138–43.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Willers U, Normelli H, Aaro S, Svenson O, Hedlund R. Long-term results of Boston brace treatment on vertebral rotation in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1993;18(4):432–5.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Rigo M. 3D correction of trunk deformity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis using Chêneau brace. Stud Health Technol Inform. 1999;59:362–5.
69.
Lebel DE, Al-Aubaidi Z, Shin EJ, Howard A, Zeller R. Three dimensional analysis of brace biomechanical efficacy for patients with AIS. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(11):2445–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Weiss HR, Weiss G, Schaar HJ. Incidence of surgery in conservatively treated patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6:111–8.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Rigo M, Reiter CH, Weiss HR. Effect of conservative management on the prevalence of surgery in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6:209–14.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Weiss HR, Weiss G. Brace treatment during pubertal growth spurt in girls with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) – A prospective trial comparing two different concepts. Pediatr Rehabil. 2005;8:199–206.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Cinnella P, Muratone M, Testa E, Bondente PG. The treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with Chêneau brace: long-term outcome. Scoliosis. 2009;4 Suppl 2:O44.CrossRefPubMedCentral
74.
Zaborowska-Sapeta K, Kowalski IM, Kotwicki T, Protasiewicz-Faldowska H, Kiebzak W. Effectiveness of Chêneau brace treatment for idiopathic scoliosis: Prospective sturdy in 79 patients followed to skeletal maturity. Scoliosis. 2011;6:2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
75.
Ovadia D, Eylon S, Mashiah A, Wientroub S, Lebel ED. Factors associated with the success of the Rigo System Chêneau brace in treating mild to moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Child Orthop. 2012;6:327–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Rigo M. Radiological and cosmetic improvement 2 years after brace weaning – a case report. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6:195–9.CrossRefPubMed
77.
78.
Rivett L, Stewart A, Potterton J. The effect of compliance to a Rigo System Cheneau brace and specific exercise programme on idiopathic scoliosis curvature: a comparative study: SOSORT 2014 award winner. Scoliosis. 2014;9:5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Perdriolle R, Vidal J. Thoracic idiopathic scoliosis curve evolution and prognosis. Spine. 1985;10(9):785–91.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace
Authors
Manuel Rigo
Mina Jelačić
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2397-1789
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 1/2017 Go to the issue

Research

Associations between sarcopenia and degenerative lumbar scoliosis in older women

Research

Upright, prone, and supine spinal morphology and alignment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Research

Current knowledge of scoliosis in physiotherapy students trained in the United Kingdom

Review

Low back pain in older adults: risk factors, management options and future directions

Research

Change of sagittal spinal alignment and its association with pain and function after lumbar surgery augmented with an interspinous implant

Research

Is vertebral rotation correction maintained after thoracoscopic anterior scoliosis surgery? A low-dose computed tomography study