Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Archives of Osteoporosis
Published in: Archives of Osteoporosis 1-2/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Original Article

Bone mineral density in healthy Kuwaiti women

Authors: S. Mahussain, H. Badr, K. Al-Zaabi, M. Mohammad, N. Alnafisi

Published in: Archives of Osteoporosis | Issue 1-2/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to measure bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumber spine and femur regions in healthy adult Kuwaiti women, and to evaluate the influence of body size on BMD results.

Methods

Bone mass measurement was performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femur (four regions) of healthy ambulatory Kuwaiti females aged between 20 and 80 years. Body size measurements and a detailed questionnaire on past medical and gynecologic history, as well as lifestyle factors, were administered to all subjects. After excluding those with apparent or suggested abnormalities affecting bone mass, only 805 women from 4,887 were included and served as the target subjects.

Results

The spine BMD values for Kuwaiti women up to 69 years old were lower than their US counterparts; the peak value was established in the fifth decade. Femur neck BMD was relatively stable up to menopause. Spine osteoporosis was prevalent among 10% of the subjects, compared with 4% in the femoral neck. Regression analysis revealed that each kilogram of body weight has a change of 0.3% in premenopausal women and 0.5–0.6% in the older group. In multiple regressions that included the three factors (height, weight and age), the effect of age superseded that of weight in the older group of women, where there was a detrimental annual effect on spine and femur (neck and total hip) BMD by 0.9%, while each kilogram of body weight had a constructive effect by 0.4 and 0.3%. In the premenopausal women, the positive effect of 1 kg of body weight was equivalent to about 1 year of aging in the trochanter region and half a year in the total hip region.

Conclusion

The BMD value of healthy Kuwaiti women tend to be lower than the US reference at the lumber spine in all age groups but showed higher values for femur neck only in the age group of late 30s through 60 years. Weight has a stronger effect on BMD than does the height. The prevalence of osteoporosis in the lumber spine was more than double that in the femur neck in postmenopausal women.
Literature
1.
2.
Elhajj G, Baddoura R, Awada H et al (2002) Low peak bone mineral density in healthy Lebanese subjects. Bone 31:520–528CrossRef
3.
Assessment of fracture risk and its applications to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1994;843:1–129
4.
Kroger H, Lunt M, Reeve J et al (1999) Bone density reduction in various measurement sites in men and women with osteoporotic fractures of spine and hip: the European quantification of osteoporosis study. Calcif Tissue Int 64:191–199PubMedCrossRef
5.
Simmons A, Simpson DE, O’Doherty MJ et al (1997) The effects of standardization and reference values on patients’ classification for spine and femur dual energy X-ray absorptopometry. Osteoporos Int 7:200–206PubMedCrossRef
6.
El-Desouki M (1995) Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in the normal Saudi population. Saudi Med J 16:30–35
7.
Bhudhikanok GS, Wng MC, Ecket K et al (1996) Differences in bone mineral in young Asian and Caucasian Americans may reflect differences in bone size. J Bone Res 11:1545–1556
8.
Ghannam NN, Hammami MM, Bakheet SM et al (1999) Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudi females: relation to vitamin D status, pregnancy and lactation. Calcif Tissue Int 65:23–28PubMedCrossRef
9.
Bachrach LK, Hastie T, Wang MC et al (1999) Bone mineral acquisition in healthy Asian, Hispanic, Black and Caucasian youth: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4702–4712PubMedCrossRef
10.
Maalouf G, Salem J, Sandid M et al (2000) Bone mineral density of the Lebanese reference population. Osteoporos Int 11:756–764PubMedCrossRef
11.
Deleze’ M, Cons-Molina F, Villa AR et al (2000) Geographic differences in bone mineral density of Mexico women. Osteoporos Int 11:562–569CrossRef
12.
Dougherty G, Al-Marzouk N (2001) Bone density measured by dual energy X-ray in healthy Kuwaiti women. Calcif Tissue Int 68:225–229PubMedCrossRef
13.
Wu XP, Liao EY, Huang G et al (2003) A comparison study of reference curves of bone mineral density at different skeletal sites in native Chineses, Japanese and American Caucasian women. Calcif Tissue Int 73:122–132PubMedCrossRef
14.
Mazess RB, Barden H (1999) Bone density of the spine and femur in adult white females. Calcif Tissue Int 65:91–99PubMedCrossRef
15.
Kin K, Kusheda K, Yamazaki K et al (1991) Bone mineral density of the spine in normal Japanese subjects using dual X-ray absorptiometry: effect of obesity and menopausal status. Calcif Tissue Int 49:101–106PubMedCrossRef
16.
Iki M, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y et al (2001) Bone mineral density of the spine, hip and distal forearm in representative samples of the Japanese female population: Japanese population-based osteoporosis study. Osteoporos Int 12:529–537PubMedCrossRef
17.
Mishal AA (2001) Effects of different dress styles on vitamin D levels in healthy young Jordanian women. Osteoporos Int 12:931–935PubMedCrossRef
18.
Gannage-Yared MH, Chemali R, Yaacoub N et al (2000) Hypovitaminosis D in asunny country: relation to life style and bone markers. J Bone Miner Res 15:1856–1862PubMedCrossRef
19.
El-Sunbaty MR, Abdul-Ghaffar NU (1996) Vitamin D deficiency in veiled Kuwaiti women. Europ J Clinc Nutrition 50:315–318
20.
Hammoudeh M, Al-Khayarin M, Zirie M et al (2005) Bone density by dual energy X- ray absorptiometry in Qatari women. Maturitas 52:319–327PubMedCrossRef
21.
Sowers M, Crutchfield M, Bandekar R et al (1988) Bone mineral density and its changes in pre- and perimenopausal white women: the Michigan bone health study. J Bone Miner Res 13:1134–1140CrossRef
22.
Gallagher JC, Goldgar D, May A (1987) Total bone calcium in normal women: effect of age and menopause status. J Bone Miner Res 2:491–496PubMedCrossRef
23.
Arlot ME, Sornay-Rendu E, Garnero P et al (1997) Apparent pre– and postmenopausal bone loss evaluation by DXA at different skeletal sites in women: the OFELY Cohort. J Bone Miner Res 12:683–690PubMedCrossRef
24.
Newton-John HF, Morgan DB (1970) The loss of bone with age, osteoporosis and fracture. Clin Orthop 71:229–252PubMed
25.
Mazess RP (1982) Ongoing bone loss. Clin Orthop 162:239–252
26.
Mazess RB, Barden HS (1990) Interrelationships among bone densitometry sites in normal young women. Bone Miner 11:347–356PubMedCrossRef
27.
Harris S, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B (1992) Influence of body weight on rates of change in bone density of the spine, hip and radius in post menopausal women. Calif Tissue Int 50:19–23CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Bone mineral density in healthy Kuwaiti women
Authors
S. Mahussain
H. Badr
K. Al-Zaabi
M. Mohammad
N. Alnafisi
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Archives of Osteoporosis / Issue 1-2/2006
Print ISSN: 1862-3522
Electronic ISSN: 1862-3514
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-006-0008-z

Other articles of this Issue 1-2/2006

Archives of Osteoporosis 1-2/2006 Go to the issue

Original Article

Reference data for bone speed of sound measurement by quantitative ultrasound in healthy children

Original Article

Bone mineral density in the normal Iranian population: a comparison with American reference data

Original Article

Vitamin D status, postural sway, and the incidence of falls in elderly community-dwelling Japanese women

Original Article

Validation and comparative evaluation of four osteoporosis risk indexes in Moroccan menopausal women

Original Article

Incidence of hip fractures in Salamanca, Spain. Period: 1994–2002

Original Article

Six-fold increased risk of hip fracture in older Australians (≥60 years) with dementia