Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Original Research Article

Body Mass Changes Across a Variety of Running Race Distances in the Tropics

Authors: Desmond Wei Tan, Si Hui Yap, Mingchang Wang, Priscilla Weiping Fan, Ya Shi Teo, Priathashini Krishnasamy, Lingaraj Krishna, Tamara Hew-Butler, Jason Kai Wei Lee

Published in: Sports Medicine - Open | Issue 1/2016

Abstract

Background

Current literature evaluating body mass (BM) changes across a variety of running race distances is limited. The primary objective of this study was to profile the range of BM changes across race distances. The secondary objective was to evaluate the prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in runners admitted to the on-site medical tent following participation of race events of different distances.

Methods

A total of 1934 runners across seven footrace categories (10-, 21-, 25-, 42-, 50-, 84-, and 100-km) were included in the study. One thousand eight hundred eighty-seven runners had their BM measured before and after each race. Blood sodium concentrations were measured from the remaining 47 symptomatic runners admitted to the on-site medical tents and did not complete the race.

Results

In terms of hydration status, 106 (6 %) were overhydrated, 1377 (73 %) were euhydrated, and 404 (21 %) were dehydrated. All race distances exhibited similar percentage of overhydrated runners (5 % in 10 km, 3 % in 21 km, 5 % in 25 km, 6 % in 42 km, 8 % in 50 km, 7 % in 84 km, and 6 % in 100 km). Forty-seven runners were admitted to the medical tents. Eight (17 %) were diagnosed with EAH (4 from 42 km, 2 from 84 km, 2 from 100 km), 38 (81 %) were normonatremic, and 1 (2 %) was hypernatremic. The % ΔBM across all races ranged from −8.0 to 4.1 % with a greater decrement noted in the 42-, 50-, 84-, and 100-km categories.

Conclusions

Approximately 3–8 % runners had increased post-race BM, suggesting overhydration regardless of race distance. Symptomatic EAH was seen at race distances at or above 42 km, where BM changes demonstrated the widest range of values.

Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377–90.CrossRefPubMed

O’Neal EK, Davis BA, Thigpen LK, et al. Runners greatly underestimate sweat losses before and after a 1-hr summer run. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(5):353–62.CrossRefPubMed

Hew-Butler T, Rosner MH, Fowkes-Godek S, et al. Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015. Clin J Sport Med. 2015;25(4):303–20.CrossRefPubMed

Hew TD. Women hydrate more than men during a marathon race. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:148–53.CrossRefPubMed

Hoffman MD, Stuempfle KJ, Rogers IR, et al. Hyponatremia in the 2009 161-km Western States Endurance Run. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2012;7(1):6–10.CrossRefPubMed

Speedy DB, Faris JG, Hamlin M, et al. Hyponatremia and weight changes in an ultradistance triathlon. Clin J Sport Med. 1997;7:180–4.CrossRefPubMed

Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Leiper JB. Errors in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass. J Sports Sci. 2007;25:797–804.CrossRefPubMed

Noakes TD, Sharwood K, Speedy D, et al. Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2005;102:18550–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mettler S, Rusch C, Frey WO, et al. Hyponatremia among runners in the Zurich Marathon. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(4):344–9.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Hoffman MD, Hew-Butler T, Stuempfle KJ. Exercise-associated hyponatremia and hydration status in 161-km ultramarathoners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:784–91.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB. Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1550–6.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Glace B, Murphy C. Severe hyponatremia develops in a runner following a half-marathon. JAAPA. 2008;21:27–9.PubMed

13.

Shapiro SA, Ejaz AA, Osborne MD, et al. Moderate exercise-induced hyponatremia. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16:72–3.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Lee JK, Nio AQ, Ang WH. First reported cases of exercise-associated hyponatremia in Asia. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32:297–302.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Erickson KA, Wilding P. Evaluation of a novel point-of-care system, the i-STAT portable clinical analyser. Clin Chem. 1993;39:283–7.PubMed

16.

Speedy DB, Campbell R, Mulligan G, et al. Weight changes and serum sodium concentrations after an ultradistance multisport triathlon. Clin J Sport Med. 1997;7:100–3.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Lebus DK, Casazza GA, Hoff man MD, et al. Can changes in body mass and total body water accurately predict hyponatremia after a 161-km running race? Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20:193–9.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Noakes TD, Speedy DB. Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted? Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:567–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Noakes TD. Changes in body mass alone explain almost all of the variance in the serum sodium concentrations during prolonged exercise. Has commercial influence impeded scientific endeavour? Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:475–7.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Rose BD, Post TW. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2001. p. 286–8.

21.

Hew-Butler T, Jordaan E, Stuempfle KJ. Osmotic and nonosmotic regulation of arginine vasopressin during prolonged endurance exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2072–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Siegel AJ, Verbalis JG, Clement S. Hyponatremia in marathon runners due to inappropriate arginine vasopressin secretion. A J Med. 2007;120:461–7.CrossRef

23.

Verbalis JG. Disorders of body water homeostasis. Best Pract Res. 2003;17:471–503.CrossRef

24.

Rosner MH, Kirven J. Exercise-associated hyponatremia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:2151–61.

25.

Sharwood K, Collins M, Coedecke J, et al. Weight changes, sodium levels, and performance in the South African Ironman triathlon. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12:391–9.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Goudie AM, Tunstall-Pedoe DS, Kerins M, et al. Exercise-associated hyponatremia after a marathon: case series. J R Soc Med. 2006;99:363–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Frizzell RT, Lang GH, Lowance DC, et al. Hyponatremia and ultramarathon running. JAMA. 1986;255:772–4.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Kipps C, Sharma S, Pedoe DT. The incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in the London Marathon. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(1):14–9.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Hew TD, Chorley JN, Cianca JC, et al. The incidence, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of hyponatremia in marathon runners. Clin J Sports Med. 2003;13:41–7.CrossRef

30.

Hew-Butler TD, Boulter J, Bhorat R, Noakes TD. Avoid adding insult to injury—correct management of sick female endurance athletes. S Afr Med J. 2012;102:927–90.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Stachenfeld NS, DePietro L, Palter SF, et al. Estrogen influences osmotic secretion of AVP and body water balance in postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol. 1998;43:187–95.

32.

Stricker EM, Thiels E, Verbalis JG. Sodium appetite in rats after prolonged dietary sodium deprivation: a sexually dimorphic phenomenon. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:1082–8.

33.

Speedy DB, Noakes TD, Rogers IR. Hyponatremia in ultradistance triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:809–15.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Vrijens D, Rehrer N. Sodium-free fluid ingestion decreases plasma sodium during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1847–51.PubMed

35.

Twerenbold R, Knechtle B, Kakebeeke T, et al. Effects of different sodium concentrations in replacement fluids during prolonged exercise in women. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:300–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Body Mass Changes Across a Variety of Running Race Distances in the Tropics
Authors: Desmond Wei Tan
Si Hui Yap
Mingchang Wang
Priscilla Weiping Fan
Ya Shi Teo
Priathashini Krishnasamy
Lingaraj Krishna
Tamara Hew-Butler
Jason Kai Wei Lee
Publication date: 01-12-2016
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Sports Medicine - Open / Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 2199-1170
Electronic ISSN: 2198-9761
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-016-0050-3

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Body Mass Changes Across a Variety of Running Race Distances in the Tropics

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Medical Care for Swimmers

A Preliminary Study of the Effectiveness of an Allostatic, Closed-Loop, Acoustic Stimulation Neurotechnology in the Treatment of Athletes with Persisting Post-concussion Symptoms

Potential Effects on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Status After a Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training Program in Diabetes Patients — a Randomized Controlled Trial

Hyperoxia Extends Time to Exhaustion During High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise: a Randomized, Crossover Study in Male Cyclists

Oxidative Stress in Female Athletes Using Combined Oral Contraceptives

Effect of Repeated Whole Blood Donations on Aerobic Capacity and Hemoglobin Mass in Moderately Trained Male Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial