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Clinical Oral Investigations

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01-08-2020 | Bleaching | Original Article

Breaking the rules: tooth whitening by means of a reducing agent

Authors: Clara Babot Marquillas, Raúl Procaccini, Manuel Valiente Malmagro, Maria-Jesús Sánchez-Martín

Published in: Clinical Oral Investigations | Issue 8/2020

Abstract

Objectives

It is widely accepted that current tooth whitening treatment effect is based on the oxidizing action of peroxides, even if the mechanism of action remains still unclear. Treatments are claimed to be safe, but several secondary effects have been described, since long application times and high concentrations are needed. A faster whitening ingredient which permits the use of lower concentrations and shorter application times could potentially overcome this problem. In this work, a different approach based on a reducing agent, sodium metabisulfite (MBS), is explored.

Materials and methods

The reaction between tannic acid (TA) with carbamide peroxide (CP), MBS, and potassium persulfate (PS), as an oxidizing agent, was monitored for 48 hours by measuring its absorbance, comparing their different whitening effects. The reduction process between TA and MBS was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. An in vitro test was used to observe if MBS whitens also stained teeth.

Results

It is shown that MBS bleaching effect is faster and higher than CP’s effect over time. PS produced a darkening effect after the 3rd hour because of the strong absorbance of the oxidation metabolite. Cyclic voltammetry showed a progressive increase in the intensity of the TA anodic peak when MBS was present, demonstrating that a reduction is taking place. In vitro, MBS showed a faster whitening performance than CP, using lower concentrations.

Conclusions

Using a TA solution as a staining model, it was possible to show that MBS has a visible bleaching effect through a reduction reaction, faster than CP, both in solution and in vitro. Low concentrations of MBS are effective in whitening.

Clinical significance

This work shows MBS as a promising candidate to develop novel whitening treatments, which is acting by reducing mechanism instead of oxidation.

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Title: Breaking the rules: tooth whitening by means of a reducing agent
Authors: Clara Babot Marquillas
Raúl Procaccini
Manuel Valiente Malmagro
Maria-Jesús Sánchez-Martín
Publication date: 01-08-2020
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keyword: Bleaching
Published in: Clinical Oral Investigations / Issue 8/2020
Print ISSN: 1432-6981
Electronic ISSN: 1436-3771
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03140-3

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Breaking the rules: tooth whitening by means of a reducing agent

Abstract

Objectives

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusions

Clinical significance

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Objectives

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusions

Clinical significance

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