Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BioDrugs 4/2013

01-08-2013 | Review Article

Biological Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Progress to Date

Authors: Gaurav Malviya, Simonetta Salemi, Bruno Laganà, Andrea Picchianti Diamanti, Raffaele D’Amelio, Alberto Signore

Published in: BioDrugs | Issue 4/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Biologic drugs for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have revolutionized the therapeutic armamentarium with the development of several novel monoclonal antibodies, which include murine, chimeric, humanized, fully human antibodies and fusion proteins. These biologics bind to their targets with high affinity and specificity. Since 1998, nine different biologics have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of RA, and several others are in different stages of clinical trials. This field is in continuous evolution and new biologics are tested every year. Therefore a precise analysis is required in order to have a detailed and updated state of the art of this field. In this review, our main aim is to analyse all available biological therapies that are FDA and EMA approved for the treatment of RA and also those that are in clinical trials for the management of RA patients.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2287–93.PubMedCrossRef Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2287–93.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Baecklund E, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Feltelius N, Klareskog L. Disease activity and risk of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: nested case-control study. BMJ. 1998;317:180–1.PubMedCrossRef Baecklund E, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Feltelius N, Klareskog L. Disease activity and risk of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: nested case-control study. BMJ. 1998;317:180–1.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Solomon DH, Karlson EW, Rimm EB, Cannuscio CC, Mandl LA, Manson JE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2003;107:1303–7.PubMedCrossRef Solomon DH, Karlson EW, Rimm EB, Cannuscio CC, Mandl LA, Manson JE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2003;107:1303–7.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Wolfe F, Freundlich B, Straus WL. Increase in cardiovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:36–40.PubMed Wolfe F, Freundlich B, Straus WL. Increase in cardiovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:36–40.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Thomas E, Brewster DH, Black RJ, Macfarlane GJ. Risk of malignancy among patients with rheumatic conditions. Int J Cancer. 2000;88:497–502.PubMedCrossRef Thomas E, Brewster DH, Black RJ, Macfarlane GJ. Risk of malignancy among patients with rheumatic conditions. Int J Cancer. 2000;88:497–502.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Ortega-Hernández OD, Pineda-Tamayo R, Pardo AL, Rojas-Villaraga A, Anaya JM. Cardiovascular disease is associated with extra-articular manifestations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:767–75.PubMedCrossRef Ortega-Hernández OD, Pineda-Tamayo R, Pardo AL, Rojas-Villaraga A, Anaya JM. Cardiovascular disease is associated with extra-articular manifestations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:767–75.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Anaya JM, Correa PA, Mantilla RD, Arcos-Burgos M. Rheumatoid arthritis association in Colombian population is restricted to HLA-DRB1*04 QRRAA alleles. Genes Immun. 2002;3:56–68.PubMedCrossRef Anaya JM, Correa PA, Mantilla RD, Arcos-Burgos M. Rheumatoid arthritis association in Colombian population is restricted to HLA-DRB1*04 QRRAA alleles. Genes Immun. 2002;3:56–68.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT, Fries JF, Bloch DA, Williams CA, et al. The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:481–94.PubMedCrossRef Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT, Fries JF, Bloch DA, Williams CA, et al. The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:481–94.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Young A, Koduri G, Batley M, Kulinskaya E, Gough A, Norton S, et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased in the early course of disease, in ischemic heart disease and in pulmonary fibrosis. Rheumatology. 2007;46:350–7.PubMedCrossRef Young A, Koduri G, Batley M, Kulinskaya E, Gough A, Norton S, et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased in the early course of disease, in ischemic heart disease and in pulmonary fibrosis. Rheumatology. 2007;46:350–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Doran MF, Turesson C, O’Fallon WM, et al. Survival in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based analysis of trends over 40 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:54–8.PubMedCrossRef Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Doran MF, Turesson C, O’Fallon WM, et al. Survival in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based analysis of trends over 40 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:54–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference O’Dell JR, Haire CE, Erickson N, Drymalski W, Palmer W, Eckhoff PJ, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate, sulphasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of these medications. New Engl J Med. 1996;334:1287–91.PubMedCrossRef O’Dell JR, Haire CE, Erickson N, Drymalski W, Palmer W, Eckhoff PJ, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate, sulphasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of these medications. New Engl J Med. 1996;334:1287–91.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Landewè RB, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Westhovens R, van de Laar MA, Markusse HM, et al. COBRA combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: long-term structural benefits of a brief intervention. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:347–56.PubMedCrossRef Landewè RB, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Westhovens R, van de Laar MA, Markusse HM, et al. COBRA combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: long-term structural benefits of a brief intervention. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:347–56.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Rantalaiho V, Korpela M, Laasonen L, Kautiainen H, Järvenpää S, Hannonen P, et al. Early combination disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy and tight disease control improve long-term radiologic outcome in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: the 11-year results of the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R122.PubMedCrossRef Rantalaiho V, Korpela M, Laasonen L, Kautiainen H, Järvenpää S, Hannonen P, et al. Early combination disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy and tight disease control improve long-term radiologic outcome in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: the 11-year results of the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R122.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Choy EHS, Kingsley GH, Panayi GS. Monoclonal antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:484–90.PubMedCrossRef Choy EHS, Kingsley GH, Panayi GS. Monoclonal antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:484–90.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Fan PT, Leong KH. The use of biological agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:128–34.PubMed Fan PT, Leong KH. The use of biological agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:128–34.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Malviya G, Galli F, Sonni I, Pacilio M, Signore A. Targeting T and B lymphocytes with radiolabelled antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;54:654–76.PubMed Malviya G, Galli F, Sonni I, Pacilio M, Signore A. Targeting T and B lymphocytes with radiolabelled antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;54:654–76.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA. Kuby immunology. 6th ed. New York: Freeman; 2007. Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA. Kuby immunology. 6th ed. New York: Freeman; 2007.
18.
go back to reference Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975;256:495–7.PubMedCrossRef Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975;256:495–7.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Brekke OH, Sandlie I. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:52–62.PubMedCrossRef Brekke OH, Sandlie I. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:52–62.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Aksentijevich I, Flinn IW. Monoclonal antibody therapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Control. 2002;9:99–105.PubMed Aksentijevich I, Flinn IW. Monoclonal antibody therapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Control. 2002;9:99–105.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Morrison SL, Johnson MJ, Herzenberg LA, Oi VT. Chimeric human antibody molecules: mouse antigen-binding domains with human constant region domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1984;81:6851–5.PubMedCrossRef Morrison SL, Johnson MJ, Herzenberg LA, Oi VT. Chimeric human antibody molecules: mouse antigen-binding domains with human constant region domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1984;81:6851–5.PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
go back to reference Jones PT, Dear PH, Foote J, Neuberger MS, Winter G. Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse. Nature. 1986;321:522–5.PubMedCrossRef Jones PT, Dear PH, Foote J, Neuberger MS, Winter G. Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse. Nature. 1986;321:522–5.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Holmes MA, Buss TN, Foote J. Conformational correction mechanisms aiding antigen recognition by a humanized antibody. J Exp Med. 1998;187:479–85.PubMedCrossRef Holmes MA, Buss TN, Foote J. Conformational correction mechanisms aiding antigen recognition by a humanized antibody. J Exp Med. 1998;187:479–85.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Rajagopalan K, Pavlinkova G, Levy S, Pokkuluri PR, Schiffer M, Haley BE, et al. Novel unconventional binding site in the variable region of immunoglobulins. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1996;93:6019–24.PubMedCrossRef Rajagopalan K, Pavlinkova G, Levy S, Pokkuluri PR, Schiffer M, Haley BE, et al. Novel unconventional binding site in the variable region of immunoglobulins. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1996;93:6019–24.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Hoogenboom HR. Selecting and screening recombinant antibody libraries. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23:1105–16.PubMedCrossRef Hoogenboom HR. Selecting and screening recombinant antibody libraries. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23:1105–16.PubMedCrossRef
27.
28.
go back to reference Trikha M, Yan L, Nakada MT. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in oncology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2002;13:609–14.PubMedCrossRef Trikha M, Yan L, Nakada MT. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in oncology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2002;13:609–14.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Sidhu S. Phage display in pharmaceutical biotechnology. Curr Opinion Biotechnol. 2000;11:610–6.CrossRef Sidhu S. Phage display in pharmaceutical biotechnology. Curr Opinion Biotechnol. 2000;11:610–6.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kay BK, Kurakin AV, Hyde-De Ruyscher R. From peptides to drugs via phage display. Drug Discov Today. 1998;3:370–8.CrossRef Kay BK, Kurakin AV, Hyde-De Ruyscher R. From peptides to drugs via phage display. Drug Discov Today. 1998;3:370–8.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Weir AN, Nesbitt A, Chapman AP, Popplewell AG, Antoniw P, Lawson AD. Formatting antibody fragments to mediate specific therapeutic functions. Biochem Soc Trans. 2002;30:512–6.PubMedCrossRef Weir AN, Nesbitt A, Chapman AP, Popplewell AG, Antoniw P, Lawson AD. Formatting antibody fragments to mediate specific therapeutic functions. Biochem Soc Trans. 2002;30:512–6.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Kaushik VV, Moots RJ. CDP-870 (certolizumab) in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005;5:601–6.PubMedCrossRef Kaushik VV, Moots RJ. CDP-870 (certolizumab) in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005;5:601–6.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Knight DM, Trinh H, Le J, Siegel S, Shealy D, McDonough M, et al. Construction and initial characterization of a mouse-human chimeric anti-TNF antibody. Mol Immunol. 1993;30:1443–53.PubMedCrossRef Knight DM, Trinh H, Le J, Siegel S, Shealy D, McDonough M, et al. Construction and initial characterization of a mouse-human chimeric anti-TNF antibody. Mol Immunol. 1993;30:1443–53.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Scallon BJ, Moore MA, Trinh H, Knight DM, Ghrayeb J. Chimeric anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody cA2 binds recombinant transmembrane TNFα and activates immune effector functions. Cytokine. 1995;7:251–9.PubMedCrossRef Scallon BJ, Moore MA, Trinh H, Knight DM, Ghrayeb J. Chimeric anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody cA2 binds recombinant transmembrane TNFα and activates immune effector functions. Cytokine. 1995;7:251–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Remicade® (infliximab) package insert. Malvern, Pennsylvania: Centocor; revised Apr 2007. Remicade® (infliximab) package insert. Malvern, Pennsylvania: Centocor; revised Apr 2007.
37.
go back to reference ten Hove T, van Montfrans C, Peppelenbosch MP, van Deventer SJ. Infliximab treatment induces apoptosis of lamina propria T lymphocytes in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2002;50:206–11.PubMedCrossRef ten Hove T, van Montfrans C, Peppelenbosch MP, van Deventer SJ. Infliximab treatment induces apoptosis of lamina propria T lymphocytes in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2002;50:206–11.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Siegel SA, Shealy DJ, Nakada MT, Le J, Woulfe DS, Probert L, et al. The mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 neutralizes TNF in vitro and protects transgenic mice from cachexia and TNF lethality in vivo. Cytokine. 1995;7:15–25.PubMedCrossRef Siegel SA, Shealy DJ, Nakada MT, Le J, Woulfe DS, Probert L, et al. The mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 neutralizes TNF in vitro and protects transgenic mice from cachexia and TNF lethality in vivo. Cytokine. 1995;7:15–25.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Barone D, Krantz C, Lambert D, Maggiora K, Mohler K. Comparative analysis of the ability of etanercept and infliximab to lyse TNF-expressing cells in a complement dependent fashion. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:S90.CrossRef Barone D, Krantz C, Lambert D, Maggiora K, Mohler K. Comparative analysis of the ability of etanercept and infliximab to lyse TNF-expressing cells in a complement dependent fashion. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:S90.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Verstappen SM, King Y, Watson KD, Symmons DP, Hyrich KL, BSRBR Control Centre Consortium, BSR Biologics Register. Anti-TNF therapies and pregnancy: outcome of 130 pregnancies in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(5):823–6.PubMedCrossRef Verstappen SM, King Y, Watson KD, Symmons DP, Hyrich KL, BSRBR Control Centre Consortium, BSR Biologics Register. Anti-TNF therapies and pregnancy: outcome of 130 pregnancies in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(5):823–6.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Gardam MA, Keystone EC, Menzies R, Manners S, Skamene E, Long R, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:148–55.PubMedCrossRef Gardam MA, Keystone EC, Menzies R, Manners S, Skamene E, Long R, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:148–55.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, Van Assche G, D’Haens G, Carbonez A, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the longterm efficacy of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:601–8.PubMedCrossRef Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, Van Assche G, D’Haens G, Carbonez A, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the longterm efficacy of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:601–8.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1541–9.PubMedCrossRef Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1541–9.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Farrell RJ, Alsahli M, Jeen YT, Falchuk KR, Peppercorn MA, Michetti P. Intravenous hydrocortisone premedication reduces antibodies to infliximab in Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:917–24.PubMedCrossRef Farrell RJ, Alsahli M, Jeen YT, Falchuk KR, Peppercorn MA, Michetti P. Intravenous hydrocortisone premedication reduces antibodies to infliximab in Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:917–24.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DM, St. Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al; for the Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1594–602. Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DM, St. Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al; for the Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1594–602.
47.
go back to reference St. Clair EW, van Der Heijde DM, Smolen JS. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3432–43.PubMedCrossRef St. Clair EW, van Der Heijde DM, Smolen JS. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3432–43.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Westhovens R, Yocum D, Han J, Berman A, Strusberg I, Geusens P, Rahman MU, START Study Group. The safety of infliximab, combined with background treatments, among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and various comorbidities: a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1075–86.PubMedCrossRef Westhovens R, Yocum D, Han J, Berman A, Strusberg I, Geusens P, Rahman MU, START Study Group. The safety of infliximab, combined with background treatments, among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and various comorbidities: a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1075–86.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Han C, Bala M, Maini RN, Kalden JR, van der Heijde D, Breedveld FC, Furst DE, Lipsky PE. Evidence of radiographic benefit of treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients who had no clinical improvement. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1020–30.PubMedCrossRef Smolen JS, Han C, Bala M, Maini RN, Kalden JR, van der Heijde D, Breedveld FC, Furst DE, Lipsky PE. Evidence of radiographic benefit of treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients who had no clinical improvement. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1020–30.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:3381–90.PubMedCrossRef Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:3381–90.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Paul J, Anderson PJ. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: clinical implications of their different immunogenicity profiles. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005;34(Suppl):19–22. Paul J, Anderson PJ. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: clinical implications of their different immunogenicity profiles. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005;34(Suppl):19–22.
52.
go back to reference Rau R. Adalimumab (a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody) in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: the initial results of five trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(Suppl II):70–3. Rau R. Adalimumab (a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody) in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: the initial results of five trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(Suppl II):70–3.
54.
go back to reference Humira® (adalimumab) package insert. Abbott Park, Illinois: Abbott Laboratories; revised Feb 2007. Humira® (adalimumab) package insert. Abbott Park, Illinois: Abbott Laboratories; revised Feb 2007.
55.
go back to reference Keystone E, Haraoui B. Adalimumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2004;30:349–64.CrossRef Keystone E, Haraoui B. Adalimumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2004;30:349–64.CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Moreland LW, Weisman MH, Birbara CA, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:35–45.PubMedCrossRef Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Moreland LW, Weisman MH, Birbara CA, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:35–45.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Kavanaugh AF, Chartash EK, Segurado OG. Long-term efficacy and safety of adalimumab plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: ARMADA 4-year extended study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:753–9.PubMedCrossRef Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Kavanaugh AF, Chartash EK, Segurado OG. Long-term efficacy and safety of adalimumab plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: ARMADA 4-year extended study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:753–9.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen S, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, et al. The PREMIER study a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:26–37.PubMedCrossRef Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen S, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, et al. The PREMIER study a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:26–37.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Burmester GR, Mariette X, Montecucco C, Monteagudo-Sàez I, Malaise M, Tzioufas AG, et al. Adalimumab alone and in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: the Research in Active Reumatoid Arthritis (ReAct) trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:732–9.PubMedCrossRef Burmester GR, Mariette X, Montecucco C, Monteagudo-Sàez I, Malaise M, Tzioufas AG, et al. Adalimumab alone and in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: the Research in Active Reumatoid Arthritis (ReAct) trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:732–9.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Rituxan® (Rituximab), package insert. Genentech, San Francisco, CA; revised 21 Feb 2007. Rituxan® (Rituximab), package insert. Genentech, San Francisco, CA; revised 21 Feb 2007.
61.
go back to reference Reff ME, Carner K, Chambers KS, Chinn PC, Leonard JE, Raab R, et al. Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood. 1994;83:435–45.PubMed Reff ME, Carner K, Chambers KS, Chinn PC, Leonard JE, Raab R, et al. Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood. 1994;83:435–45.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Stashenko P, Nadler LM, Hardy R, Schlossman SF. Characterization of a human B lymphocyte-specific antigen. J Immunol. 1980;125:1678–85.PubMed Stashenko P, Nadler LM, Hardy R, Schlossman SF. Characterization of a human B lymphocyte-specific antigen. J Immunol. 1980;125:1678–85.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Tedder TF, Boyd AW, Freedman AS, Nadler LM, Schlossman SF. The B cell surface molecule B1 is functionally linked with B-cell activation and differentiation. J Immunol. 1985;135:973–9.PubMed Tedder TF, Boyd AW, Freedman AS, Nadler LM, Schlossman SF. The B cell surface molecule B1 is functionally linked with B-cell activation and differentiation. J Immunol. 1985;135:973–9.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Dorner T, Rumester G. The role of B-cells in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Curr Op Rheum. 2003;15:246–52.CrossRef Dorner T, Rumester G. The role of B-cells in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Curr Op Rheum. 2003;15:246–52.CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Stern M, Herrmann R. Overview of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy: present and promise. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;54:11–29.PubMedCrossRef Stern M, Herrmann R. Overview of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy: present and promise. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;54:11–29.PubMedCrossRef
66.
68.
go back to reference Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR, et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2572–81.PubMedCrossRef Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR, et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2572–81.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, Dougados M, Furie RA, Genovese MC, Keystone EC, Loveless JE, Burmester GR, Cravets MW, Hessey EW, Shaw T, Totoritis MC. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2793–806.PubMedCrossRef Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, Dougados M, Furie RA, Genovese MC, Keystone EC, Loveless JE, Burmester GR, Cravets MW, Hessey EW, Shaw T, Totoritis MC. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2793–806.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Sato K, Tsuchiya M, Saldanha J, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Kishimoto T, et al. Reshaping a human antibody to inhibit the interleukin 6 dependent tumor cell growth. Cancer Res. 1993;53:851–6.PubMed Sato K, Tsuchiya M, Saldanha J, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Kishimoto T, et al. Reshaping a human antibody to inhibit the interleukin 6 dependent tumor cell growth. Cancer Res. 1993;53:851–6.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Mihara M, Kasutani K, Okazaki M, Nakamura A, Kawai S, Sugimoto M, et al. Tocilizumab inhibits signal transduction mediated by both mIL-6R and sIL-6R, but not by the receptors of other members of IL-6 cytokine family. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5:1731–40.PubMedCrossRef Mihara M, Kasutani K, Okazaki M, Nakamura A, Kawai S, Sugimoto M, et al. Tocilizumab inhibits signal transduction mediated by both mIL-6R and sIL-6R, but not by the receptors of other members of IL-6 cytokine family. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5:1731–40.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: from basic science to medicine—40 years in immunology. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:1–21.PubMedCrossRef Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: from basic science to medicine—40 years in immunology. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:1–21.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Keizer RJ, Huitema AD, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010;49:493–7.PubMedCrossRef Keizer RJ, Huitema AD, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010;49:493–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
76.
go back to reference Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, et al. Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiological benefit from x ray reader-blind randomized controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1162–7.PubMedCrossRef Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, et al. Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiological benefit from x ray reader-blind randomized controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1162–7.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Rieke Alten R, for the OPTION Investigators. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2008;371:987–97.PubMedCrossRef Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Rieke Alten R, for the OPTION Investigators. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2008;371:987–97.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Gomez-Reino JJ. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2968–80.PubMedCrossRef Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Gomez-Reino JJ. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2968–80.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Kremer J, Fleischmann R, Brzezicki J, Ambs P, Alecock E, Burgos-Vargas R, Halland A. Tocilizumab inhibits structural joint damage, improves physical function, and increases DAS28 remission rates in RA patients who respond inadequately to methotrexate: The LITHE Study. Oral presentation at EULAR 2009, 10–13 June. Kremer J, Fleischmann R, Brzezicki J, Ambs P, Alecock E, Burgos-Vargas R, Halland A. Tocilizumab inhibits structural joint damage, improves physical function, and increases DAS28 remission rates in RA patients who respond inadequately to methotrexate: The LITHE Study. Oral presentation at EULAR 2009, 10–13 June.
80.
go back to reference Hirohata S. Fully human anti TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies (adalimumab, golimumab). Nippon Rinsho. 2007;65:1202–28.PubMed Hirohata S. Fully human anti TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies (adalimumab, golimumab). Nippon Rinsho. 2007;65:1202–28.PubMed
81.
go back to reference SIMPONI™ (golimumab) [prescribing information]. Malvern: Centocor Ortho Biotech. SIMPONI™ (golimumab) [prescribing information]. Malvern: Centocor Ortho Biotech.
82.
go back to reference Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, Hsia EC, Hall ST, Miranda PC, et al. Golimumab, a human antibody to tumour necrosis factor α given by monthly sub cutaneous injections, in active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: the GO-FORWARD Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:789–96.PubMedCrossRef Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, Hsia EC, Hall ST, Miranda PC, et al. Golimumab, a human antibody to tumour necrosis factor α given by monthly sub cutaneous injections, in active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: the GO-FORWARD Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:789–96.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Kay J, Doyle MK, Landewé R, Matteson EL, Wollenhaupt J, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with tumour necrosis factor a inhibitors (GO-AFTER study): a multicentre, randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet. 2009;374:210–21.PubMedCrossRef Smolen JS, Kay J, Doyle MK, Landewé R, Matteson EL, Wollenhaupt J, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with tumour necrosis factor a inhibitors (GO-AFTER study): a multicentre, randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet. 2009;374:210–21.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Emery P, Fleischmann RM, Moreland LW, Hsia EC, Strusberg I, Durez P, et al. Golimumab, a new human anti-tumor necrosis factor-α monoclonal antibody, injected subcutaneously every four weeks in methotrexate-naïve patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2009;60:2272–83.CrossRef Emery P, Fleischmann RM, Moreland LW, Hsia EC, Strusberg I, Durez P, et al. Golimumab, a new human anti-tumor necrosis factor-α monoclonal antibody, injected subcutaneously every four weeks in methotrexate-naïve patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2009;60:2272–83.CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Winter TA, Wright J, Ghosh S, Jahnsen J, Innes A, Round P. Intravenous CDP870, a PEGylated Fab’ fragment of a humanized antitumour necrosis factor antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease: an exploratory study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1337–46.PubMedCrossRef Winter TA, Wright J, Ghosh S, Jahnsen J, Innes A, Round P. Intravenous CDP870, a PEGylated Fab’ fragment of a humanized antitumour necrosis factor antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease: an exploratory study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1337–46.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Schreiber S, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, Kareemi MK, Kamm MA, Boivin M, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for treatment of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:807–18.PubMedCrossRef Schreiber S, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, Kareemi MK, Kamm MA, Boivin M, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for treatment of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:807–18.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Nesbitt AM, Henry AJ. High affinity and potency of the pegylated Fab’ fragment CDP870—a direct comparison with other anti-TNF agents. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:S253. Nesbitt AM, Henry AJ. High affinity and potency of the pegylated Fab’ fragment CDP870—a direct comparison with other anti-TNF agents. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:S253.
88.
go back to reference Fossati G, Nesbitt A. In vitro complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by the anti-TNF agents adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and certolizumab pegol (CDP870). Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(Suppl):S299. Fossati G, Nesbitt A. In vitro complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by the anti-TNF agents adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and certolizumab pegol (CDP870). Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(Suppl):S299.
89.
go back to reference Fossati G, Nesbitt A. Effect of the anti-TNF agents, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, and certolizumab pegol (CDP870) on the induction of apoptosis in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:S298–9. Fossati G, Nesbitt A. Effect of the anti-TNF agents, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, and certolizumab pegol (CDP870) on the induction of apoptosis in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:S298–9.
90.
go back to reference Nesbitt AM, Gramlick A, Fossati G. Neutralization of soluble and membrane tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by infliximab, adalimumab or certolizumab pegol using p55 or p75 TNF-α receptor-specific bioassays. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:A-697. [Abstract W1634]. Nesbitt AM, Gramlick A, Fossati G. Neutralization of soluble and membrane tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by infliximab, adalimumab or certolizumab pegol using p55 or p75 TNF-α receptor-specific bioassays. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:A-697. [Abstract W1634].
91.
go back to reference Fleischmann R, Vencovsky J, van Vollenhoven RF, Borenstein D, Box J, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol monotherapy every 4 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis failing previous disease modifying antirheumatic therapy: the FAST4WARD study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:805–11.PubMedCrossRef Fleischmann R, Vencovsky J, van Vollenhoven RF, Borenstein D, Box J, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol monotherapy every 4 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis failing previous disease modifying antirheumatic therapy: the FAST4WARD study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:805–11.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Smolen J, Landewé RB, Mease P, Brzezicki J, Mason D, Luijtens K, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: the RAPID 2 study. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:797–804.PubMedCrossRef Smolen J, Landewé RB, Mease P, Brzezicki J, Mason D, Luijtens K, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: the RAPID 2 study. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:797–804.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Keystone E, van der Heijde D, Mason D, et al. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:3319–29.PubMedCrossRef Keystone E, van der Heijde D, Mason D, et al. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:3319–29.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Ikonomidis I, Lekakis JP, Nikolaou M, Paraskevaidis I, Andreadou I, Kaplanoglou T, et al. Inhibition of interleukin-1 by anakinra improves vascular and left ventricular function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2008;117:2662–9.PubMedCrossRef Ikonomidis I, Lekakis JP, Nikolaou M, Paraskevaidis I, Andreadou I, Kaplanoglou T, et al. Inhibition of interleukin-1 by anakinra improves vascular and left ventricular function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2008;117:2662–9.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Le Loet X, Nordstrom D, Rodriguez M, Rubbert A, Sarzi-Puttini P, Wouters JM, et al. Effect of anakinra on functional status in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant therapy with traditional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: evidence from the OMEGA trial. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1538–44.PubMed Le Loet X, Nordstrom D, Rodriguez M, Rubbert A, Sarzi-Puttini P, Wouters JM, et al. Effect of anakinra on functional status in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant therapy with traditional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: evidence from the OMEGA trial. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1538–44.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Mertens M, Singh JA. Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:1118–25.PubMedCrossRef Mertens M, Singh JA. Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:1118–25.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Todd DJ, Costenbader KH, Weinblatt ME. Abatacept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(3):494–500.PubMedCrossRef Todd DJ, Costenbader KH, Weinblatt ME. Abatacept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(3):494–500.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Steiner G. Therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:473–88.PubMedCrossRef Smolen JS, Steiner G. Therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:473–88.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M, Grosmaire LS, Damle NK, Ledbetter JA. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med. 1991;174:561–9.PubMedCrossRef Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M, Grosmaire LS, Damle NK, Ledbetter JA. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med. 1991;174:561–9.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Linsley PS, Wallace PM, Johnson J, Gibson MG, Greene JL, Ledbetter JA, et al. Immunosuppression in vivo by a soluble form of the CTLA-4 T cell activation molecule. Science. 1992;257:792–5.PubMedCrossRef Linsley PS, Wallace PM, Johnson J, Gibson MG, Greene JL, Ledbetter JA, et al. Immunosuppression in vivo by a soluble form of the CTLA-4 T cell activation molecule. Science. 1992;257:792–5.PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Reiser H, Stadecker MJ. Costimulatory B7 molecules in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1369–77.PubMedCrossRef Reiser H, Stadecker MJ. Costimulatory B7 molecules in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1369–77.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Nogid A, David Q. Role of abatacept in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Therap. 2006;28:11.CrossRef Nogid A, David Q. Role of abatacept in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Therap. 2006;28:11.CrossRef
105.
go back to reference Orencia® (abatacept), package insert. Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA; revised Mar 2007. Orencia® (abatacept), package insert. Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA; revised Mar 2007.
106.
go back to reference Emery P, Kosinski M, Li T, Martin M, Williams GR, Becker JC, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with abatacept and methotrexate significantly improved health-related quality of life. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:681–9.PubMed Emery P, Kosinski M, Li T, Martin M, Williams GR, Becker JC, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with abatacept and methotrexate significantly improved health-related quality of life. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:681–9.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, Aranda R, Becker JC, Keystone E. Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a one-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2807–16.PubMedCrossRef Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, Aranda R, Becker JC, Keystone E. Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a one-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2807–16.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Gatto B. Biologics targeted at TNF: design, production and challenges. Reumatismo. 2006;58:94–103.PubMed Gatto B. Biologics targeted at TNF: design, production and challenges. Reumatismo. 2006;58:94–103.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Feldmann M, Maini RN. Anti-TNF-α therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Annu Rev Immunol. 2001;19:163–96.PubMedCrossRef Feldmann M, Maini RN. Anti-TNF-α therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Annu Rev Immunol. 2001;19:163–96.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Enbrel® (etanercept) package insert. Thousand Oaks, CA: Immunex; issued 1 Dec 2006. Enbrel® (etanercept) package insert. Thousand Oaks, CA: Immunex; issued 1 Dec 2006.
111.
go back to reference Keystone E, Schiff M, Kremer JM, Kafka S, Lovy M, DeVries T, et al. Once-weekly administration of 50 mg etanercept in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a multicentre, randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:353–63.PubMedCrossRef Keystone E, Schiff M, Kremer JM, Kafka S, Lovy M, DeVries T, et al. Once-weekly administration of 50 mg etanercept in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a multicentre, randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:353–63.PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1586–93.PubMedCrossRef Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1586–93.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Nanda S, Bathon JM. Etanercept: a clinical review of current and emerging indications. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:1175–86.PubMedCrossRef Nanda S, Bathon JM. Etanercept: a clinical review of current and emerging indications. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:1175–86.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, et al. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:253–9.PubMedCrossRef Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, et al. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:253–9.PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Foerder C, Rogge M. Immunogenicity of Enbrel®: clinical trial observations. Annual European Congress of Rheumatology 2002. Foerder C, Rogge M. Immunogenicity of Enbrel®: clinical trial observations. Annual European Congress of Rheumatology 2002.
116.
go back to reference Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, et al. Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1443–50.PubMedCrossRef Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, et al. Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1443–50.PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Codreanu C, Bolosiu H, Melo-Gomes J, Tornero-Molina J, Wajdula J, Pedersen R, Fatenejad S. Comparison of etanercept and methotrexate, alone and combined, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: two-year clinical and radiographic results from the TEMPO study, a double-blind, randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1063–74.PubMedCrossRef van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Codreanu C, Bolosiu H, Melo-Gomes J, Tornero-Molina J, Wajdula J, Pedersen R, Fatenejad S. Comparison of etanercept and methotrexate, alone and combined, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: two-year clinical and radiographic results from the TEMPO study, a double-blind, randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1063–74.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, Durez P, Chang DJ, Robertson D, et al. Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (COMET): a randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet. 2008;372:375–82.PubMedCrossRef Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, Durez P, Chang DJ, Robertson D, et al. Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (COMET): a randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet. 2008;372:375–82.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Ding C, Jones G. Belimumab Human Genome Sciences/Cambridge Antibody Technology/GlaxoSmithKline. Curr Opin Investig Drug. 2006;7:464–72. Ding C, Jones G. Belimumab Human Genome Sciences/Cambridge Antibody Technology/GlaxoSmithKline. Curr Opin Investig Drug. 2006;7:464–72.
120.
go back to reference Baker KP, Edwards BM, Main SH, Choi GH, Wager RE, Halpern WG, et al. Generation and characterization of LymphoStat-B, a human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the bioactivities of B lymphocyte stimulator. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3253–65.PubMedCrossRef Baker KP, Edwards BM, Main SH, Choi GH, Wager RE, Halpern WG, et al. Generation and characterization of LymphoStat-B, a human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the bioactivities of B lymphocyte stimulator. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3253–65.PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Schneider P, MacKay F, Steiner V, Hofmann K, Bodmer JL, Holler N, et al. BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B cell growth. J Exp Med. 1999;189:1747–56.PubMedCrossRef Schneider P, MacKay F, Steiner V, Hofmann K, Bodmer JL, Holler N, et al. BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B cell growth. J Exp Med. 1999;189:1747–56.PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Huard B, Schneider P, Mauri D, Tschopp J, French LE. T cell costimulation by the TNF ligand BAFF. J Immunol. 2001;167:6225–31.PubMed Huard B, Schneider P, Mauri D, Tschopp J, French LE. T cell costimulation by the TNF ligand BAFF. J Immunol. 2001;167:6225–31.PubMed
123.
go back to reference Moore PA, Belvedere O, Orr A, Pieri K, LaFleur DW, Feng P, et al. BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator. Science. 1999;285:260–3.PubMedCrossRef Moore PA, Belvedere O, Orr A, Pieri K, LaFleur DW, Feng P, et al. BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator. Science. 1999;285:260–3.PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Moreland LW. Biologic therapies on the horizon for rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2004;10:S32–9.PubMedCrossRef Moreland LW. Biologic therapies on the horizon for rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2004;10:S32–9.PubMedCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Parry TJ, Riccobene TA, Strawn SJ, Williams R, Daoud R, Carrell J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and immunological effects of exogenously administered recombinant human B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;296:396–404.PubMed Parry TJ, Riccobene TA, Strawn SJ, Williams R, Daoud R, Carrell J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and immunological effects of exogenously administered recombinant human B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;296:396–404.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Cheema GS, Roschke V, Hilbert DM, Stohl W. Elevated serum B lymphocyte stimulator levels in patients with systemic immune-based rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1313–9.PubMedCrossRef Cheema GS, Roschke V, Hilbert DM, Stohl W. Elevated serum B lymphocyte stimulator levels in patients with systemic immune-based rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1313–9.PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Tan SM, Xu D, Roschke V, Perry JW, Arkfeld DG, Ehresmann GR, et al. Local production of B lymphocyte stimulator protein and APRIL in arthritic joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:982–92.PubMedCrossRef Tan SM, Xu D, Roschke V, Perry JW, Arkfeld DG, Ehresmann GR, et al. Local production of B lymphocyte stimulator protein and APRIL in arthritic joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:982–92.PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Jin X, Ding C. Belimumab—an anti-BLyS human monoclonal antibody for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13:315–22.PubMedCrossRef Jin X, Ding C. Belimumab—an anti-BLyS human monoclonal antibody for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13:315–22.PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference McInnes IB, al-Mughales J, Field M, Leung BP, Huang FP, Dixon R, et al. The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 1996;2:175–82.PubMedCrossRef McInnes IB, al-Mughales J, Field M, Leung BP, Huang FP, Dixon R, et al. The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 1996;2:175–82.PubMedCrossRef
130.
go back to reference McInnes IB, Leung BP, Sturrock RD, Field M, Liew FY. Interleukin-15 mediates T cell-dependent regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 1997;3:189–95.PubMedCrossRef McInnes IB, Leung BP, Sturrock RD, Field M, Liew FY. Interleukin-15 mediates T cell-dependent regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 1997;3:189–95.PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Kotake S, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Matsuzaki K, Itoh K, Ishiyama S, et al. IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:1345–52.PubMedCrossRef Kotake S, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Matsuzaki K, Itoh K, Ishiyama S, et al. IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:1345–52.PubMedCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Waldmann TA. Targeting the interleukin-15 system in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2585–8.PubMedCrossRef Waldmann TA. Targeting the interleukin-15 system in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2585–8.PubMedCrossRef
133.
go back to reference McInnes I, Martin R, Zimmerman-Gorska I, Nayiager, Sun, Patel, Appleton. Safety and efficacy of a human monoclonal antibody to IL-15 (AMG 714) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): results from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American College of Rheumatology National Scientific meetings 2004. [Abstract 527]. McInnes I, Martin R, Zimmerman-Gorska I, Nayiager, Sun, Patel, Appleton. Safety and efficacy of a human monoclonal antibody to IL-15 (AMG 714) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): results from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American College of Rheumatology National Scientific meetings 2004. [Abstract 527].
134.
go back to reference Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Larsson P, Panayi G, Petersen J, et al. Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2686–92.PubMedCrossRef Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Larsson P, Panayi G, Petersen J, et al. Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2686–92.PubMedCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Vugmeyster Y, Beyer J, Howell K, Combs D, Fielder P, Yang J, Qureshi F, Sandlund B, Kawaguchi L, Dummer W, Lowman H, McKeever K. Depletion of B cells by a humanized anti-CD20 antibody PRO70769 in Macaca fascicularis. J Immunother. 2005;28:212–9.PubMedCrossRef Vugmeyster Y, Beyer J, Howell K, Combs D, Fielder P, Yang J, Qureshi F, Sandlund B, Kawaguchi L, Dummer W, Lowman H, McKeever K. Depletion of B cells by a humanized anti-CD20 antibody PRO70769 in Macaca fascicularis. J Immunother. 2005;28:212–9.PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Genovese MC, Kaine JL, Lowenstein MB, Del Giudice J, Baldassare A, Schechtman J, et al. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2652–61.PubMedCrossRef Genovese MC, Kaine JL, Lowenstein MB, Del Giudice J, Baldassare A, Schechtman J, et al. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2652–61.PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Haringman JJ, Oostendorp RL, Tak PP. Targeting cellular adhesion molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005;10:299–310.PubMedCrossRef Haringman JJ, Oostendorp RL, Tak PP. Targeting cellular adhesion molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005;10:299–310.PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Koch AE. Chemokines and their receptors in rheumatoid arthritis: future targets? Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:710–21.PubMedCrossRef Koch AE. Chemokines and their receptors in rheumatoid arthritis: future targets? Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:710–21.PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Haringman JJ, Gerlag DM, Smeets TJM, Baeten D, Bosch FV, Bresnihan B, et al. A randomized controlled trial with an anti-CCL2 (anti-monocyte chemotactic protein 1) monoclonal antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2387–92.PubMedCrossRef Haringman JJ, Gerlag DM, Smeets TJM, Baeten D, Bosch FV, Bresnihan B, et al. A randomized controlled trial with an anti-CCL2 (anti-monocyte chemotactic protein 1) monoclonal antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2387–92.PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL, Dougall WC, Tometsko ME, Roux ER, et al. A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature. 1997;390:175–9.PubMedCrossRef Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL, Dougall WC, Tometsko ME, Roux ER, et al. A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature. 1997;390:175–9.PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin: paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:549–53.PubMedCrossRef Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin: paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:549–53.PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Bekker PJ, Holloway DL, Rasmussen AS, Murphy R, Martin SW, Leese PT, et al. A single-dose placebo controlled study of AMG 162, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1059–66.PubMedCrossRef Bekker PJ, Holloway DL, Rasmussen AS, Murphy R, Martin SW, Leese PT, et al. A single-dose placebo controlled study of AMG 162, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1059–66.PubMedCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, et al. Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1299–309.PubMedCrossRef Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, et al. Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1299–309.PubMedCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Geusens P. The role of RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin in rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis. 2012;4:225–33.CrossRef Geusens P. The role of RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin in rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis. 2012;4:225–33.CrossRef
146.
go back to reference Ostergaard M, Wiell C, Dawes PT, Rigby W, Petersen J, Kastberg H, et al. First clinical results of HuMax-CD20 fully human monoclonal IgG1 antibody treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. The Johns Hopkins Arthritis Centre, Highlights from the annual European congress of rheumatology 2006. Ostergaard M, Wiell C, Dawes PT, Rigby W, Petersen J, Kastberg H, et al. First clinical results of HuMax-CD20 fully human monoclonal IgG1 antibody treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. The Johns Hopkins Arthritis Centre, Highlights from the annual European congress of rheumatology 2006.
147.
go back to reference Hagenbeek A, Plesner T, Johnson P, Pedersen LM, Walewski J, Hellmann A, et al. HuMax-CD20 fully human monoclonal antibody in follicular lymphoma. First human exposure: early results of an ongoing phase I/II trial. ASH 46th Annual Meeting 2004. Hagenbeek A, Plesner T, Johnson P, Pedersen LM, Walewski J, Hellmann A, et al. HuMax-CD20 fully human monoclonal antibody in follicular lymphoma. First human exposure: early results of an ongoing phase I/II trial. ASH 46th Annual Meeting 2004.
148.
go back to reference Pawluczkowycz AW, Beurskens FJ, Beum PV, et al. Binding of submaximal C1q promotes complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of B cells opsonized with anti-CD20 mAbs ofatumumab (OFA) or rituximab (RTX): considerably higher levels of CDC are induced by OFA than by RTX. J. Immunol. 2009;183:749–58.PubMedCrossRef Pawluczkowycz AW, Beurskens FJ, Beum PV, et al. Binding of submaximal C1q promotes complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of B cells opsonized with anti-CD20 mAbs ofatumumab (OFA) or rituximab (RTX): considerably higher levels of CDC are induced by OFA than by RTX. J. Immunol. 2009;183:749–58.PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Palladino MA, Bahjat FR, Theodorakis EA, Moldawer LL. Anti-TNF-α therapies: the next generation. Nature. 2003;2:736–46.CrossRef Palladino MA, Bahjat FR, Theodorakis EA, Moldawer LL. Anti-TNF-α therapies: the next generation. Nature. 2003;2:736–46.CrossRef
150.
go back to reference Genovese MC. Biologic therapies in clinical development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2005;11:S45–54.PubMedCrossRef Genovese MC. Biologic therapies in clinical development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2005;11:S45–54.PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:315–24.PubMedCrossRef Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:315–24.PubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Conti F, Priori R, Chimenti MS, Coari G, Annovazzi A, Valesini G, et al. Successful treatment with intraarticular infliximab for resistant knee monarthritis in a patient with spondylarthropathy: a role for scintigraphy with 99mTc-infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1224–6.PubMedCrossRef Conti F, Priori R, Chimenti MS, Coari G, Annovazzi A, Valesini G, et al. Successful treatment with intraarticular infliximab for resistant knee monarthritis in a patient with spondylarthropathy: a role for scintigraphy with 99mTc-infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1224–6.PubMedCrossRef
153.
go back to reference Barrera P, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, van Riel PL. Scintigraphic detection of tumour necrosis factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:825–8.PubMedCrossRef Barrera P, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, van Riel PL. Scintigraphic detection of tumour necrosis factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:825–8.PubMedCrossRef
154.
go back to reference Malviya G, D’Alessandria C, Lanzolla T, Lenza A, Conti F, Valesini G, et al. 99mTechnetium labelled anti-TNF-α antibodies for the therapy decision making and follow-up of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;52(Suppl 1):13–4. Malviya G, D’Alessandria C, Lanzolla T, Lenza A, Conti F, Valesini G, et al. 99mTechnetium labelled anti-TNF-α antibodies for the therapy decision making and follow-up of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;52(Suppl 1):13–4.
155.
go back to reference Malviya G, Laganà B, Milanetti F, Del Mastro C, Familiari D, Dierckx RA, Scopinaro F, D’Amelio R, Signore A. Use of 99m-technetium labelled rituximab for imaging of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(Suppl 2):S142. Malviya G, Laganà B, Milanetti F, Del Mastro C, Familiari D, Dierckx RA, Scopinaro F, D’Amelio R, Signore A. Use of 99m-technetium labelled rituximab for imaging of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(Suppl 2):S142.
156.
go back to reference Martins FPP, Gutfilen B, De Souza SAL, De Azevedo MNL, Cardoso LR, Fraga R, et al. Monitoring rheumatoid arthritis synovitis with 99mTc-anti-CD3. Brit J Radiol. 2008;81:25–9.PubMedCrossRef Martins FPP, Gutfilen B, De Souza SAL, De Azevedo MNL, Cardoso LR, Fraga R, et al. Monitoring rheumatoid arthritis synovitis with 99mTc-anti-CD3. Brit J Radiol. 2008;81:25–9.PubMedCrossRef
157.
go back to reference Malviya G, Conti F, Chianelli M, Scopinaro F, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Molecular imaging of rheumatoid arthritis by radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies: new imaging strategies to guide molecular therapies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:386–98.PubMedCrossRef Malviya G, Conti F, Chianelli M, Scopinaro F, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Molecular imaging of rheumatoid arthritis by radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies: new imaging strategies to guide molecular therapies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:386–98.PubMedCrossRef
158.
go back to reference Malviya G, de Vries EF, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Synthesis and evaluation of (99m)Tc-labelled monoclonal antibody 1D09C3 for molecular imaging of major histocompatibility complex class II protein expression. Mol Imaging Biol. 2011;13:930–39. doi:10.1007/s11307-010-0407-9. Malviya G, de Vries EF, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Synthesis and evaluation of (99m)Tc-labelled monoclonal antibody 1D09C3 for molecular imaging of major histocompatibility complex class II protein expression. Mol Imaging Biol. 2011;13:930–39. doi:10.​1007/​s11307-010-0407-9.
159.
go back to reference Malviya G, D’Alessandria C, Bonanno E, Vexler V, Massari R, Trotta C, Scopinaro F, Dierckx R, Signore A. Radiolabeled humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody visilizumab for imaging human T-lymphocytes. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1683–91.PubMedCrossRef Malviya G, D’Alessandria C, Bonanno E, Vexler V, Massari R, Trotta C, Scopinaro F, Dierckx R, Signore A. Radiolabeled humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody visilizumab for imaging human T-lymphocytes. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1683–91.PubMedCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Goldsmith SJ, Signore A. An overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies in medicine. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;54:574–81.PubMed Goldsmith SJ, Signore A. An overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies in medicine. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;54:574–81.PubMed
161.
go back to reference Signore A, Mather SJ, Piaggio G, Malviya G, Dierckx RA. Molecular imaging of inflammation/infection: nuclear medicine and optical imaging agents and methods. Chem Rev. 2010;110:3112–45.PubMedCrossRef Signore A, Mather SJ, Piaggio G, Malviya G, Dierckx RA. Molecular imaging of inflammation/infection: nuclear medicine and optical imaging agents and methods. Chem Rev. 2010;110:3112–45.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Biological Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Progress to Date
Authors
Gaurav Malviya
Simonetta Salemi
Bruno Laganà
Andrea Picchianti Diamanti
Raffaele D’Amelio
Alberto Signore
Publication date
01-08-2013
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
BioDrugs / Issue 4/2013
Print ISSN: 1173-8804
Electronic ISSN: 1179-190X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-013-0021-x

Other articles of this Issue 4/2013

BioDrugs 4/2013 Go to the issue