Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Clinical Phytoscience
Published in: Clinical Phytoscience 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Original contribution

Bioactivity studies on Zanthoxylum budrunga wall (Rutaceae) root bark

Authors: Md Khirul Islam, Amit Kumar Acharzo, Sanjib Saha, Hemayet Hossain, Jamil A. Shilpi, Asish Kumar Das, Nripendra Nath Biswas

Published in: Clinical Phytoscience | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The root-bark of the medicinally important plant Zanthoxylum budrunga (ZBRB) brooks a variety of uses in ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal practice in Bangladesh and thus demands biological investigation to reveal its therapeutic potentiality. So, the present study was perpetrated to explore antioxidant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal, and a cytotoxic activity of ethanolic root-bark extract of Zanthoxylum budrunga and was also to quantify the major bioactive polyphenolic constituents by HPLC analysis.

Methods

Total phenolic content was measured spectrophotometrically by using Folin Chiocalteu’s reagent while in vitro antioxidant activity was determined by means of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. HPLC analysis was performed to identify and quantify the major bioactive polyphenolic constituents present in the extract. Acetic acid induced writhing test and hot-plate test were conducted to evaluate the analgesic activity of the crude extract. On the other hand, in vivo antidiarrheal potentiality was investigated by using experimentally castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice and brine shrimp lethality bio-assay was implemented to check the cytotoxic potentiality of the crude extract.

Results

Zanthoxylum budrunga showed DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 54.27 μg/mL), while the total phenolic content was 647.91 mg GAE/100 g of extract. ZBRB also showed concentration dependent ferric reducing power activity. At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, ZBRB exhibited statistically significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of writhing in test mice (64.58 and 77.78%, respectively). In hot-plate test, ZBRB, at the above dose levels, significantly (P < 0.001) prolonged pain threshold with response time of 5.80 and 6.81 s, respectively. In castor oil induced diarrhoeal episode in mice, ZBRB exhibited 66.56% and 83.39% inhibition of defecation at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively (P < 0.001). The LC50 (Median lethal concentration) value of ZBRB in brine shrimp lethality bioassay was found to be 21.84 μg/mL. In the HPLC analysis, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid and quercetin were detected with the concentration of 17.94 mg/100, 3.72 mg/100 and 11.95 mg/100 g of ethanolic extract of ZBRB, respectively.

Conclusion

The results rationalize the uses of the plant in traditional medicine for diarrhoeal as well as pain management. Catechin, caffeic acid, and other phenolics constituents might have some function in the observed activity.
Literature
1.
Paul A, Arif M, Islam MT, Biswas S, Arif SM, Arifuzzaman S, et al. Preventive medicinal plants consumed by the rural population of Bangladesh–a randomized survey of Silakhana village in Bagerhat district. Eur J Sustain Agric. 2012;6(4):276–80.
2.
Islam MK, Saha S, Mahmud I, Mohamad K, Awang K, Uddin SJ, et al. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribal and native people of Madhupur forest area, Bangladesh. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(2):921–30.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Thappa R, Dhar K, Atal C. A new monoterpene triol from Zanthoxylum budrunga. Phytochemistry. 1976;15(10):1568–9.CrossRef
4.
Islam A, Sayeed A, Bhuiyan M, Mosaddik M, Islam M, Khan GAM. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of Zanthoxylum budrunga. Fitoterapia. 2001;72(4):428–30.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Rana V, Blazquez MA. Volatile constituents of the seed coat of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. J Essent Oil Res. 2010;22(5):430–2.CrossRef
6.
7.
Ghani A. Medicinal plants of Bangladesh: chemical constituents and uses: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh; 1998.
8.
Biswas NN, Acharzo AK, Anamika S, Khushi S, Bokshi B. Screening of Natural Bioactive Metabolites and Investigation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antihyperglycemic, Neuropharmacological, and Cytotoxicity Potentials of Litsea polyantha Juss. Ethanolic Root Extract. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;217. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1155/​2017/​3701349.CrossRef
9.
Wolfe K, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(3):609–14.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction--antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr. 1986;44(6):307–15.CrossRef
11.
12.
Anisuzzman M, Hasan M, Acharzo AK, Das AK, Rahman S. In Vivo and In Vitro evaluation of pharmacological potentials of secondary bioactive metabolites of Dalbergia candenatensis leaves. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:1–10.CrossRef
13.
Mondal H, Saha S, Awang K, Hossain H, Ablat A, Islam MK, et al. Central-stimulating and analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):398.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Meyer B, Ferrigni N, Putnam J, Jacobsen L, Nichols DJ, McLaughlin JL. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Med. 1982;45(05):31–4.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Talukder C, Saha S, Adhikari S, Mondal HK, Islam MK, Anisuzzman M. Evaluation of antioxidant, analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activity of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. Leaves. Pharmacologyonline. 2012;3:20–8.CrossRef
16.
17.
Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R, Nithyanandam R. A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species. Food Bioprod Process. 2011;89(3):217–33.CrossRef
18.
Wang K-J, Yang C-R, Zhang Y-J. Phenolic antioxidants from Chinese toon (fresh young leaves and shoots of Toona sinensis). Food Chem. 2007;101(1):365–71.CrossRef
19.
Mhadhebi L, Mhadhebi A, Robert J, Bouraoui A. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of aqueous extracts of three mediterranean brown seaweeds of the genus cystoseira. Iran J Pharm Res. 2014;13(1):207.PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai CL. Relationship between antioxidant activity and maturity of peanut hulls. J Agric Food Chem. 1993;41(1):67–70.CrossRef
21.
Meir S, Kanner J, Akiri B, Philosoph-Hadas S. Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves. J Agric Food Chem. 1995;43(7):1813–9.CrossRef
22.
Lee S-M, Lin J-J, Liao C-Y, Cheng H-L, Sun PB. Phenolic acids identified in sorghum distillery residue demonstrated antioxidative and anti-cold-stress properties in cultured tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(20):4618–24.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Wojdyło A, Oszmiański J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chem. 2007;105(3):940–9.CrossRef
24.
Yu H-L, Li Y-J, Gong G-H, Quan Z-S. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 6-(4-chlorophenoxy)-tetrazolo [5, 1-a] phthalazine in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64(5):1155–65.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Muhammad N. In-vivo models for management of pain. Pharmacol Pharm. 2014;5(01):92.CrossRef
26.
Mbiantcha M, Kamanyi A, Teponno R, Tapondjou A, Watcho P, Nguelefack T. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from the bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera L. var sativa (Dioscoreaceae) in mice and rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011. http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1155/​2011/​912935.
27.
Abbott FV, Melzack R. Brainstem lesions dissociate neural mechanisms of morphine analgesia in different kinds of pain. Brain Res. 1982;251(1):149–55.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Valerio DA, Georgetti SR, Magro DA, Casagrande R, Cunha TM, Vicentini FT, et al. Quercetin reduces inflammatory pain: inhibition of oxidative stress and cytokine production. J Nat Prod. 2009;72(11):1975–9.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Borghi SM, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Fattori V, Bussmann AJ, Vignoli JA, Camilios-Neto D, et al. Quercetin inhibits peripheral and spinal cord nociceptive mechanisms to reduce intense acute swimming-induced muscle pain in mice. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0162267.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Andurkar SV, Gendler L, Gulati A. Tramadol antinociception is potentiated by clonidine through α2-adrenergic and I2-imidazoline but not by endothelin ETA receptors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;683(1–3):109–15.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Ravindranath NH, Ravindranath MH. Green tea catechins suppress NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses: relevance to nutritional management of inflammation. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(12):1715–7.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Theoharides TC. Treatment approaches for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Drugs. 2007;67(2):215–35.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Ozturk G, Ginis Z, Akyol S, Erden G, Gurel A, Akyol O. The anticancer mechanism of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): review of melanomas, lung and prostate cancers. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(15):2064–8.PubMed
34.
Michaluart P, Masferrer JL, Carothers AM, Subbaramaiah K, Zweifel BS, Koboldt C, et al. Inhibitory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the activity and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral epithelial cells and in a rat model of inflammation. Cancer Res. 1999;59(10):2347–52.PubMed
35.
Bae J-S, Kim TH. Enzymatic transformation of caffeic acid with enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22(2):793–6.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Parke D, Sapota A. Chemical toxicity and reactive oxygen species. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 1996;9(4):331–40.PubMed
37.
Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Sci World J. 2013;2013
38.
Bhaskar V, Balakrishnan N. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Pergularia daemia and Carissa carandas. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2009;17(3):168–74.
39.
Ferdous M, Rouf R, Shilpi JA, Uddin SJ. Antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic extract of Ficus racemosa Lin.(Moraceae). Orient Pharm Exp Med. 2008;8(1):93–6.CrossRef
40.
Dey SK, Hira A, Howlader MSI, Ahmed A, Hossain H, Jahan IA. Antioxidant and antidiarrheal activities of ethanol extract of Ardisia elliptica fruits. Pharm Biol. 2014;52(2):213–20.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Mahalanabis D, Merson M, Barua D. Oral rehydration therapy--recent advances: World health forum. 1981;2(2):245–9.
42.
Pierce NF, Carpenter CC, Elliott HL, Greenough WB. Effects of prostaglandins, theophylline, and cholera exotoxin upon transmucosal water and electrolyte movement in the canine jejunum. Gastroenterology. 1971;60(1):22–32.PubMed
43.
44.
Otshudi AL, Vercruysse A, Foriers A. Contribution to the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of traditionally used medicinal plants in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea in Lomela area, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(3):411–23.CrossRef
45.
Malterud KE, Samuelsen AB, Alamgir M, Klarpås L, Wangensteen H. Can scientific evidence support using Bangladeshi traditional medicinal plants in the treatment of Diarrhoea&63; A Review on Seven Plants. Nutrients. 2013;5(5):1757–800.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Rao V, Santos F, Sobreira T, Souza M, Melo C, Silveira E. Investigations on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of ternatin, a tetramethoxyflavone from Egletes viscosa. Planta Med. 1997;63(02):146–9.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Carlo G, Izzo A, Maiolino P, Mascolo N, Viola P, Diurno M, et al. Inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion by flavonoids in mice and rats: structure-activity relationships. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993;45(12):1054–9.CrossRefPubMed
48.
de Medina L-HFS, Gálvez J, González M, Zarzuelo A, Barrett KE. Effects of quercetin on epithelial chloride secretion. Life Sci. 1997;61(20):2049–55.CrossRef
49.
Macauder P. Flavonoids affect acetylcholine, prostaglandin E and antigen mediated muscle contration. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986;231:489–92.
50.
Capasso F, Pinto A, Mascolo N, Autore G, Franco F. Effect of flavonoids on PAG2—and LTD4—induced contractions on the Guinea-pig isolated ileum. Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988;20:201–2.CrossRef
51.
Vimala R, Nagarajan S, Alam M, Susan T, Joy S. Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity of Michelia champaca Linn.,(white variety), Ixora brachiata Roxb. And Rhynchosia cana (Willd.) DC flower extract. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997;35(12):1310–4.PubMed
52.
Nikiema J, Vanhaelen-Fastré R, Vanhaelen M, Fontaine J, De Graef C, Heenen M. Effects of antiinflammatory triterpenes isolated from Leptadenia hastata latex on keratinocyte proliferation. Phytother Res. 2001;15(2):131–4.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Mora A, Paya M, Rios J, Alcaraz M. Structure-activity relationships of polymethoxyflavones and other flavonoids as inhibitors of non-enzymic lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990;40(4):793–7.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Su Y-L, Leung LK, Bi Y-R, Huang Y, Chen Z-Y. Antioxidant activity of flavonoids isolated from Scutellaria rehderiana. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2000;77(8):807–13.CrossRef
55.
Venkatesan N, Thiyagarajan V, Narayanan S, Arul A, Raja S, Kumar SV, et al. Anti-diarrhoeal potential of Asparagus racemosus wild root extracts in laboratory animals. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005;8(1):39–46.PubMed
56.
Weng C-J, Yen G-C. Flavonoids, a ubiquitous dietary phenolic subclass, exert extensive in vitro anti-invasive and in vivo anti-metastatic activities. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2012;31(1–2):323–51.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Tripathi K. Essentials of medical pharmacology. Indian J Pharmacol. 1994;26(2):166.
58.
Atta AH, Mouneir SM. Evaluation of some medicinal plant extracts for antidiarrhoeal activity. Phytother Res. 2005;19(6):481–5.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Saha S, Anisuzzman M, Islam MK, Mondal H, Talukder C. Antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of Dalbergia spinosa Roxb. leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2013;4(1):512.
60.
Siraj M, Chakma N, Rahman M, Malik S, Sadhu S. Assessment of analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Bacopa monnieri Linn. Int Res J Pharm. 2012;3:98–101.
61.
Anderson J, Goetz C, McLaughlin J, Suffness M. A blind comparison of simple bench-top bioassays and human tumour cell cytotoxicities as antitumor prescreens. Phytochem Anal. 1991;2(3):107–11.CrossRef
62.
Rieser MJ, Gu Z-M, Fang X-P, Zeng L, Wood KV, McLaughlin JL. Five novel mono-tetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins from the seeds of Annona muricata. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(2):100–8.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Dusen S, Aydin C, Gul HY, Ozay C, Dusen O, Mammadov R. In vitro cytotoxic activities of Cyclamen L.(primulaceae) ethanol extracts from turkey. Fresen Environ Bull. 2016;25(12 A):6224–8.
64.
Nakazato T, Ito K, Ikeda Y, Kizaki M. Green tea component, catechin, induces apoptosis of human malignant B cells via production of reactive oxygen species. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(16):6040–9.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Gomes CA, Girão da Cruz T, Andrade JL, Milhazes N, Borges F, Marques MPM. Anticancer activity of phenolic acids of natural or synthetic origin: a structure− activity study. J Med Chem. 2003;46(25):5395–401.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Sanderson JT, Clabault H, Patton C, Lassalle-Claux G, Jean-François J, Paré AF, et al. Antiproliferative, antiandrogenic and cytotoxic effects of novel caffeic acid derivatives in LNCaP human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013;21(22):7182–93.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Musa AA. Cytotoxicity activity and phytochemical screening of Cochlospermum tinctorium Perr Ex A. rich rhizome. J App Pharm Sci. 2012;2:155–9.
Metadata
Title
Bioactivity studies on Zanthoxylum budrunga wall (Rutaceae) root bark
Authors
Md Khirul Islam
Amit Kumar Acharzo
Sanjib Saha
Hemayet Hossain
Jamil A. Shilpi
Asish Kumar Das
Nripendra Nath Biswas
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Clinical Phytoscience / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 2199-1197
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-018-0084-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Clinical Phytoscience 1/2018 Go to the issue

Original contribution

Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of methanolic extract of Lathyrus sativus L. seeds

Original contribution

Phytochemical, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic and hypoglycemic activities of Periploca angustifolia L extracts in rats

Original contibution

Evaluation of phytochemical composition and antioxidative, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic properties of methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus roots in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Original contribution

Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Crotalaria pallida stem extract

Original contribution

Evaluation of bioactivities of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Cassia renigera seed

Original contribution

Assessment of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of termite associated fungi, Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota)