Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-01-2014 | Original Article

Bigger is better! Hippocampal volume and declarative memory performance in healthy young men

Authors: Sebastian T. Pohlack, Patric Meyer, Raffaele Cacciaglia, Claudia Liebscher, Stephanie Ridder, Herta Flor

Published in: Brain Structure and Function | Issue 1/2014

Abstract

The importance of the hippocampus for declarative memory processes is firmly established. Nevertheless, the issue of a correlation between declarative memory performance and hippocampal volume in healthy subjects still remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate this relationship in more detail. For this purpose, 50 healthy young male participants performed the California Verbal Learning Test. Hippocampal volume was assessed by manual segmentation of high-resolution 3D magnetic resonance images. We found a significant positive correlation between putatively hippocampus-dependent memory measures like short-delay retention, long-delay retention and discriminability and percent hippocampal volume. No significant correlation with measures related to executive processes was found. In addition, percent amygdala volume was not related to any of these measures. Our data advance previous findings reported in studies of brain-damaged individuals in a large and homogeneous young healthy sample and are important for theories on the neural basis of episodic memory.

In general, morphometric studies should include a correction factor for overall differences in head size before the relationship between the volume of any given brain structure and cognitive performance is examined. Here, we used volume divided by total brain volume as correction factor.

Ashtari M, Avants B, Cyckowski L, Cervellione KL, Roofeh D, Cook P, Gee J, Sevy S, Kumra S (2011) Medial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis use. J Psychiatr Res 45(8):1055–1066PubMedCentralPubMed

Barber R, McKeith IG, Ballard C, Gholkar A, O’Brien JT (2001) A comparison of medial and lateral temporal lobe atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease: magnetic resonance imaging volumetric study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 12(3):198–205PubMed

Barton RA (1998) Visual specialization and brain evolution in primates. Proc Biol Sci R Soc 265(1409):1933–1937

Belsley DA, Kuh E, Welsch RE (2005) Regression diagnostics: identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. Wiley, London

Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc 57(1):298–300

Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, Bronen RA, Seibyl JP, Southwick SM, Delaney RC, McCarthy G, Charney DS, Innis RB (1995) MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152(7):973–981PubMedCentralPubMed

Brierley B, Shaw P, David AS (2002) The human amygdala: a systematic review and meta-analysis of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 39(1):84–105PubMed

Brooks BL, Weaver LE, Scialfa CT (2006) Does impaired executive functioning differentially impact verbal memory measures in older adults with suspected dementia? Clin neuropsychol 20(2):230–242PubMed

Cahn DA, Sullivan EV, Shear PK, Marsh L, Fama R, Lim KO, Yesavage JA, Tinklenberg JR, Pfefferbaum A (1998) Structural MRI correlates of recognition memory in Alzheimer’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: JINS 4(2):106–114PubMed

Chadwick MJ, Hassabis D, Weiskopf N, Maguire EA (2010) Decoding individual episodic memory traces in the human hippocampus. Current biol: CB 20(6):544–547PubMedCentral

Chantome M, Perruchet P, Hasboun D, Dormont D, Sahel M, Sourour N, Zouaoui A, Marsault C, Duyme M (1999) Is there a negative correlation between explicit memory and hippocampal volume? NeuroImage 10(5):589–595PubMed

Chetelat G, Baron JC (2003) Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: contribution of structural neuroimaging. NeuroImage 18(2):525–541PubMed

Cipolotti L, Bird CM (2006) Amnesia and the hippocampus. Curr Opin Neurol 19(6):593–598PubMed

Cohen RM, Small C, Lalonde F, Friz J, Sunderland T (2001) Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on hippocampal volume loss in aging healthy women. Neurology 57(12):2223–2228PubMed

Davachi L (2006) Item, context and relational episodic encoding in humans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16(6):693–700PubMed

de Toledo-Morrell L, Dickerson B, Sullivan MP, Spanovic C, Wilson R, Bennett DA (2000) Hemispheric differences in hippocampal volume predict verbal and spatial memory performance in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Hippocampus 10(2):136–142PubMed

Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA (1987) The California Verbal Learning Test - Research Edition. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio

den Heijer T, Geerlings MI, Hofman A, de Jong FH, Launer LJ, Pols HA, Breteler MM (2003) Higher estrogen levels are not associated with larger hippocampi and better memory performance. Arch Neurol 60(2):213–220

D’Esposito M, Postle BR, Jonides J, Smith EE (1999) The neural substrate and temporal dynamics of interference effects in working memory as revealed by event-related functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(13):7514–7519PubMed

Dewar M, Garcia YF, Cowan N, Della Sala S (2009) Delaying interference enhances memory consolidation in amnesic patients. Neuropsychology 23(5):627–634PubMedCentralPubMed

Dewar M, Della Sala S, Beschin N, Cowan N (2010) Profound retroactive interference in anterograde amnesia: what interferes? Neuropsychology 24(3):357–367PubMedCentralPubMed

Deweer B, Lehericy S, Pillon B, Baulac M, Chiras J, Marsault C, Agid Y, Dubois B (1995) Memory disorders in probable Alzheimer’s disease: the role of hippocampal atrophy as shown with MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58(5):590–597PubMed

Diana RA, Yonelinas AP, Ranganath C (2007) Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: a three-component model. Trends Cognitive Sci 11(9):379–386

Dickerson BC, Sperling RA (2008) Functional abnormalities of the medial temporal lobe memory system in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: insights from functional MRI studies. Neuropsychologia 46(6):1624–1635PubMedCentralPubMed

Driessen M, Herrmann J, Stahl K, Zwaan M, Meier S, Hill A, Osterheider M, Petersen D (2000) Magnetic resonance imaging volumes of the hippocampus and the amygdala in women with borderline personality disorder and early traumatization. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(12):1115–1122PubMed

Eberling JL, Wu C, Haan MN, Mungas D, Buonocore M, Jagust WJ (2003) Preliminary evidence that estrogen protects against age-related hippocampal atrophy. Neurobiol Aging 24(5):725–732PubMed

Eichenbaum H, Yonelinas AP, Ranganath C (2007) The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 30:123–152PubMedCentralPubMed

Eldridge LL, Knowlton BJ, Furmanski CS, Bookheimer SY, Engel SA (2000) Remembering episodes: a selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval. Nat Neurosci 3(11):1149–1152PubMed

Fennema-Notestine C, Stein MB, Kennedy CM, Archibald SL, Jernigan TL (2002) Brain morphometry in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 52(11):1089–1101PubMed

Foster JK, Meikle A, Goodson G, Mayes AR, Howard M, Sunram SI, Cezayirli E, Roberts N (1999) The hippocampus and delayed recall: bigger is not necessarily better? Memory 7(5–6):715–732PubMed

Giovanello KS, Schnyer D, Verfaellie M (2009) Distinct hippocampal regions make unique contributions to relational memory. Hippocampus 19(2):111–117PubMedCentralPubMed

Goldstein JM, Jerram M, Abbs B, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Makris N (2010) Sex differences in stress response circuitry activation dependent on female hormonal cycle. J Neurosci: Off J Soc Neurosci 30(2):431–438

Golomb J, Kluger A, de Leon MJ, Ferris SH, Convit A, Mittelman MS, Cohen J, Rusinek H, De Santi S, George AE (1994) Hippocampal formation size in normal human aging: a correlate of delayed secondary memory performance. Learn Mem 1(1):45–54PubMed

Gould E, Tanapat P, Rydel T, Hastings N (2000) Regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 48(8):715–720PubMed

Gur RC, Turetsky BI, Matsui M, Yan M, Bilker W, Hughett P, Gur RE (1999) Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: correlations with cognitive performance. J Neurosci: Off J Soc Neuroscience 19(10):4065–4072

Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, Mohs RC, Spiegel-Cohen J, Wei TC, Azueta R, Haznedar MM, Singer MB, Shihabuddin L, Luu-Hsia C, Harvey PD (1998) Age-related shift in brain region activity during successful memory performance. Neurobiol Aging 19(5):437–445PubMed

Helmstaedter C, Grunwald T, Lehnertz K, Gleissner U, Elger CE (1997) Differential involvement of left temporolateral and temporomesial structures in verbal declarative learning and memory: evidence from temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Cogn 35(1):110–131PubMed

Hirshhorn M, Grady C, Shayna Rosenbaum R, Winocur G, Moscovitch M (2012) Brain regions involved in the retrieval of spatial and episodic details associated with a familiar environment: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 50(13):3094–3106PubMed

Holdstock JS, Mayes AR, Roberts N, Cezayirli E, Isaac CL, O’Reilly RC, Norman KA (2002) Under what conditions is recognition spared relative to recall after selective hippocampal damage in humans? Hippocampus 12(3):341–351PubMed

Jack CR Jr, Petersen RC, Xu Y, O’Brien PC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Boeve BF, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E (2000) Rates of hippocampal atrophy correlate with change in clinical status in aging and AD. Neurology 55(4):484–489PubMedCentralPubMed

Jernigan TL, Ostergaard AL, Fennema-Notestine C (2001) Mesial temporal, diencephalic, and striatal contributions to deficits in single word reading, word priming, and recognition memory. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: JINS 7(1):63–78PubMed

Johnson SC, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, McAllister TW, Sparling MB (2001) Brain activation on fMRI and verbal memory ability: functional neuroanatomic correlates of CVLT performance. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: JINS 7(1):55–62PubMed

Jonides J, Smith EE, Marshuetz C, Koeppe RA, Reuter-Lorenz PA (1998) Inhibition in verbal working memory revealed by brain activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(14):8410–8413PubMed

Kanai R, Rees G (2011) The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behavior and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 12(4):231–242PubMed

Kantarci K, Xu Y, Shiung MM, O’Brien PC, Cha RH, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Boeve BF, Edland SD, Kokmen E, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr (2002) Comparative diagnostic utility of different MR modalities in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 14(4):198–207PubMedCentralPubMed

Kohler S, Black SE, Sinden M, Szekely C, Kidron D, Parker JL, Foster JK, Moscovitch M, Winocour G, Szalai JP, Bronskill MJ (1998) Memory impairments associated with hippocampal versus parahippocampal-gyrus atrophy: an MR volumetry study in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia 36(9):901–914PubMed

Kopelman MD, Lasserson D, Kingsley D, Bello F, Rush C, Stanhope N, Stevens T, Goodman G, Heilpern G, Kendall B, Colchester A (2001) Structural MRI volumetric analysis in patients with organic amnesia, 2: correlations with anterograde memory and executive tests in 40 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71(1):23–28PubMed

Kosel KC, Van Hoesen GW, Rosene DL (1982) Non-hippocampal cortical projections from the entorhinal cortex in the rat and rhesus monkey. Brain Res 244(2):201–213PubMed

Laakso MP, Hallikainen M, Hanninen T, Partanen K, Soininen H (2000) Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: MRI of the hippocampus vs delayed recall. Neuropsychologia 38(5):579–584PubMed

Lawson JA, Vogrin S, Bleasel AF, Cook MJ, Burns L, McAnally L, Pereira J, Bye AM (2000) Predictors of hippocampal, cerebral, and cerebellar volume reduction in childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 41(12):1540–1545PubMed

Lehrl S (2005) Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B. Spitta Verlag, Balingen

Magnotta VA, Harris G, Andreasen NC, O’Leary DS, Yuh WT, Heckel D (2002) Structural MR image processing using the BRAINS2 toolbox. Computerized medical imaging and graphics. Off J Comput Med Imag Soc 26(4):251–264

Malykhin NV, Bouchard TP, Ogilvie CJ, Coupland NJ, Seres P, Camicioli R (2007) Three-dimensional volumetric analysis and reconstruction of amygdala and hippocampal head, body and tail. Psychiatry Res 155(2):155–165PubMed

Manns JR, Squire LR (1999) Impaired recognition memory on the Doors and People Test after damage limited to the hippocampal region. Hippocampus 9(5):495–499PubMed

Markesbery WR (2010) Neuropathologic alterations in mild cognitive impairment: a review. J Alzheimer’s Dis: JAD 19(1):221–228PubMedCentralPubMed

Mayes AR, Holdstock JS, Isaac CL, Hunkin NM, Roberts N (2002) Relative sparing of item recognition memory in a patient with adult-onset damage limited to the hippocampus. Hippocampus 12(3):325–340PubMed

Milner B (1972) Disorders of learning and memory after temporal lobe lesions in man. Clin Neurosurg 19:421–446PubMed

Mizuno K, Wakai M, Takeda A, Sobue G (2000) Medial temporal atrophy and memory impairment in early stage of Alzheimer’s disease: an MRI volumetric and memory assessment study. J Neurol Sci 173(1):18–24PubMed

Mungas D, Reed BR, Jagust WJ, DeCarli C, Mack WJ, Kramer JH, Weiner MW, Schuff N, Chui HC (2002) Volumetric MRI predicts rate of cognitive decline related to AD and cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 59(6):867–873PubMedCentralPubMed

Nacewicz BM, Dalton KM, Johnstone T, Long MT, McAuliff EM, Oakes TR, Alexander AL, Davidson RJ (2006) Amygdala volume and nonverbal social impairment in adolescent and adult males with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(12):1417–1428PubMed

Niemann H, Sturm W, Thöne-Otto AIT, Willmes K (2008) CVLT California verbal learning test. German adaptation. Manual. Pearson Assessment, Frankfurt

Norman KA, O’Reilly RC (2003) Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: a complementary-learning-systems approach. Psychol Rev 110(4):611–646PubMed

O’Driscoll GA, Florencio PS, Gagnon D, Wolff AV, Benkelfat C, Mikula L, Lal S, Evans AC (2001) Amygdala-hippocampal volume and verbal memory in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 107(2):75–85PubMed

Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr, Xu YC, Waring SC, O’Brien PC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Boeve BF, Kokmen E (2000) Memory and MRI-based hippocampal volumes in aging and AD. Neurology 54(3):581–587PubMed

Plassman BL, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Bigler ED, Johnson SC, Anderson CV, Helms MJ, Saunders AM, Breitner JC (1997) Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele and hippocampal volume in twins with normal cognition. Neurology 48(4):985–989PubMed

Pohlack ST, Nees F, Liebscher C, Cacciaglia R, Diener SJ, Ridder S, Woermann FG, Flor H (2011) Hippocampal but not amygdalar volume affects contextual fear conditioning in humans. Human brain mapp 33(2):478–488

Poppenk J, Moscovitch M (2011) A hippocampal marker of recollection memory ability among healthy young adults: contributions of posterior and anterior segments. Neuron 72(6):931–937PubMed

Protopopescu X, Butler T, Pan H, Root J, Altemus M, Polanecsky M, McEwen B, Silbersweig D, Stern E (2008) Hippocampal structural changes across the menstrual cycle. Hippocampus 18(10):985–988PubMed

Pruessner JC, Li LM, Serles W, Pruessner M, Collins DL, Kabani N, Lupien S, Evans AC (2000) Volumetry of hippocampus and amygdala with high-resolution MRI and three-dimensional analysis software: minimizing the discrepancies between laboratories. Cereb Cortex 10(4):433–442PubMed

Pruessner M, Pruessner JC, Hellhammer DH, Bruce Pike G, Lupien SJ (2007) The associations among hippocampal volume, cortisol reactivity, and memory performance in healthy young men. Psychiatry Res 155(1):1–10PubMed

Rajah MN, Kromas M, Han JE, Pruessner JC (2010) Group differences in anterior hippocampal volume and in the retrieval of spatial and temporal context memory in healthy young versus older adults. Neuropsychologia 48(14):4020–4030PubMed

Rorden C, Brett M (2000) Stereotaxic display of brain lesions. Behav Neurol 12(4):191–200PubMed

Sanfilipo M, Lafargue T, Rusinek H, Arena L, Loneragan C, Lautin A, Rotrosen J, Wolkin A (2002) Cognitive performance in schizophrenia: relationship to regional brain volumes and psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatry Res 116(1–2):1–23PubMed

Scoville WB, Milner B (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 20(1):11–21PubMed

Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Goldstein JM, Kremen WS, Horton NJ, Makris N, Toomey R, Kennedy D, Caviness VS, Tsuang MT (2002) Left hippocampal volume as a vulnerability indicator for schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study of nonpsychotic first-degree relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(9):839–849PubMed

Sheline YI, Sanghavi M, Mintun MA, Gado MH (1999) Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci: Off J Soc Neurosci 19(12):5034–5043

Simpson SW, Baldwin RC, Burns A, Jackson A (2001) Regional cerebral volume measurements in late-life depression: relationship to clinical correlates, neuropsychological impairment and response to treatment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16(5):469–476PubMed

Smith SM (2002) Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp 17(3):143–155PubMed

Soininen HS, Partanen K, Pitkanen A, Vainio P, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Koivisto K, Riekkinen PJ Sr (1994) Volumetric MRI analysis of the amygdala and the hippocampus in subjects with age-associated memory impairment: correlation to visual and verbal memory. Neurology 44(9):1660–1668PubMed

Stein MB, Koverola C, Hanna C, Torchia MG, McClarty B (1997) Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychol Med 27(4):951–959PubMed

Striedter GF (2005) Principles of brain evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

Suzuki WA, Amaral DG (2004) Functional neuroanatomy of the medial temporal lobe memory system. Cortex 40(1):220–222PubMed

Szeszko PR, MacMillan S, McMeniman M, Lorch E, Madden R, Ivey J, Banerjee SP, Moore GJ, Rosenberg DR (2004) Amygdala volume reductions in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with paroxetine: preliminary findings. Neuropsychopharmacology 29(4):826–832PubMed

Talairach J, Tournoux P (1993) Referentially oriented cerebral MRI anatomy: an atlas of stereotaxic anatomical correlations for gray and white matter. Thieme, Stuttgart

Thompson-Schill SL, Jonides J, Marshuetz C, Smith EE, D’Esposito M, Kan IP, Knight RT, Swick D (2002) Effects of frontal lobe damage on interference effects in working memory. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2(2):109–120PubMed

Tischler L, Brand SR, Stavitsky K, Labinsky E, Newmark R, Grossman R, Buchsbaum MS, Yehuda R (2006) The relationship between hippocampal volume and declarative memory in a population of combat veterans with and without PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:405–409PubMed

Van Petten C (2004) Relationship between hippocampal volume and memory ability in healthy individuals across the lifespan: review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 42(10):1394–1413PubMed

Vanderploeg RD, Schinka JA, Retzlaff P (1994) Relationships between measures of auditory verbal learning and executive functioning. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16(2):243–252PubMed

VanLandingham KE, Heinz ER, Cavazos JE, Lewis DV (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of hippocampal injury after prolonged focal febrile convulsions. Ann Neurol 43(4):413–426PubMed

Vargha-Khadem F, Gadian DG, Watkins KE, Connelly A, Van Paesschen W, Mishkin M (1997) Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. Science 277(5324):376–380PubMed

Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Reinvang I, Lundervold A, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dale AM (2004) Size does matter in the long run: hippocampal and cortical volume predict recall across weeks. Neurology 63(7):1193–1197PubMed

Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L (1978) Further analysis of the prior learning effect in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 16(2):169–177PubMed

Wierenga CE, Bondi MW (2007) Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the early identification of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychol Rev 17(2):127–143PubMedCentralPubMed

Wittchen HU, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M (1997) SKID-I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Hogrefe

Witter MP, Groenewegen HJ, Lopes da Silva FH, Lohman AH (1989) Functional organization of the extrinsic and intrinsic circuitry of the parahippocampal region. Prog Neurobiol 33(3):161–253PubMed

Wolf H, Jelic V, Gertz HJ, Nordberg A, Julin P, Wahlund LO (2003) A critical discussion of the role of neuroimaging in mild cognitive impairment. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 179:52–76PubMed

Wolf RC, Walter H, Vasic N (2010) Increasing contextual demand modulates anterior and lateral prefrontal brain regions associated with proactive interference. Int J Neurosci 120(1):40–50PubMed

Woolley CS, McEwen BS (1992) Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat. J Neurosci 12(7):2549–2554PubMed

Yankova M, Hart SA, Woolley CS (2001) Estrogen increases synaptic connectivity between single presynaptic inputs and multiple postsynaptic CA1 pyramidal cells: a serial electron-microscopic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(6):3525–3530PubMed

Yonelinas AP, Kroll NE, Quamme JR, Lazzara MM, Sauve MJ, Widaman KF, Knight RT (2002) Effects of extensive temporal lobe damage or mild hypoxia on recollection and familiarity. Nat Neurosci 5(11):1236–1241PubMed

Zhang Y, Brady M, Smith S (2001) Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Trans Med Imag 20(1):45–57

Title: Bigger is better! Hippocampal volume and declarative memory performance in healthy young men
Authors: Sebastian T. Pohlack
Patric Meyer
Raffaele Cacciaglia
Claudia Liebscher
Stephanie Ridder
Herta Flor
Publication date: 01-01-2014
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Brain Structure and Function / Issue 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0497-z

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Bigger is better! Hippocampal volume and declarative memory performance in healthy young men

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Developmental, tract-tracing and immunohistochemical study of the peripheral olfactory system in a basal vertebrate: insights on Pax6 neurons migrating along the olfactory nerve

Neuritin 1 promotes neuronal migration

Physical exercise increases GFAP expression and induces morphological changes in hippocampal astrocytes

Comparative dynamics of MAPK/ERK signalling components and immediate early genes in the hippocampus and amygdala following contextual fear conditioning and retrieval

Perinatal and early postnatal reorganization of the subplate and related cellular compartments in the human cerebral wall as revealed by histological and MRI approaches

Tracing superior longitudinal fasciculus connectivity in the human brain using high resolution diffusion tensor tractography