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Sports Medicine - Open
Published in: Sports Medicine - Open 1/2023

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Systematic Review

Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

Authors: Fabienne Bruggisser, Raphael Knaier, Ralf Roth, Wei Wang, Jingyi Qian, Frank A. J. L. Scheer

Published in: Sports Medicine - Open | Issue 1/2023

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Abstract

Background

Current recommendations for physical exercise include information about the frequency, intensity, type, and duration of exercise. However, to date, there are no recommendations on what time of day one should exercise. The aim was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate if the time of day of exercise training in intervention studies influences the degree of improvements in physical performance or health-related outcomes.

Methods

The databases EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to January 2023. Eligibility criteria were that the studies conducted structured endurance and/or strength training with a minimum of two exercise sessions per week for at least 2 weeks and compared exercise training between at least two different times of the day using a randomized crossover or parallel group design.

Results

From 14,125 screened articles, 26 articles were included in the systematic review of which seven were also included in the meta-analyses. Both the qualitative synthesis and the quantitative synthesis (i.e., meta-analysis) provide little evidence for or against the hypothesis that training at a specific time of day leads to more improvements in performance-related or health-related outcomes compared to other times. There was some evidence that there is a benefit when training and testing occur at the same time of day, mainly for performance-related outcomes. Overall, the risk of bias in most studies was high.

Conclusions

The current state of research provides evidence neither for nor against a specific time of the day being more beneficial, but provides evidence for larger effects when there is congruency between training and testing times. This review provides recommendations to improve the design and execution of future studies on this topic.
Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42021246468).
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
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Metadata
Title
Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis
Authors
Fabienne Bruggisser
Raphael Knaier
Ralf Roth
Wei Wang
Jingyi Qian
Frank A. J. L. Scheer
Publication date
01-12-2023
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine - Open / Issue 1/2023
Print ISSN: 2199-1170
Electronic ISSN: 2198-9761
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00577-5

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Is There Evidence for the Development of Sex-Specific Guidelines for Ultramarathon Coaches and Athletes? A Systematic Review

Original Research Article

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Mental Health-Related Barriers and Benefits to EXercise (MEX) Scale in Healthy Adults

Review Article

In Vivo Strain Patterns in the Achilles Tendon During Dynamic Activities: A Comprehensive Survey of the Literature

Original Research Article

Players’, Head Coaches', And Medical Personnels' Knowledge, Understandings and Perceptions of Injuries and Injury Prevention in Elite-Level Women’s Football in Ireland