Top

Published in:

01-02-2020

Association of Time since Migration from Rural to Urban Slums and Maternal and Child Outcomes: Dhaka (North and South) and Gazipur City Corporations

Authors: Abdur Razzaque, Kimberly Clair, Brian Chin, Mohammad Zahirul Islam, Mohammad Nahid Mia, Razib Chowdhury, AHM Golam Mustafa, Randall Kuhn

Published in: Journal of Urban Health | Issue 1/2020

Abstract

This study analyzes data from a new Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance (UHDSS) in five slums in Dhaka (North and South) and Gazipur City Corporations to examine the relationship between migration status and maternal and child health service utilization. Migration status was determined by duration in urban slums (<= 9.99 years, 10–19.99 years, 20+ years, and urban-born). Compared to those born in the city, migrants were characterized by significant disadvantages in every maternal, neonatal, and child health (MNCH) indicator under study, including antenatal care, facility-based delivery, doctor-assisted delivery, child immunization, caesarean-section delivery, and use of modern contraceptives. We found that the level of service coverage among migrants gradually converged—but did not fully converge—to that of the urban-born with increasing duration in the city. We observed a strong positive association between wealth and total MNCH coverage, with a more modest association with higher levels of schooling attainment. Women who were engaged in market employment were less likely to receive adequate coverage, suggesting a tradeoff between livelihood attainment and mother-and-child health. After controlling for these socioeconomic and neighborhood variations in coverage, the duration gradient was diminished but still significant. In line with existing studies of healthcare access, this study highlights the persistent and widespread burden of unequal access to maternal and child health care facing migrants to slum areas, even relative to the overall disadvantages experienced in informal settlements.

Available only for authorised users

Afsar R. International migration and the development nexus: the case of Bangladesh. Regional Conference on Migration, Development and Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia, June 22–23 (2003). Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Al-Shoaibi AAA, Matsuyama A, Md K, et al. Perceptions and behavior related to noncommunicable diseases among slum dwellers in a rapidly urbanizing city, Dhaka, Bangladesh: a qualitative study. Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 2018;80(4):559–69. https://doi.org/10.18999/nagjms.80.4.559.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hossain S. Rapid urban growth and poverty in Dhaka city. Bangladesh e-J Sociol. 2008;5(1):57-80.

United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]. Bridging the urban divide in Bangladesh: towards a strategic approach to urban poverty reduction. Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2010.

Kuhn R. Internal migration: developing countries. Int Encyclopedia Soc Behav Sci. 2015:433–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.31120-5.CrossRef

Kuhn R. Identities in motion: Social exchange networks and rural- urban migration in Bangladesh. Contrib Ind Sociol. 2003;37(1-2):311–37.CrossRef

Haque MS. Migration trends and patterns in South Asia and management approaches and initiatives. Asia-Pac. Popul. J. 2005;20(3):39–57.CrossRef

Palloni A, Morenoff JD. Interpreting the paradoxical in the Hispanic paradox: demographic and epidemiologic approaches. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006;954(1):140–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02751.x.CrossRef

Lu Y. Test of the ‘healthy migrant hypothesis’: a longitudinal analysis of health selectivity of internal migration in Indonesia. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008;67(8):1331–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.017.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Nauman E, VanLandingham M, Anglewicz P. Migration, urbanization and health. In: White MJ, editor. International Handbook of Migration and Population Distribution, vol. 6; 2016. p. 451–64.

11.

Ginsburg C, Bocquier P, Béguy D, Afolabi S, Augusto O, Derra K, et al. Healthy or unhealthy migrants? Identifying internal migration effects on mortality in Africa using health and demographic surveillance systems of the INDEPTH network. Soc. Sci. Med. 2016;164:59–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.035.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Srinivasan S, Ilango P. Occupational health problems of women migrant workers in Thogamalai, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. SSRN J. 2013;2(2):21–6.

13.

Li ML, Morrow M, Kermode M. Vulnerable but feeling safe: HIV risk among male rural-to-urban migrant workers in Chengdu, China. AIDS Care. 2007;19(10):1288–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120701402855.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Nauman E, VanLandingham M, Anglewicz P, Patthavanit U, Punpuing S. Rural-to-urban migration and changes in health among young adults in Thailand. Demography. 2015;52(1):233–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0365-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Abas MA, Punpuing S, Jirapramukpitak T, Guest P, Tangchonlatip K, Leese M, et al. Rural–urban migration and depression in ageing family members left behind. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2009;195(1):54–60. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056143.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Islam MM, Gagnon AJ. Use of reproductive health care services among urban migrant women in Bangladesh. BMC Womens Health. 2016;16(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-016-0296-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Kusuma YS, Kumari R, Kaushal S. Migration and access to maternal healthcare: determinants of adequate antenatal care and institutional delivery among socio-economically disadvantaged migrants in Delhi, India. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(10):1202–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12166.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Gawde NC, Sivakami M, Babu BV. Utilization of maternal health services among internal migrants in Mumbai, India. J Biosoc Sci. 2016;48(6):767–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932016000195.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Schwartz SJ, Unger JB, Lorenzo-Blanco EI, Des Rosiers SE, Villamar JA, Soto DW, et al. Perceived context of reception among recent Hispanic immigrants: conceptualization, instrument development, and preliminary validation. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2014;20(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033391.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Zulu EM, Beguy D, Ezeh AC, et al. Overview of migration, poverty and health dynamics in Nairobi City’s slum settlements. J. Urban Health. 2011;88(S2):185–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9595-0.CrossRefPubMedCentral

21.

Adams AM, Islam R, Ahmed T. Who serves the urban poor? A geospatial and descriptive analysis of health services in slum settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(Suppl 1):i32–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu094.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Kamal N, Curtis S, Hasan MS, Jamil K. Trends in equity in use of maternal health services in urban and rural Bangladesh. Int. J. Equity Health. 2016;15(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0311-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Ezeh A, Oyebode O, Satterthwaite D, Chen YF, Ndugwa R, Sartori J, et al. The history, geography, and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2017;389(10068):547–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31650-6.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Shafique S, Bhattacharyya DS, Anwar I, Adams A. Right to health and social justice in Bangladesh: ethical dilemmas and obligations of state and non-state actors to ensure health for urban poor. BMC Med Ethics. 2018;19(S1):46–69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-018-0285-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

de Snyder VNS, Friel S, Fotso JC, Khadr Z, Meresman S, Monge P, et al. Social conditions and urban health inequities: realities, challenges and opportunities to transform the urban landscape through research and action. J. Urban Health. 2011;88(6):1183–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9609-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Jolly SP, Rahman M, Afsana K, Yunus FM, Chowdhury AMR. Evaluation of maternal health service indicators in urban slum of Bangladesh. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0162825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162825.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

McNab S, Freedman L. Maternal newborn health and the urban poor: a global scoping. July 2016. https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/amdd-urban-mnh-report_july-20-2016-final-report.pdf. Accessed May 24, 2019.

28.

van de Vijver S, Oti S, Oduor C, Ezeh A, Lange J, Agyemang C, et al. Challenges of health programmes in slums. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2114–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00385-2.CrossRefPubMed

29.

van der Heijden J, Gray N, Stringer B, et al. ‘Working to stay healthy’, health-seeking behaviour in Bangladesh’s urban slums: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):600. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6750-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Ndugwa RP, Cleland J, Madise NJ, Fotso J-C, Zulu EM. Menstrual pattern, sexual behaviors, and contraceptive use among postpartum women in Nairobi urban slums. J. Urban Health. 2011;88(S2):341–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9452-6.CrossRef

31.

Govindaraj R, Raju D, Secci F, Chowdhury S, Frere J-J. Health and nutrition in urban Bangladesh: social determinants and health sector governance. Washington DC, USA; The World Bank; 2018.

32.

Mannan MA. Burden of disease on the urban poor: a study of morbidity and utilisation of healthcare among slum dwellers in Dhaka City. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies: Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2018.

33.

Angeles G, Ahsan KZ, Streatfield PK, El Arifeen S, Jamil K. Reducing inequity in urban health: have the intra-urban differentials in reproductive health service utilization and child nutritional outcome narrowed in Bangladesh? J. Urban Health. 2019;96(2):193–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0307-x.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Smith Greenaway E, Leon J, Baker DP. Understanding the association between maternal education and use of health services in Ghana: exploring the role of health knowledge. J. Biosoc. Sci. 2012;44(6):733–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932012000041.CrossRef

35.

Fotso J-C, Ezeh A, Madise N, Ziraba A, Ogollah R. What does access to maternal care mean among the urban poor? Factors associated with use of appropriate maternal health services in the slum settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13(1):130–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0326-4.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Moyer CA, Mustafa A. Drivers and deterrents of facility delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Reprod. Health. 2013;19(40) https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-10-40.

37.

Singh S, Sahu D, Agrawal A, Vashi MD. Ensuring childhood vaccination among slums dwellers under the National Immunization Program in India: challenges and opportunities. Prev. Med. 2018;112:54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.002.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Cotton C. Migration and young women’s access to maternal healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa. Health & Place. 2019;55:136–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.12.006.CrossRef

39.

Kusuma YS, Kaushal S, Garg R, Babu BV. Birth preparedness and determinants of birth place among migrants living in slums and slum-like pockets in Delhi, India. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2018;16:160–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2018.04.004.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Crocker-Buque T, Mindra G, Duncan R, Mounier-Jack S. Immunization, urbanization and slums: a systematic review of factors and interventions. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):556. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4473-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Essendi H, Mills S, Fotso J-C. Barriers to formal emergency obstetric care services’ utilization. J. Urban Health. 2011;88(2):356–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9481-1.CrossRef

42.

Anyait A, Mukanga D, Oundo GB, Nuwaha F. Predictors for health facility delivery in Busia district of Uganda: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;12(1):132. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-132.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Moran AC, Choudhury N, Uz Zaman Khan N, et al. Newborn care practices among slum dwellers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a quantitative and qualitative exploratory study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-9-54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Kimani-Murage EW, Norris SA, Mutua MK, et al. Potential effectiveness of Community Health Strategy to promote exclusive breastfeeding in urban poor settings in Nairobi, Kenya: a quasi-experimental study. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 2016;7(2):172–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174415007941.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Razzaque A, Chowdhury R, Mustafa AHMG. Making slums visible: slums and their dynamics in urban Bangladesh. In: Hossain, et al., editors. Slum health in Bangladesh: insights from health and demographic surveillance. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2019. p. 7–25.

46.

Razzaque A, Chowdhury R, Mustafa AHMG. The context of slums in Bangladesh. In: Hossain, et al., editors. Slum health in Bangladesh: insights from health and demographic surveillance. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2019. p. 26–53.

47.

Clair K, Razzaque A, Islam MZ, Mia MN, Chowdhury R, Mustafa AHMG, et al. Identifying reproductive health coverage gaps for rural- vs. urban-born household heads in the slums in and around Dhaka City, Bangladesh. In Health and Socio-demographic Scenario: Slums of Dhaka (N & S) and Gazipur City Corporations. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2019.

Title: Association of Time since Migration from Rural to Urban Slums and Maternal and Child Outcomes: Dhaka (North and South) and Gazipur City Corporations
Authors: Abdur Razzaque
Kimberly Clair
Brian Chin
Mohammad Zahirul Islam
Mohammad Nahid Mia
Razib Chowdhury
AHM Golam Mustafa
Randall Kuhn
Publication date: 01-02-2020
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Urban Health / Issue 1/2020
Print ISSN: 1099-3460
Electronic ISSN: 1468-2869
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00395-9

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Association of Time since Migration from Rural to Urban Slums and Maternal and Child Outcomes: Dhaka (North and South) and Gazipur City Corporations

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Mental Health Consequences of Sexual Misconduct by Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Personnel among Black Drug-Involved Women in Community Corrections

Violence and Emergency Department Use among Community-Recruited Women Who Experience Homelessness and Housing Instability

Correction to: Association of Time since Migration from Rural to Urban Slums and Maternal and Child Outcomes: Dhaka (North and South) and Gazipur City Corporations

Alcohol Outlet Clusters and Population Disparities

Self-Rated Health and Structural Racism Indicated by County-Level Racial Inequalities in Socioeconomic Status: The Role of Urban-Rural Classification

Perceived Discrimination Based on Criminal Record in Healthcare Settings and Self-Reported Health Status among Formerly Incarcerated Individuals