Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Community Mental Health Journal 4/2017

01-05-2017 | Original Paper

Association Between Parenting Stress and Functional Impairment Among Children Diagnosed with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Authors: Yasser S. Almogbel, Rohit Goyal, Sujit S. Sansgiry

Published in: Community Mental Health Journal | Issue 4/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the association between parenting stress and functional impairment among children with Neurodevelopmental Disorder (NDD). A sample of 150 parents of children diagnosed with NDD were recruited from schools that offer special education services. Parents completed a self-administered survey containing the parenting stress index-short form (PSI-SF) scale and the Columbia Impairment Scale. The multiple logistic regression conducted to compare those with clinically significant PSI-SF scores indicated that the risk of parents with clinically significant scores of parenting stress increased 5.5 times with functionally impaired children with NDD. Further the risk of stress increased 4.6 times when these parents reported having their own disorder/disease. The risk of stress was reduced by 57% for those who had higher than a college level education compared to those with a college level education or below. These findings might help health care providers to initiate early intervention strategies such as peer support and education that can prevent parenting stress and reduce the risk of potential incidence of depression.
Literature
go back to reference Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press. Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.
go back to reference Ainbinder, J. G., Blanchard, L. W., Singer, G. H. S., Sullivan, M. E., Powers, L. K., Marquis, J. G., & Santelli, B. (1998). A qualitative study of parent to parent support for parents of children with special needs. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23(2), 99–109.CrossRefPubMed Ainbinder, J. G., Blanchard, L. W., Singer, G. H. S., Sullivan, M. E., Powers, L. K., Marquis, J. G., & Santelli, B. (1998). A qualitative study of parent to parent support for parents of children with special needs. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23(2), 99–109.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Anderson, J. G. (1973). Demographic factors affecting health services utilization: A causal model. Medical Care, 11, 104–120.CrossRefPubMed Anderson, J. G. (1973). Demographic factors affecting health services utilization: A causal model. Medical Care, 11, 104–120.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bailey, J. E., Surbhi, S., Bell, P. C. J., Angel M., Rashed, S., & Ugwueke, M. O. (2016). SafeMed: Using pharmacy technicians in a novel role as community health workers to improve transitions of care. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 56, 73–81.CrossRefPubMed Bailey, J. E., Surbhi, S., Bell, P. C. J., Angel M., Rashed, S., & Ugwueke, M. O. (2016). SafeMed: Using pharmacy technicians in a novel role as community health workers to improve transitions of care. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 56, 73–81.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beckman, P. J. (1991). Comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of the effect of young children with and without disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 585–595. Beckman, P. J. (1991). Comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of the effect of young children with and without disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 585–595.
go back to reference Bender, S. L., & Carlson, J. S. (2013). An initial investigation of parenting stress, social-emotional protective factors, and behavior concerns within a head start population. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 113.CrossRef Bender, S. L., & Carlson, J. S. (2013). An initial investigation of parenting stress, social-emotional protective factors, and behavior concerns within a head start population. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 113.CrossRef
go back to reference Bird, H. R., Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., & Gould, M. S. (1993). The Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS): Pilot findings on a measure of global impairment for children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. Bird, H. R., Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., & Gould, M. S. (1993). The Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS): Pilot findings on a measure of global impairment for children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research.
go back to reference Bradley, E. G., Hurwitz, S. D., Harvey, E. A., Hodgson, S., & Perugini, E. M. (2013). Factor analytic structure and validity of the parental feelings inventory: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(6), 801–806.CrossRef Bradley, E. G., Hurwitz, S. D., Harvey, E. A., Hodgson, S., & Perugini, E. M. (2013). Factor analytic structure and validity of the parental feelings inventory: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(6), 801–806.CrossRef
go back to reference Carotenuto, M., Esposito, M., Di Pasquale, F., De Stefano, S., & Santamaria, F. (2013). Psychological, cognitive and maternal stress assessment in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. World Journal of Pediatrics, 9(4), 312–317.CrossRefPubMed Carotenuto, M., Esposito, M., Di Pasquale, F., De Stefano, S., & Santamaria, F. (2013). Psychological, cognitive and maternal stress assessment in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. World Journal of Pediatrics, 9(4), 312–317.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chernoff, R. G., Ireys, H. T., DeVet, K. A., & Kim, Y. J. (2002). A randomized, controlled trial of a community-based support program for families of children with chronic illness: Pediatric outcomes. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(6), 533–539.CrossRef Chernoff, R. G., Ireys, H. T., DeVet, K. A., & Kim, Y. J. (2002). A randomized, controlled trial of a community-based support program for families of children with chronic illness: Pediatric outcomes. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(6), 533–539.CrossRef
go back to reference Chung, K.-M., Ebesutani, C., Bang, H. M., Kim, J., Chorpita, B. F., Weisz, J. R., et al. (2013). Parenting stress and child behavior problems among clinic-referred youth: Cross-cultural differences across the US and Korea. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44(3), 460–468.CrossRef Chung, K.-M., Ebesutani, C., Bang, H. M., Kim, J., Chorpita, B. F., Weisz, J. R., et al. (2013). Parenting stress and child behavior problems among clinic-referred youth: Cross-cultural differences across the US and Korea. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44(3), 460–468.CrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1991). Stress and infectious disease in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 109(1), 5.CrossRefPubMed Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1991). Stress and infectious disease in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 109(1), 5.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference DeNavas-Walt, C. (2015). Income and poverty in the United States: 2014. US Census Bureau: US Department of Commerce. DeNavas-Walt, C. (2015). Income and poverty in the United States: 2014. US Census Bureau: US Department of Commerce.
go back to reference Emmerton, L. (2009). The ‘third class’ of medications: Sales and purchasing behavior are associated with pharmacist only and pharmacy medicine classifications in Australia. Journal of American Pharmacists Association, 49, 31–37. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2009.07117.CrossRef Emmerton, L. (2009). The ‘third class’ of medications: Sales and purchasing behavior are associated with pharmacist only and pharmacy medicine classifications in Australia. Journal of American Pharmacists Association, 49, 31–37. doi:10.​1331/​JAPhA.​2009.​07117.CrossRef
go back to reference Esposito, M., Marotta, R., Roccella, M., Gallai, B., Parisi, L., Lavano, S. M., & Carotenuto, M. (2014). Pediatric neurofibromatosis 1 and parental stress: A multicenter study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 141.PubMedPubMedCentral Esposito, M., Marotta, R., Roccella, M., Gallai, B., Parisi, L., Lavano, S. M., & Carotenuto, M. (2014). Pediatric neurofibromatosis 1 and parental stress: A multicenter study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 141.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference GAO. (2009). Nonprescription drugs: Considerations regarding a behind-the-counter drug class. Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office. GAO. (2009). Nonprescription drugs: Considerations regarding a behind-the-counter drug class. Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office.
go back to reference Goldstein, D. S. (1995). Stress as a scientific idea-A homeostatic theory of stress and distress. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 36(4), 177–215. Goldstein, D. S. (1995). Stress as a scientific idea-A homeostatic theory of stress and distress. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 36(4), 177–215.
go back to reference Hamer, A. M., Spark, M. J., Wood, P. J., & Roberts, E. (2014). The upscheduling of combination analgesics containing codeine: The impact on the practice of pharmacists. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 10(4), 669–678.CrossRefPubMed Hamer, A. M., Spark, M. J., Wood, P. J., & Roberts, E. (2014). The upscheduling of combination analgesics containing codeine: The impact on the practice of pharmacists. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 10(4), 669–678.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hastings, R. P., & Beck, A. (2004). Practitioner review: Stress intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8), 1338–1349.CrossRefPubMed Hastings, R. P., & Beck, A. (2004). Practitioner review: Stress intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8), 1338–1349.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Higgins, D. J., Bailey, S. R., & Pearce, J. C. (2005). Factors associated with functioning style and coping strategies of families with a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 9(2), 125–137.CrossRefPubMed Higgins, D. J., Bailey, S. R., & Pearce, J. C. (2005). Factors associated with functioning style and coping strategies of families with a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 9(2), 125–137.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E. (2004). Stress, culture, and community: The psychology and philosophy of stress. New York: Springer. Hobfoll, S. E. (2004). Stress, culture, and community: The psychology and philosophy of stress. New York: Springer.
go back to reference Hofvander, B., Delorme, R., Chaste, P., Nydén, A., Wentz, E., Ståhlberg, O., & Gillberg, C. (2009). Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 9(1), 1.CrossRef Hofvander, B., Delorme, R., Chaste, P., Nydén, A., Wentz, E., Ståhlberg, O., & Gillberg, C. (2009). Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 9(1), 1.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughes, C. M., McElnay, J. C., & Fleming, G. F. (2001). Benefits and risks of self medication. Drug Safety, 24(14), 1027–1037.CrossRefPubMed Hughes, C. M., McElnay, J. C., & Fleming, G. F. (2001). Benefits and risks of self medication. Drug Safety, 24(14), 1027–1037.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hughes, L., Whittlesea, C., & Luscombe, D. (2002). Patients’ knowledge and perceptions of the side-effects of OTC medication. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 27(4), 243–248.CrossRefPubMed Hughes, L., Whittlesea, C., & Luscombe, D. (2002). Patients’ knowledge and perceptions of the side-effects of OTC medication. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 27(4), 243–248.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Johnston, C., Hessl, D., Blasey, C., Eliez, S., Erba, H., Dyer-Friedman, J., et al. (2003). Factors associated with parenting stress in mothers of children with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 24(4), 267–275.CrossRef Johnston, C., Hessl, D., Blasey, C., Eliez, S., Erba, H., Dyer-Friedman, J., et al. (2003). Factors associated with parenting stress in mothers of children with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 24(4), 267–275.CrossRef
go back to reference Kazdin, A. E. (1995). Child, parent and family dysfunction as predictors of outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of antisocial children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 271–281.CrossRefPubMed Kazdin, A. E. (1995). Child, parent and family dysfunction as predictors of outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of antisocial children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 271–281.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289(23), 3095–3105.CrossRefPubMed Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289(23), 3095–3105.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Laudenslager, M. L. (1988). The psychobiology of loss: Lessons from humans and nonhuman primates. Journal of Social Issues, 44(3), 19–36.CrossRef Laudenslager, M. L. (1988). The psychobiology of loss: Lessons from humans and nonhuman primates. Journal of Social Issues, 44(3), 19–36.CrossRef
go back to reference Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York: Springer. Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York: Springer.
go back to reference Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In The handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 282–325). Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In The handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 282–325).
go back to reference MacFadyen, L., Eadie, D., & McGowan, T. (2001). Community pharmacists’ experience of over-the-counter medicine misuse in Scotland. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 121(3), 185–192.CrossRefPubMed MacFadyen, L., Eadie, D., & McGowan, T. (2001). Community pharmacists’ experience of over-the-counter medicine misuse in Scotland. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 121(3), 185–192.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Major, C., & Vincze, Z. (2010). Consumer habits and interests regarding non-prescription medications in Hungary. Journal on Developmental Disabilities Family Practice, 27(3), 333–338.CrossRef Major, C., & Vincze, Z. (2010). Consumer habits and interests regarding non-prescription medications in Hungary. Journal on Developmental Disabilities Family Practice, 27(3), 333–338.CrossRef
go back to reference Moes, D., Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., & Loos, L. M. (1992). Stress profiles for mothers and fathers of children with autism. Psychological Reports, 71(3f), 1272–1274.CrossRefPubMed Moes, D., Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., & Loos, L. M. (1992). Stress profiles for mothers and fathers of children with autism. Psychological Reports, 71(3f), 1272–1274.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mugno, D., Ruta, L., D’Arrigo, V. G., & Mazzone, L. (2007). Impairment of quality of life in parents of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder. Health and quality of life outcomes, 5(1), 22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mugno, D., Ruta, L., D’Arrigo, V. G., & Mazzone, L. (2007). Impairment of quality of life in parents of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder. Health and quality of life outcomes, 5(1), 22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Myers, B., Siegfried, N., & Parry, C. D. (2003). Over-the-counter and prescription medicine misuse in Cape Town-findings from specialist treatment centres. South African Medical Journal, 93(5), 367–370.PubMed Myers, B., Siegfried, N., & Parry, C. D. (2003). Over-the-counter and prescription medicine misuse in Cape Town-findings from specialist treatment centres. South African Medical Journal, 93(5), 367–370.PubMed
go back to reference O’Malley, P. (2010). Prescription and over-the-counter drug and substance abuse: Something available for every age, anytime and anywhere: Update for the clinical nurse specialist. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(6), 286–288.CrossRefPubMed O’Malley, P. (2010). Prescription and over-the-counter drug and substance abuse: Something available for every age, anytime and anywhere: Update for the clinical nurse specialist. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(6), 286–288.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Porzig-Drummond, R., Stevenson, R. J., & Stevenson, C. (2014). The 1-2-3 magic parenting program and its effect on child problem behaviors and dysfunctional parenting: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 52–64 Porzig-Drummond, R., Stevenson, R. J., & Stevenson, C. (2014). The 1-2-3 magic parenting program and its effect on child problem behaviors and dysfunctional parenting: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 52–64
go back to reference Rabin, B. S., Cohen, S., Ganguli, R., Lysle, D. T., & Cunnick, J. E. (1989). Bidirectional interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system. Critical Reviews in Immunology, 9(4), 279–312. Rabin, B. S., Cohen, S., Ganguli, R., Lysle, D. T., & Cunnick, J. E. (1989). Bidirectional interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system. Critical Reviews in Immunology, 9(4), 279–312.
go back to reference Reichman, N. E., Corman, H., & Noonan, K. (2008). Impact of child disability on the family. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 12(6), 679–683.CrossRefPubMed Reichman, N. E., Corman, H., & Noonan, K. (2008). Impact of child disability on the family. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 12(6), 679–683.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ried, L. D., Huston, S. A., Kucukarslan, S. N., Sogol, E. M., Schafermeyer, K. W., & Sansgiry, S. S. (2011). Risks, benefits, and issues in creating a behind-the-counter category of medications. The Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 51(1), 26–39. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10134.CrossRefPubMed Ried, L. D., Huston, S. A., Kucukarslan, S. N., Sogol, E. M., Schafermeyer, K. W., & Sansgiry, S. S. (2011). Risks, benefits, and issues in creating a behind-the-counter category of medications. The Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 51(1), 26–39. doi:10.​1331/​JAPhA.​2011.​10134.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Roussin, A., Bouyssi, A., Pouché, L., Pourcel, L., & Lapeyre-Mestre, M. (2013). Misuse and dependence on non-prescription codeine analgesics or sedative H1 antihistamines by adults: A cross-sectional investigation in France. PloS ONE, 8(10), e76499.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Roussin, A., Bouyssi, A., Pouché, L., Pourcel, L., & Lapeyre-Mestre, M. (2013). Misuse and dependence on non-prescription codeine analgesics or sedative H1 antihistamines by adults: A cross-sectional investigation in France. PloS ONE, 8(10), e76499.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Schreibman, L. (2000). Intensive behavioral/psychoeducational treatments for autism: Research needs and future directions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(5), 373–378.CrossRefPubMed Schreibman, L. (2000). Intensive behavioral/psychoeducational treatments for autism: Research needs and future directions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(5), 373–378.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Schreibman, L., & Anderson, A. (2001). Focus on integration: The future of the behavioral treatment of autism. Behavior Therapy, 32(4), 619–632.CrossRef Schreibman, L., & Anderson, A. (2001). Focus on integration: The future of the behavioral treatment of autism. Behavior Therapy, 32(4), 619–632.CrossRef
go back to reference Sharpley, C. F., Bitsika, V., & Efremidis, B. (1997). Influence of gender, parental health, and perceived expertise of assistance upon stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 22(1), 19–28.CrossRef Sharpley, C. F., Bitsika, V., & Efremidis, B. (1997). Influence of gender, parental health, and perceived expertise of assistance upon stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 22(1), 19–28.CrossRef
go back to reference Shields, J. (2001). The NAS EarlyBird programme partnership with parents in early intervention. Autism, 5(1), 49–56.PubMed Shields, J. (2001). The NAS EarlyBird programme partnership with parents in early intervention. Autism, 5(1), 49–56.PubMed
go back to reference Shim, R. S., Baltrus, P., Ye, J., & Rust, G. (2011). Prevalence, treatment, and control of depressive symptoms in the United States: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005–2008. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 24(1), 33–38.CrossRefPubMed Shim, R. S., Baltrus, P., Ye, J., & Rust, G. (2011). Prevalence, treatment, and control of depressive symptoms in the United States: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005–2008. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 24(1), 33–38.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Silver, E. J., Ireys, H. T., Bauman, L. J., & Stein, R. E. K. (1997). Psychological outcomes of a support intervention in mothers of children with ongoing health conditions: The parent-to-parent network. Journal of Community Psychology, 25(3), 249–264.CrossRef Silver, E. J., Ireys, H. T., Bauman, L. J., & Stein, R. E. K. (1997). Psychological outcomes of a support intervention in mothers of children with ongoing health conditions: The parent-to-parent network. Journal of Community Psychology, 25(3), 249–264.CrossRef
go back to reference Singer, G. H., & Floyd, F. (2006). Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. American journal on mental retardation, 111(3), 155–169.CrossRefPubMed Singer, G. H., & Floyd, F. (2006). Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. American journal on mental retardation, 111(3), 155–169.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Singer, G. H. S., Marquis, J., Powers, L. K., Blanchard, L., DiVenere, N., Santelli, B., & Sharp, M. (1999). A multi-site evaluation of parent to parent programs for parents of children with disabilities. Journal of Early Intervention, 22(3), 217–229.CrossRef Singer, G. H. S., Marquis, J., Powers, L. K., Blanchard, L., DiVenere, N., Santelli, B., & Sharp, M. (1999). A multi-site evaluation of parent to parent programs for parents of children with disabilities. Journal of Early Intervention, 22(3), 217–229.CrossRef
go back to reference Sivberg, B. (2002). Coping strategies and parental attitudes, a comparison of parents with children with autistic spectrum disorders and parents with non-autistic children. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 61(Suppl 2), 36–50.PubMed Sivberg, B. (2002). Coping strategies and parental attitudes, a comparison of parents with children with autistic spectrum disorders and parents with non-autistic children. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 61(Suppl 2), 36–50.PubMed
go back to reference Sweileh, W. M., Arafat, R. T., Al-Khyat, L. S., Al-Masri, D. M., & Jaradat, N. A. (2004). A pilot study to investigate over-the-counter drug abuse and misuse in Palestine. Saudi Medical Journal, 25(12), 2029–2032.PubMed Sweileh, W. M., Arafat, R. T., Al-Khyat, L. S., Al-Masri, D. M., & Jaradat, N. A. (2004). A pilot study to investigate over-the-counter drug abuse and misuse in Palestine. Saudi Medical Journal, 25(12), 2029–2032.PubMed
go back to reference Tseng, Y. L., Hsu, H.-R., Kuo, F.-H., Shieh, M.-H., & Chang, C.-F. (2003). Ephedrines in over-the-counter cold medicines and urine specimens collected during sport competitions. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27(6), 359–365.CrossRefPubMed Tseng, Y. L., Hsu, H.-R., Kuo, F.-H., Shieh, M.-H., & Chang, C.-F. (2003). Ephedrines in over-the-counter cold medicines and urine specimens collected during sport competitions. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27(6), 359–365.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tsiouli, E., Pavlopoulos, V., Alexopoulos, E. C., Chrousos, G., & Darviri, C. (2014). Short-term impact of a stress management and health promotion program on perceived stress, parental stress, health locus of control, and cortisol levels in parents of children and adolescents with diabetes type 1: A pilot randomized controlled trial. EXPLORE, 10(2), 88–98.CrossRefPubMed Tsiouli, E., Pavlopoulos, V., Alexopoulos, E. C., Chrousos, G., & Darviri, C. (2014). Short-term impact of a stress management and health promotion program on perceived stress, parental stress, health locus of control, and cortisol levels in parents of children and adolescents with diabetes type 1: A pilot randomized controlled trial. EXPLORE, 10(2), 88–98.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Weiss, M. J. (2002). Harrdiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6(1), 115–130.CrossRefPubMed Weiss, M. J. (2002). Harrdiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6(1), 115–130.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Williams, J. F., & Kokotailo, P. K. (2006). Abuse of proprietary (over-the-counter) drugs. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 17(3), 733–750. (Abstract xiii).PubMed Williams, J. F., & Kokotailo, P. K. (2006). Abuse of proprietary (over-the-counter) drugs. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 17(3), 733–750. (Abstract xiii).PubMed
go back to reference Witt, W. P., Riley, A. W., & Coiro, M. J. (2003). Childhood functional status, family stressors, and psychosocial adjustment among school-aged children with disabilities in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(7), 687–695.CrossRef Witt, W. P., Riley, A. W., & Coiro, M. J. (2003). Childhood functional status, family stressors, and psychosocial adjustment among school-aged children with disabilities in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(7), 687–695.CrossRef
go back to reference Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Zumbo, B. D., Georgiades, S., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S., & Vaillancourt, T. (2011). Factor analysis of the parenting stress index-short form with parents of young children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 4(5), 336–346.CrossRefPubMed Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Zumbo, B. D., Georgiades, S., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S., & Vaillancourt, T. (2011). Factor analysis of the parenting stress index-short form with parents of young children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 4(5), 336–346.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Association Between Parenting Stress and Functional Impairment Among Children Diagnosed with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors
Yasser S. Almogbel
Rohit Goyal
Sujit S. Sansgiry
Publication date
01-05-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Community Mental Health Journal / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0010-3853
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2789
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0096-9

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

Community Mental Health Journal 4/2017 Go to the issue