Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pediatric Radiology 1/2024

04-12-2023 | Appendicitis | Review

The Society for Pediatric Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Emergency and Trauma Imaging Committees’ consensus protocol recommendation for rapid MRI for evaluating suspected appendicitis in children

Authors: Cara E. Morin, Pinar Karakas, Gregory Vorona, Gayathri Sreedher, James M. Brian, Govind B. Chavhan, Taylor Chung, Lindsay M. Griffin, Summer L. Kaplan, Michael Moore, Kathleen Schenker, Subramanian Subramanian, Michael Aquino

Published in: Pediatric Radiology | Issue 1/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

The imaging evaluation of acute abdominal pain in children with suspected appendicitis has evolved to include rapid abdominopelvic MRI (rMRI) over recent years. Through a collaborative effort between the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Emergency and Trauma Imaging Committees of the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR), we conducted a survey on the utilization of rMRI to assess practice specifics and protocols. Subsequently, we present a proposed consensus rMRI protocol derived from the survey results, literature review, and discussion and consensus between committee members.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
2.
go back to reference Tseng Y-C, Lee M-S, Chang Y-J, Wu H-P (2008) Acute abdomen in pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Neonatol 49:126–134CrossRefPubMed Tseng Y-C, Lee M-S, Chang Y-J, Wu H-P (2008) Acute abdomen in pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Neonatol 49:126–134CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging, Koberlein GC, Trout AT et al (2019) ACR appropriateness criteria® suspected appendicitis-child. J Am Coll Radiol 16:S252–S263CrossRef Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging, Koberlein GC, Trout AT et al (2019) ACR appropriateness criteria® suspected appendicitis-child. J Am Coll Radiol 16:S252–S263CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Moore MM, Kulaylat AN, Hollenbeak CS et al (2016) Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric appendicitis: a systematic review. Pediatr Radiol 46:928–939CrossRefPubMed Moore MM, Kulaylat AN, Hollenbeak CS et al (2016) Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric appendicitis: a systematic review. Pediatr Radiol 46:928–939CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference D’Souza N, Hicks G, Beable R et al (2021) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD012028 D’Souza N, Hicks G, Beable R et al (2021) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD012028
6.
go back to reference Mushtaq R, Desoky SM, Morello F et al (2019) First-line diagnostic evaluation with MRI of children suspected of having acute appendicitis. Radiology 291:170–177CrossRefPubMed Mushtaq R, Desoky SM, Morello F et al (2019) First-line diagnostic evaluation with MRI of children suspected of having acute appendicitis. Radiology 291:170–177CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Heye P, Saavedra JSM, Victoria T, Laje P (2020) Accuracy of unenhanced, non-sedated MRI in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. J Pediatr Surg 55:253–256CrossRefPubMed Heye P, Saavedra JSM, Victoria T, Laje P (2020) Accuracy of unenhanced, non-sedated MRI in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. J Pediatr Surg 55:253–256CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Martin JF, Mathison DJ, Mullan PC, Otero HJ (2018) Secondary imaging for suspected appendicitis after equivocal ultrasound: time to disposition of MRI compared to CT. Emerg Radiol 25:161–168CrossRefPubMed Martin JF, Mathison DJ, Mullan PC, Otero HJ (2018) Secondary imaging for suspected appendicitis after equivocal ultrasound: time to disposition of MRI compared to CT. Emerg Radiol 25:161–168CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Benabbas R, Hanna M, Shah J, Sinert R (2017) Diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and point-of-care ultrasound for pediatric acute appendicitis in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 24:523–551CrossRefPubMed Benabbas R, Hanna M, Shah J, Sinert R (2017) Diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and point-of-care ultrasound for pediatric acute appendicitis in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 24:523–551CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Duigenan S, Oliva E, Lee SI (2012) Ovarian torsion: diagnostic features on CT and MRI with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:W122–W131CrossRefPubMed Duigenan S, Oliva E, Lee SI (2012) Ovarian torsion: diagnostic features on CT and MRI with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:W122–W131CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Nepal P, Wells M, Ojili V et al (2021) Problem-solving with MRI in acute abdominopelvic conditions, part 1: gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic diseases. Emerg Radiol 28:1161–1172CrossRefPubMed Nepal P, Wells M, Ojili V et al (2021) Problem-solving with MRI in acute abdominopelvic conditions, part 1: gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic diseases. Emerg Radiol 28:1161–1172CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Tonolini M, Ravelli A, Villa C, Bianco R (2012) Urgent MRI with MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of acute cholecystitis and related complications: diagnostic role and spectrum of imaging findings. Emerg Radiol 19:341–348CrossRefPubMed Tonolini M, Ravelli A, Villa C, Bianco R (2012) Urgent MRI with MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of acute cholecystitis and related complications: diagnostic role and spectrum of imaging findings. Emerg Radiol 19:341–348CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Dillman JR, Trout AT (2019) MRI for first-line evaluation of children suspected of having acute appendicitis. Radiology 291:178–179CrossRefPubMed Dillman JR, Trout AT (2019) MRI for first-line evaluation of children suspected of having acute appendicitis. Radiology 291:178–179CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Ayyala RS (2023) Practice patterns in use of MRI for appendicitis in the emergency department at Children’s Hospitals: results of a national survey. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1–2 Ayyala RS (2023) Practice patterns in use of MRI for appendicitis in the emergency department at Children’s Hospitals: results of a national survey. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1–2
16.
go back to reference Callahan MJ, Cravero JP (2022) Should I irradiate with computed tomography or sedate for magnetic resonance imaging? Pediatr Radiol 52:340–344CrossRefPubMed Callahan MJ, Cravero JP (2022) Should I irradiate with computed tomography or sedate for magnetic resonance imaging? Pediatr Radiol 52:340–344CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Imler D, Keller C, Sivasankar S et al (2017) Magnetic resonance imaging versus ultrasound as the initial imaging modality for pediatric and young adult patients with suspected appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 24:569–577CrossRefPubMed Imler D, Keller C, Sivasankar S et al (2017) Magnetic resonance imaging versus ultrasound as the initial imaging modality for pediatric and young adult patients with suspected appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 24:569–577CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Otero HJ, Smitthimedhin A, Wang CC, Heitzmann MD (2018) Case based simulation in MRI for suspected appendicitis in children. Clin Imaging 48:12–16CrossRefPubMed Otero HJ, Smitthimedhin A, Wang CC, Heitzmann MD (2018) Case based simulation in MRI for suspected appendicitis in children. Clin Imaging 48:12–16CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Hagedorn KN, Hayatghaibi SE, Levine MH, Orth RC (2019) Cost comparison of ultrasound versus MRI to diagnose adolescent female patients presenting with acute abdominal/pelvic pain using time-driven activity-based costing. Acad Radiol 26:1618–1624CrossRefPubMed Hagedorn KN, Hayatghaibi SE, Levine MH, Orth RC (2019) Cost comparison of ultrasound versus MRI to diagnose adolescent female patients presenting with acute abdominal/pelvic pain using time-driven activity-based costing. Acad Radiol 26:1618–1624CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Zens TJ, Rogers AP, Riedesel EL et al (2018) The cost effectiveness and utility of a “quick MRI” for the evaluation of intra-abdominal abscess after acute appendicitis in the pediatric patient population. J Pediatr Surg 53:1168–1174CrossRefPubMed Zens TJ, Rogers AP, Riedesel EL et al (2018) The cost effectiveness and utility of a “quick MRI” for the evaluation of intra-abdominal abscess after acute appendicitis in the pediatric patient population. J Pediatr Surg 53:1168–1174CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Didier RA, Hopkins KL, Coakley FV et al (2017) Performance characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging without contrast agents or sedation in pediatric appendicitis. Pediatr Radiol 47:1312–1320CrossRefPubMed Didier RA, Hopkins KL, Coakley FV et al (2017) Performance characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging without contrast agents or sedation in pediatric appendicitis. Pediatr Radiol 47:1312–1320CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Dibble EH, Swenson DW, Cartagena C et al (2018) Effectiveness of a staged US and unenhanced MR imaging algorithm in the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis. Radiology 286:1022–1029CrossRefPubMed Dibble EH, Swenson DW, Cartagena C et al (2018) Effectiveness of a staged US and unenhanced MR imaging algorithm in the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis. Radiology 286:1022–1029CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference James K, Duffy P, Kavanagh RG et al (2020) Fast acquisition abdominal MRI study for the investigation of suspected acute appendicitis in paediatric patients. Insights Imaging 11:78CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral James K, Duffy P, Kavanagh RG et al (2020) Fast acquisition abdominal MRI study for the investigation of suspected acute appendicitis in paediatric patients. Insights Imaging 11:78CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
go back to reference Lyons GR, Renjen P, Askin G et al (2017) Diagnostic utility of intravenous contrast for MR imaging in pediatric appendicitis. Pediatr Radiol 47:398–403CrossRefPubMed Lyons GR, Renjen P, Askin G et al (2017) Diagnostic utility of intravenous contrast for MR imaging in pediatric appendicitis. Pediatr Radiol 47:398–403CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Abdeen N, Naz F, Linthorst R et al (2019) Clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of noncontrast MRI in the evaluation of suspected appendiceal abscesses in children. J Magn Reson Imaging 49:e241–e249CrossRefPubMed Abdeen N, Naz F, Linthorst R et al (2019) Clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of noncontrast MRI in the evaluation of suspected appendiceal abscesses in children. J Magn Reson Imaging 49:e241–e249CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference James NC, Ahmadian R, Mckee JQ et al (2022) Magnetic resonance imaging availability reduces computed tomography use for pediatric appendicitis diagnosis. Pediatr Emerg Care 38:e219–e224CrossRefPubMed James NC, Ahmadian R, Mckee JQ et al (2022) Magnetic resonance imaging availability reduces computed tomography use for pediatric appendicitis diagnosis. Pediatr Emerg Care 38:e219–e224CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Covelli JD, Madireddi SP, May LA et al (2019) MRI for pediatric appendicitis in an adult-focused general hospital: a clinical effectiveness study—challenges and lessons learned. Am J Roentgenol 212:180–187CrossRef Covelli JD, Madireddi SP, May LA et al (2019) MRI for pediatric appendicitis in an adult-focused general hospital: a clinical effectiveness study—challenges and lessons learned. Am J Roentgenol 212:180–187CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Komanchuk J, Martin D-A, Killam R et al (2021) Magnetic resonance imaging provides useful diagnostic information following equivocal ultrasound in children with suspected appendicitis. Can Assoc Radiol J 72:797–805CrossRefPubMed Komanchuk J, Martin D-A, Killam R et al (2021) Magnetic resonance imaging provides useful diagnostic information following equivocal ultrasound in children with suspected appendicitis. Can Assoc Radiol J 72:797–805CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Lee MH, Eutsler EP, Sheybani EF, Khanna G (2017) Rapid non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for post appendectomy intra-abdominal abscess in children. Pediatr Radiol 47:935–941CrossRefPubMed Lee MH, Eutsler EP, Sheybani EF, Khanna G (2017) Rapid non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for post appendectomy intra-abdominal abscess in children. Pediatr Radiol 47:935–941CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Rosenbaum DG, Askin G, Beneck DM, Kovanlikaya A (2017) Differentiating perforated from non-perforated appendicitis on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol 47:1483–1490CrossRefPubMed Rosenbaum DG, Askin G, Beneck DM, Kovanlikaya A (2017) Differentiating perforated from non-perforated appendicitis on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol 47:1483–1490CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Warner J, Desoky S, Tiwari HA et al (2020) Unenhanced MRI of the abdomen and pelvis in the comprehensive evaluation of acute atraumatic abdominal pain in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 215:1218–1228CrossRefPubMed Warner J, Desoky S, Tiwari HA et al (2020) Unenhanced MRI of the abdomen and pelvis in the comprehensive evaluation of acute atraumatic abdominal pain in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 215:1218–1228CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Gounder S, Strudwick M (2021) Multimodality imaging review for suspected ovarian torsion cases in children. Radiography 27:236–242CrossRefPubMed Gounder S, Strudwick M (2021) Multimodality imaging review for suspected ovarian torsion cases in children. Radiography 27:236–242CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Özdemir O, Metin Y, Metin NO, Küpeli A (2017) Contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging to conventional MRI for detection of haemorrhagic infarction in ovary torsion. BMC Med Imaging 17:56CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Özdemir O, Metin Y, Metin NO, Küpeli A (2017) Contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging to conventional MRI for detection of haemorrhagic infarction in ovary torsion. BMC Med Imaging 17:56CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Bekci T, Polat AV, Aslan K et al (2016) Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted MRI in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion: comparison of torsed and nonaffected ovaries. Clin Imaging 40:1029–1033CrossRefPubMed Bekci T, Polat AV, Aslan K et al (2016) Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted MRI in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion: comparison of torsed and nonaffected ovaries. Clin Imaging 40:1029–1033CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Fujii S, Kaneda S, Kakite S et al (2011) Diffusion-weighted imaging findings of adnexal torsion: initial results. Eur J Radiol 77:330–334CrossRefPubMed Fujii S, Kaneda S, Kakite S et al (2011) Diffusion-weighted imaging findings of adnexal torsion: initial results. Eur J Radiol 77:330–334CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Kato H, Kanematsu M, Uchiyama M et al (2014) Diffusion-weighted imaging of ovarian torsion: usefulness of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for the detection of hemorrhagic infarction. Magn Reson Med Sci 13:39–44CrossRefPubMed Kato H, Kanematsu M, Uchiyama M et al (2014) Diffusion-weighted imaging of ovarian torsion: usefulness of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for the detection of hemorrhagic infarction. Magn Reson Med Sci 13:39–44CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Desoky S, Udayasankar UK (2021) Unenhanced MRI for abdominal pain in the pediatric emergency department: point—safe and comprehensive assessment while reducing delay in care. Am J Roentgenol 216:874–875CrossRef Desoky S, Udayasankar UK (2021) Unenhanced MRI for abdominal pain in the pediatric emergency department: point—safe and comprehensive assessment while reducing delay in care. Am J Roentgenol 216:874–875CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Brian JM, Moore MM (2021) Unenhanced MRI for abdominal pain in the pediatric emergency department: counterpoint—choice should consider access, patient, and cost. Am J Roentgenol 216:876–877CrossRef Brian JM, Moore MM (2021) Unenhanced MRI for abdominal pain in the pediatric emergency department: counterpoint—choice should consider access, patient, and cost. Am J Roentgenol 216:876–877CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Pooler BD, Hernando D, Reeder SB (2019) Clinical implementation of a focused MRI protocol for hepatic fat and iron quantification. AJR Am J Roentgenol 213:90–95CrossRefPubMed Pooler BD, Hernando D, Reeder SB (2019) Clinical implementation of a focused MRI protocol for hepatic fat and iron quantification. AJR Am J Roentgenol 213:90–95CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
The Society for Pediatric Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Emergency and Trauma Imaging Committees’ consensus protocol recommendation for rapid MRI for evaluating suspected appendicitis in children
Authors
Cara E. Morin
Pinar Karakas
Gregory Vorona
Gayathri Sreedher
James M. Brian
Govind B. Chavhan
Taylor Chung
Lindsay M. Griffin
Summer L. Kaplan
Michael Moore
Kathleen Schenker
Subramanian Subramanian
Michael Aquino
Publication date
04-12-2023
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Radiology / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 0301-0449
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1998
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-023-05819-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

Pediatric Radiology 1/2024 Go to the issue