Skip to main content
Top
Published in: CNS Drugs 2/2019

01-02-2019 | Current Opinion

Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Trials: Moving Toward Successful Prevention

Authors: Michael S. Rafii, Paul S. Aisen

Published in: CNS Drugs | Issue 2/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Despite major academic and industry efforts, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains the only leading cause of death for which no disease-modifying treatment is available. Disappointing clinical trials over the last several years have led to a growing consensus on the need to intervene earlier in the disease process, before the onset of any clinical symptoms. However, drug development at this stage is challenging given the difficulty of assessing a therapeutic benefit in subjects who are, by definition, clinically healthy. The US FDA recently issued new draft guidance for trials in early AD, which revised the taxonomy of AD by recognizing four stages of the disease, including an expanded view of the predementia stage. These guidelines further advance regulatory support for clinical trials in earlier stages of AD. We discuss the basis for this change and the impact it may have on early-intervention AD trials as well as on stimulating the need for improved biomarkers and outcome measures that will be required for a disease-modifying drug to win approval.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Masters CL, Bateman R, Blennow K, Rowe CC, Sperling RA, Cummings JL. Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15056–8.CrossRefPubMed Masters CL, Bateman R, Blennow K, Rowe CC, Sperling RA, Cummings JL. Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15056–8.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Petersen RC, Trojanowski JQ. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(1):119–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Petersen RC, Trojanowski JQ. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(1):119–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Fleisher AS, Chen K, Quiroz YT, Jakimovich LJ, Gomez MG, Langois CM, Langbaum JB, Ayutyanont N, Roontiva A, Thiyyagura P, et al. Florbetapir PET analysis of amyloid-beta deposition in the presenilin 1 E280A autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease kindred: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:1057–65.CrossRefPubMed Fleisher AS, Chen K, Quiroz YT, Jakimovich LJ, Gomez MG, Langois CM, Langbaum JB, Ayutyanont N, Roontiva A, Thiyyagura P, et al. Florbetapir PET analysis of amyloid-beta deposition in the presenilin 1 E280A autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease kindred: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:1057–65.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Benzinger TL, Blazey T, Jack CR Jr, Koeppe RA, Su Y, Xiong C, Raichle ME, Snyder AZ, Ances BM, Bateman RJ, et al. Regional variability of imaging biomarkers in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:E4502–9.CrossRefPubMed Benzinger TL, Blazey T, Jack CR Jr, Koeppe RA, Su Y, Xiong C, Raichle ME, Snyder AZ, Ances BM, Bateman RJ, et al. Regional variability of imaging biomarkers in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:E4502–9.CrossRefPubMed
6.
7.
go back to reference Sperling RA, Rentz DM, Johnson KA, Karlawish J, Donohue M, Salmon DP, Aisen P. The A4 study: stopping AD before symptoms begin? Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(228):228fs13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sperling RA, Rentz DM, Johnson KA, Karlawish J, Donohue M, Salmon DP, Aisen P. The A4 study: stopping AD before symptoms begin? Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(228):228fs13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
go back to reference Aisen PS, Andrieu S, Sampaio C, Carrillo M, Khachaturian ZS, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Petersen RC, Siemers E, Doody RS, Hendrix SB, Grundman M, Schneider LS, Schindler RJ, Salmon E, Potter WZ, Thomas RG, Salmon D, Donohue M, Bednar MM, Touchon J, Vellas B. Report of the task force on designing clinical trials in early (predementia) AD. Neurology. 2011;76(3):280–6.CrossRefPubMed Aisen PS, Andrieu S, Sampaio C, Carrillo M, Khachaturian ZS, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Petersen RC, Siemers E, Doody RS, Hendrix SB, Grundman M, Schneider LS, Schindler RJ, Salmon E, Potter WZ, Thomas RG, Salmon D, Donohue M, Bednar MM, Touchon J, Vellas B. Report of the task force on designing clinical trials in early (predementia) AD. Neurology. 2011;76(3):280–6.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:280–92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:280–92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Donohue MC, Sperling RA, Petersen R, Sun CK, Weiner MW, Aisen PS. Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative. 2018. Donohue MC, Sperling RA, Petersen R, Sun CK, Weiner MW, Aisen PS. Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative. 2018.
14.
go back to reference Leber P. Slowing the progression of Alzheimer disease: methodologic issues. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11(Suppl 5):S10–21 (discussion S37–9).PubMed Leber P. Slowing the progression of Alzheimer disease: methodologic issues. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11(Suppl 5):S10–21 (discussion S37–9).PubMed
15.
go back to reference Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Donohue MC, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR Jr, Jagust W, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Shaw L, Thompson PM, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Impact of the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative, 2004 to 2014. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(7):865–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Donohue MC, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR Jr, Jagust W, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Shaw L, Thompson PM, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Impact of the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative, 2004 to 2014. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(7):865–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference Blennow K, Hampel H, Weiner M, Zetterberg H. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6(3):131–44.CrossRefPubMed Blennow K, Hampel H, Weiner M, Zetterberg H. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6(3):131–44.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Blennow K, Dubois B, Fagan AM, Lewczuk P, de Leon MJ, Hampel H. Clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the diagnosis of early Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(1):58–69.CrossRefPubMed Blennow K, Dubois B, Fagan AM, Lewczuk P, de Leon MJ, Hampel H. Clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the diagnosis of early Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(1):58–69.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Johnson KA, Schultz A, Betensky RA, Becker JA, Sepulcre J, Rentz D, et al. Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2016;79(1):110–9.CrossRefPubMed Johnson KA, Schultz A, Betensky RA, Becker JA, Sepulcre J, Rentz D, et al. Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2016;79(1):110–9.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Arriagada PV, Growdon JH, Hedley-White ET, Hyman BT. Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1992;42:631–9.CrossRefPubMed Arriagada PV, Growdon JH, Hedley-White ET, Hyman BT. Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1992;42:631–9.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference O’Bryant SE, Mielke MM, Rissman RA, Lista S, Vanderstichele H, Zetterberg H, Lewczuk P, Posner H, Hall J, Johnson L, Fong YL, Luthman J, Jeromin A, Batrla-Utermann R, Villarreal A, Britton G, Snyder PJ, Henriksen K, Grammas P, Gupta V, Martins R, Hampel H. Biofluid based biomarker professional interest area: blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer disease: current state of the science and a novel collaborative paradigm for advancing from discovery to clinic. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(1):45–58.CrossRefPubMed O’Bryant SE, Mielke MM, Rissman RA, Lista S, Vanderstichele H, Zetterberg H, Lewczuk P, Posner H, Hall J, Johnson L, Fong YL, Luthman J, Jeromin A, Batrla-Utermann R, Villarreal A, Britton G, Snyder PJ, Henriksen K, Grammas P, Gupta V, Martins R, Hampel H. Biofluid based biomarker professional interest area: blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer disease: current state of the science and a novel collaborative paradigm for advancing from discovery to clinic. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(1):45–58.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Janelidze S, Insel PS, Andreasson U, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, Baker D, Tan Hehir CA, Jeromin A, Hanlon D, Song L, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Hansson O, Blennow K. ADNI Investigators. Plasma tau in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2016;87(17):1827–35.PubMed Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Janelidze S, Insel PS, Andreasson U, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, Baker D, Tan Hehir CA, Jeromin A, Hanlon D, Song L, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Hansson O, Blennow K. ADNI Investigators. Plasma tau in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2016;87(17):1827–35.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Association of plasma neurofilament light with neurodegeneration in patients with alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(5):557–66.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Association of plasma neurofilament light with neurodegeneration in patients with alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(5):557–66.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Nakamura A, Kaneko N, Villemagne VL, Kato T, Doecke J, Doré V, Fowler C, Li QX, Martins R, Rowe C, Tomita T, Matsuzaki K, Ishii K, Ishii K, Arahata Y, Iwamoto S, Ito K, Tanaka K, Masters CL, Yanagisawa K. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2018;554(7691):249–54.CrossRefPubMed Nakamura A, Kaneko N, Villemagne VL, Kato T, Doecke J, Doré V, Fowler C, Li QX, Martins R, Rowe C, Tomita T, Matsuzaki K, Ishii K, Ishii K, Arahata Y, Iwamoto S, Ito K, Tanaka K, Masters CL, Yanagisawa K. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2018;554(7691):249–54.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Ovod V, Ramsey KN, Mawuenyega KG, Bollinger JG, Hicks T, Schneider T, Sullivan M, Paumier K, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Benzinger T, Fagan AM, Patterson BW, Bateman RJ. Amyloid β concentrations and stable isotope labeling kinetics of human plasma specific to central nervous system amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(8):841–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ovod V, Ramsey KN, Mawuenyega KG, Bollinger JG, Hicks T, Schneider T, Sullivan M, Paumier K, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Benzinger T, Fagan AM, Patterson BW, Bateman RJ. Amyloid β concentrations and stable isotope labeling kinetics of human plasma specific to central nervous system amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(8):841–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Langbaum JB, Hendrix SB, Ayutyanont N, Chen K, Fleisher AS, Shah RC, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Tariot PN, Reiman EM. An empirically derived composite cognitive test score with improved power to track and evaluate treatments for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(6):666–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Langbaum JB, Hendrix SB, Ayutyanont N, Chen K, Fleisher AS, Shah RC, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Tariot PN, Reiman EM. An empirically derived composite cognitive test score with improved power to track and evaluate treatments for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(6):666–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
go back to reference Donohue MC, Sperling RA, Salmon DP, Rentz DM, Raman R, Thomas RG, Weiner M, Aisen PS. Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. The preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite: measuring amyloid-related decline. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(8):961–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Donohue MC, Sperling RA, Salmon DP, Rentz DM, Raman R, Thomas RG, Weiner M, Aisen PS. Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. The preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite: measuring amyloid-related decline. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(8):961–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Mormino EC, Papp KV, Rentz DM, Donohue MC, Amariglio R, Quiroz YT. Early and late change on the preclinical Alzheimer’s cognitive composite in clinically normal older individuals with elevated β-amyloid. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13:1004–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mormino EC, Papp KV, Rentz DM, Donohue MC, Amariglio R, Quiroz YT. Early and late change on the preclinical Alzheimer’s cognitive composite in clinically normal older individuals with elevated β-amyloid. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13:1004–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Amariglio RE, Donohue MC, Marshall GA, Rentz DM, Salmon DP, Ferris SH, et al. Tracking early decline in cognitive functionin older individuals at risk for Alzheimer disease dementia: The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Cognitive Function Instrument. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(4):446–54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Amariglio RE, Donohue MC, Marshall GA, Rentz DM, Salmon DP, Ferris SH, et al. Tracking early decline in cognitive functionin older individuals at risk for Alzheimer disease dementia: The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Cognitive Function Instrument. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(4):446–54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Bateman RJ, Benzinger TL, Berry S, Clifford DB, Duggan C, Fagan AM, Fanning K, Farlow MR, Hassenstab J, McDade EM, Mills S, Paumier K, Quintana M, Salloway SP, Santacruz A, Schneider LS, Wang G, Xiong C. DIAN-TU Pharma Consortium for the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. The DIAN-TU next generation Alzheimer’s prevention trial: adaptive design and disease progression model. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(1):8–19.CrossRefPubMed Bateman RJ, Benzinger TL, Berry S, Clifford DB, Duggan C, Fagan AM, Fanning K, Farlow MR, Hassenstab J, McDade EM, Mills S, Paumier K, Quintana M, Salloway SP, Santacruz A, Schneider LS, Wang G, Xiong C. DIAN-TU Pharma Consortium for the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. The DIAN-TU next generation Alzheimer’s prevention trial: adaptive design and disease progression model. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(1):8–19.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Adolfsson O, Pihlgren M, Toni N, et al. An effector-reduced anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) antibody with unique binding properties promotes neuroprotection and glial engulfment of Aβ. J Neurosci. 2012;32:9677–89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Adolfsson O, Pihlgren M, Toni N, et al. An effector-reduced anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) antibody with unique binding properties promotes neuroprotection and glial engulfment of Aβ. J Neurosci. 2012;32:9677–89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Tariot PN, Lopera F, Langbaum JB, Thomas RG, Hendrix S, Schneider LS, Rios-Romenets S, Giraldo M, Acosta N, Tobon C, Ramos C, Espinosa A, Cho W, Ward M, Clayton D, Friesenhahn M, Mackey H, Honigberg L, Sanabria Bohorquez S, Chen K, Walsh T, Langlois C, Reiman EM. Alzheimer’s Prevention Initiative. The Alzheimer’s prevention initiative autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease trial: a study of crenezumab versus placebo in preclinical PSEN1 E280A mutation carriers to evaluate efficacy and safety in the treatment of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease, including a placebo-treated noncarrier cohort. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2018;4:150–60. Tariot PN, Lopera F, Langbaum JB, Thomas RG, Hendrix S, Schneider LS, Rios-Romenets S, Giraldo M, Acosta N, Tobon C, Ramos C, Espinosa A, Cho W, Ward M, Clayton D, Friesenhahn M, Mackey H, Honigberg L, Sanabria Bohorquez S, Chen K, Walsh T, Langlois C, Reiman EM. Alzheimer’s Prevention Initiative. The Alzheimer’s prevention initiative autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease trial: a study of crenezumab versus placebo in preclinical PSEN1 E280A mutation carriers to evaluate efficacy and safety in the treatment of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease, including a placebo-treated noncarrier cohort. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2018;4:150–60.
32.
go back to reference Ostrowitzki S, Lasser RA, Dorflinger E, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Nikolcheva T, Ashford E, Retout S, Hofmann C, Delmar P, Klein G, Andjelkovic M, Dubois B, Boada M, Blennow K, Santarelli L, Fontoura P. SCarlet RoAD Investigators. A phase III randomized trial of gantenerumab in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9(1):95.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ostrowitzki S, Lasser RA, Dorflinger E, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Nikolcheva T, Ashford E, Retout S, Hofmann C, Delmar P, Klein G, Andjelkovic M, Dubois B, Boada M, Blennow K, Santarelli L, Fontoura P. SCarlet RoAD Investigators. A phase III randomized trial of gantenerumab in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9(1):95.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussière T, Weinreb PH, Williams L, Maier M, Dunstan R, Salloway S, Chen T, Ling Y, O’Gorman J, Qian F, Arastu M, Li M, Chollate S, Brennan MS, Quintero-Monzon O, Scannevin RH, Arnold HM, Engber T, Rhodes K, Ferrero J, Hang Y, Mikulskis A, Grimm J, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Sandrock A. The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2016;537(7618):50–6.CrossRefPubMed Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussière T, Weinreb PH, Williams L, Maier M, Dunstan R, Salloway S, Chen T, Ling Y, O’Gorman J, Qian F, Arastu M, Li M, Chollate S, Brennan MS, Quintero-Monzon O, Scannevin RH, Arnold HM, Engber T, Rhodes K, Ferrero J, Hang Y, Mikulskis A, Grimm J, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Sandrock A. The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2016;537(7618):50–6.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Wang J, Logovinsky V, Hendrix SB, Stanworth SH, Perdomo C, Xu L, Dhadda S, Do I, Rabe M, Luthman J, Cummings J, Satlin A. ADCOMS: a composite clinical outcome for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(9):993–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wang J, Logovinsky V, Hendrix SB, Stanworth SH, Perdomo C, Xu L, Dhadda S, Do I, Rabe M, Luthman J, Cummings J, Satlin A. ADCOMS: a composite clinical outcome for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(9):993–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Jonsson T, Atwal JK, Steinberg S, Snaedal J, Jonsson PV, Bjornsson S, et al. A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline. Nature. 2012;488:96–9.CrossRefPubMed Jonsson T, Atwal JK, Steinberg S, Snaedal J, Jonsson PV, Bjornsson S, et al. A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline. Nature. 2012;488:96–9.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Egan MF, Kost J, Tariot PN, Aisen PS, Cummings JL, Vellas B, Sur C, Mukai Y, Voss T, Furtek C, Mahoney E, Harper Mozley L, Vandenberghe R, Mo Y, Michelson D. Randomized trial of verubecestat for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1691–703.CrossRefPubMed Egan MF, Kost J, Tariot PN, Aisen PS, Cummings JL, Vellas B, Sur C, Mukai Y, Voss T, Furtek C, Mahoney E, Harper Mozley L, Vandenberghe R, Mo Y, Michelson D. Randomized trial of verubecestat for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1691–703.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Trials: Moving Toward Successful Prevention
Authors
Michael S. Rafii
Paul S. Aisen
Publication date
01-02-2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
CNS Drugs / Issue 2/2019
Print ISSN: 1172-7047
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1934
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-018-0598-1

Other articles of this Issue 2/2019

CNS Drugs 2/2019 Go to the issue