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Open Access 01-01-2022 | Review Article

Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review

Authors: Eduardo Geraldo de Campos, Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa, Fabiana Spineti dos Santos, Fernanda Monedeiro, Marcela Nogueira Rabelo Alves, Wilson José Ramos Santos Junior, Bruno Spinosa De Martinis

Published in: Forensic Toxicology | Issue 1/2022

Abstract

Purpose

The use of alternative matrices in toxicological analyses has been on the rise in clinical and forensic settings. Specimens alternative to blood and urine are useful in providing additional information regarding drug exposure and analytical benefits. The goal of this paper is to present a critical review on the most recent literature regarding the application of six common alternative matrices, i.e., oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor in forensic toxicology.

Methods

The recent literature have been searched and reviewed for the characteristics, advantages and limitations of oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor and its applications in the analysis of traditional drugs of abuse and novel psychoactive substances (NPS).

Results

This paper outlines the properties of six biological matrices that have been used in forensic analyses, as alternatives to whole blood and urine specimens. Each of this matrix has benefits in regards to sampling, extraction, detection window, typical drug levels and other aspects. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physical–chemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. For more traditional drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine and amphetamines), there are already data available on the detection in alternative matrices. However, data on the determination of emerging drugs such as the NPS in alternative biological matrices are more limited.

Conclusions

Alternative biological fluids are important specimens in forensic toxicology. These matrices have been increasingly reported over the years, and this dynamic will probably continue in the future, especially considering their inherent advantages and the possibility to be used when blood or urine are unavailable. However, one should be aware that these matrices have limitations and particular properties, and the findings obtained from the analysis of these specimens may vary according to the type of matrix. As a potential perspective in forensic toxicology, the topic of alternative matrices will be continuously explored, especially emphasizing NPS.

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Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Sciences (OSAC) (2021) OSAC research and development needs - alternative matrices. https://www.nist.gov/osac/osac-research-and-development-needs. Accessed 4 Jun 2021

Title: Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review
Authors: Eduardo Geraldo de Campos
Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
Fabiana Spineti dos Santos
Fernanda Monedeiro
Marcela Nogueira Rabelo Alves
Wilson José Ramos Santos Junior
Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
Publication date: 01-01-2022
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Published in: Forensic Toxicology / Issue 1/2022
Print ISSN: 1860-8965
Electronic ISSN: 1860-8973
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-021-00596-5

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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