Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 2/2012

01-06-2012 | Review Article

Alcohol screening and brief intervention among drug users in primary care: a discussion paper

Authors: C. A. Field, J. Klimas, J. Barry, G. Bury, E. Keenan, S. Lyons, B. P. Smyth, W. Cullen

Published in: Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) | Issue 2/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Problem alcohol use is common among problem drug users (PDU) and associated with adverse health outcomes. Primary care has an important role in the overall stepped approach to alcohol treatment, especially screening and brief intervention (SBI).

Aim

To discuss three themes that emerged from an exploration of the literature on SBI for problem alcohol use in drug users attending primary care.

Methods

Material for this discussion paper was gathered from three biomedical databases (PubMed, PsycINFO and Cochrane library), conference proceedings and online resources of professional organisations or national health agencies.

Results

Themes discussed in this paper are: (a) the potential of primary care for delivery of alcohol SBIs to PDUs, (b) screening methods and (c) application of brief interventions to PDUs.

Conclusions

Although SBI improves health outcomes associated with problem alcohol use in the general population, further research is needed among high-risk patient groups, especially PDUs.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ostapowicz G, Watson KJ, Locarnini SA et al (1998) Role of alcohol in the progression of liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 27(6):1730–1735PubMedCrossRef Ostapowicz G, Watson KJ, Locarnini SA et al (1998) Role of alcohol in the progression of liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 27(6):1730–1735PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Darke S, Zador D (1996) Fatal heroin ‘overdose’: a review. Addiction 91(12):1765–1772CrossRef Darke S, Zador D (1996) Fatal heroin ‘overdose’: a review. Addiction 91(12):1765–1772CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Teplin D, Raz B, Daiter J et al (2007) Screening for alcohol use patterns among methadone maintenance patients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 33(1):179–183CrossRef Teplin D, Raz B, Daiter J et al (2007) Screening for alcohol use patterns among methadone maintenance patients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 33(1):179–183CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Nyamathi A, Cohen A, Marfisee M et al (2009) Correlates of alcohol use among methadone-maintained adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 101(1–2):124–127PubMedCrossRef Nyamathi A, Cohen A, Marfisee M et al (2009) Correlates of alcohol use among methadone-maintained adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 101(1–2):124–127PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Joseph H, Appel P (1985) Alcoholism and methadone treatment: consequences for the patient and program. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 11(1–2):37–53CrossRef Joseph H, Appel P (1985) Alcoholism and methadone treatment: consequences for the patient and program. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 11(1–2):37–53CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Stastny D, Potter M (1991) Alcohol abuse by patients undergoing methadone treatment programmes. Br J Addict 86(3):307–310PubMedCrossRef Stastny D, Potter M (1991) Alcohol abuse by patients undergoing methadone treatment programmes. Br J Addict 86(3):307–310PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D (2002) Dual dependence: assessment of dependence upon alcohol and illicit drugs, and the relationship of alcohol dependence among drug misusers to patterns of drinking, illicit drug use and health problems. Addiction 97(2):169–178PubMedCrossRef Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D (2002) Dual dependence: assessment of dependence upon alcohol and illicit drugs, and the relationship of alcohol dependence among drug misusers to patterns of drinking, illicit drug use and health problems. Addiction 97(2):169–178PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Hunt DE, Strug DL, Goldsmith DS et al (1986) Alcohol use and abuse: heavy drinking among methadone clients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 12(1–2):147–164CrossRef Hunt DE, Strug DL, Goldsmith DS et al (1986) Alcohol use and abuse: heavy drinking among methadone clients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 12(1–2):147–164CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O’Connor PG (2000) Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 160(13):1977–1989PubMedCrossRef Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O’Connor PG (2000) Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 160(13):1977–1989PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Babor T, Higgins-Biddle J (2001) Brief intervention for hazardous and harmful drinking. A manual for use in primary care. WHO, Geneva Babor T, Higgins-Biddle J (2001) Brief intervention for hazardous and harmful drinking. A manual for use in primary care. WHO, Geneva
12.
go back to reference Smith LA, Foxcroft D, Holloway A et al (2010) Brief alcohol questionnaires for identifying hazardous, harmful and dependent alcohol use in primary care. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Wiley, Chichester Smith LA, Foxcroft D, Holloway A et al (2010) Brief alcohol questionnaires for identifying hazardous, harmful and dependent alcohol use in primary care. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Wiley, Chichester
13.
go back to reference Ottomanelli G (1999) Methadone patients and alcohol abuse. J Subst Abus Treat 16(2):113–121CrossRef Ottomanelli G (1999) Methadone patients and alcohol abuse. J Subst Abus Treat 16(2):113–121CrossRef
14.
go back to reference McCusker M (2001) Influence of hepatitis C status on alcohol consumption in opiate users in treatment. Addiction 96(7):1007–1014PubMedCrossRef McCusker M (2001) Influence of hepatitis C status on alcohol consumption in opiate users in treatment. Addiction 96(7):1007–1014PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Ryder N, Cullen W, Barry J et al (2009) Prevalence of problem alcohol use among patients attending primary care for methadone treatment. BMC Fam Pract 10:42PubMedCrossRef Ryder N, Cullen W, Barry J et al (2009) Prevalence of problem alcohol use among patients attending primary care for methadone treatment. BMC Fam Pract 10:42PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Babor TF, Campbell R, Room R et al (eds) 1994 Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms. WHO, Geneva Babor TF, Campbell R, Room R et al (eds) 1994 Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms. WHO, Geneva
17.
go back to reference WHO (ed) (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental andbehavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. WHO, Geneva WHO (ed) (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental andbehavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. WHO, Geneva
18.
go back to reference Lawson PJ, Flocke SA (2009) Teachable moments for health behavior change: a concept analysis. Patient Educ Couns 76(1):25–30PubMedCrossRef Lawson PJ, Flocke SA (2009) Teachable moments for health behavior change: a concept analysis. Patient Educ Couns 76(1):25–30PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Kaner EF, Dickinson HO, Beyer F et al (2009) The effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care settings: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 28(3):301–323PubMedCrossRef Kaner EF, Dickinson HO, Beyer F et al (2009) The effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care settings: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 28(3):301–323PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Raistrick D, Heather N, Godfrey C (2006) Review of the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems. National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, London Raistrick D, Heather N, Godfrey C (2006) Review of the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems. National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, London
21.
go back to reference Helander A (2001) Biological markers of alcohol use and abuse in theory and practice. In: Agarwal DP, Seitz HK (eds) Alcohol in health and disease. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 177–206 Helander A (2001) Biological markers of alcohol use and abuse in theory and practice. In: Agarwal DP, Seitz HK (eds) Alcohol in health and disease. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 177–206
22.
go back to reference Berglund M, Thelander S, Jonsson E (eds) (2003) Treating alcohol and drug abuse: an evidence-based review. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim Berglund M, Thelander S, Jonsson E (eds) (2003) Treating alcohol and drug abuse: an evidence-based review. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
23.
go back to reference Allen JP, Litten RZ (2001) The role of laboratory tests in alcoholism treatment. J Subst Abus Treat 20(1):81–85CrossRef Allen JP, Litten RZ (2001) The role of laboratory tests in alcoholism treatment. J Subst Abus Treat 20(1):81–85CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Heather N, Peters TJ, Stockwell T (eds) (2001) International handbook of alcohol dependence and problems. Wiley, Chichester Heather N, Peters TJ, Stockwell T (eds) (2001) International handbook of alcohol dependence and problems. Wiley, Chichester
25.
go back to reference Allen JP, Litten RZ, Fertig JB et al (2001) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: an aid to early recognition of alcohol relapse. Am J Addict 10(Suppl):24–28PubMed Allen JP, Litten RZ, Fertig JB et al (2001) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: an aid to early recognition of alcohol relapse. Am J Addict 10(Suppl):24–28PubMed
26.
go back to reference Javors MA, Johnson BA (2003) Current status of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, total serum sialic acid, sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J and serum beta-hexosaminidase as markers for alcohol consumption. Addiction 98(Suppl 2):45–50PubMedCrossRef Javors MA, Johnson BA (2003) Current status of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, total serum sialic acid, sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J and serum beta-hexosaminidase as markers for alcohol consumption. Addiction 98(Suppl 2):45–50PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Shand F, Gates J, Fawcett J et al (2003) The treatment of alcohol problems: a review of the evidence. Canberra Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing Shand F, Gates J, Fawcett J et al (2003) The treatment of alcohol problems: a review of the evidence. Canberra Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing
28.
go back to reference Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Ansoms S et al (2001) Screening properties of questionnaires and laboratory tests for the detection of alcohol abuse or dependence in a general practice population. Br J Gen Pract 51(464):206–217PubMed Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Ansoms S et al (2001) Screening properties of questionnaires and laboratory tests for the detection of alcohol abuse or dependence in a general practice population. Br J Gen Pract 51(464):206–217PubMed
29.
go back to reference Saunders JB, Conigrave KM (1990) Early identification of alcohol problems. CMAJ 143(10):1060–1069PubMed Saunders JB, Conigrave KM (1990) Early identification of alcohol problems. CMAJ 143(10):1060–1069PubMed
30.
go back to reference Yang MW, Skinner HA (2004) Assessment for brief intervention and treatment. In: Heather N, Stockwell S (eds) Essential handbook of treatment and prevention of alcohol problems. Wiley, Chichester, pp 21–34 Yang MW, Skinner HA (2004) Assessment for brief intervention and treatment. In: Heather N, Stockwell S (eds) Essential handbook of treatment and prevention of alcohol problems. Wiley, Chichester, pp 21–34
31.
go back to reference Talley NJ, O’Connor S (2001) Clinical examination: a systematic guide to physical diagnosis, 4th edn. MacLennan and Petty, Sydney Talley NJ, O’Connor S (2001) Clinical examination: a systematic guide to physical diagnosis, 4th edn. MacLennan and Petty, Sydney
32.
go back to reference Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC (1992) In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol 47(9):1102–1114PubMedCrossRef Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC (1992) In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol 47(9):1102–1114PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Darker C, Sweeney B, El Hassan H et al (2010) Brief interventions are effective in reducing alcohol consumption in opiate dependent methadone maintained patients: results from an Irish cohort. 9–10 Sep 2010, Gothenburg (Sweden) Darker C, Sweeney B, El Hassan H et al (2010) Brief interventions are effective in reducing alcohol consumption in opiate dependent methadone maintained patients: results from an Irish cohort. 9–10 Sep 2010, Gothenburg (Sweden)
34.
go back to reference Bennett GA, Edwards S, Bailey J (2002) Helping methadone patients who drink excessively to drink less: short-term outcomes of a pilot motivational intervention. J Subst Use 7(4):191–197CrossRef Bennett GA, Edwards S, Bailey J (2002) Helping methadone patients who drink excessively to drink less: short-term outcomes of a pilot motivational intervention. J Subst Use 7(4):191–197CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Nyamathi A, Shoptaw S, Cohen A et al (2010) Effect of motivational interviewing on reduction of alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend 107(1):23–30PubMedCrossRef Nyamathi A, Shoptaw S, Cohen A et al (2010) Effect of motivational interviewing on reduction of alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend 107(1):23–30PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Stein MD, Charuvastra A, Makstad J et al (2002) A randomized trial of a brief alcohol intervention for needle exchanges (BRAINE). Addiction 97(6):691PubMedCrossRef Stein MD, Charuvastra A, Makstad J et al (2002) A randomized trial of a brief alcohol intervention for needle exchanges (BRAINE). Addiction 97(6):691PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Zule WA, Costenbader EC, Coomes CM et al (2009) Effects of a Hepatitis C virus educational intervention or a motivational intervention on alcohol use, injection drug use, and sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users. Am J Pub Health 99:S180–S186CrossRef Zule WA, Costenbader EC, Coomes CM et al (2009) Effects of a Hepatitis C virus educational intervention or a motivational intervention on alcohol use, injection drug use, and sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users. Am J Pub Health 99:S180–S186CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Marsden J, Stillwell G, Barlow H et al (2006) An evaluation of a brief motivational intervention among young ecstasy and cocaine users: no effect on substance and alcohol use outcomes. Addiction 101:1014–1026PubMedCrossRef Marsden J, Stillwell G, Barlow H et al (2006) An evaluation of a brief motivational intervention among young ecstasy and cocaine users: no effect on substance and alcohol use outcomes. Addiction 101:1014–1026PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Miller WR, Wilbourne PL (2002) Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction 97(3):265–277PubMedCrossRef Miller WR, Wilbourne PL (2002) Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction 97(3):265–277PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Moyer A, Finney JW, Swearingen CE et al (2002) Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta-analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking populations. Addiction 97:279–292PubMedCrossRef Moyer A, Finney JW, Swearingen CE et al (2002) Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta-analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking populations. Addiction 97:279–292PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Anderson RJ, Collins C, Dalton Y et al (2006) Alcohol aware practice service initiative. Final report-August 2006. Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin Anderson RJ, Collins C, Dalton Y et al (2006) Alcohol aware practice service initiative. Final report-August 2006. Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin
42.
go back to reference Wutzke SE, Conigrave KM, Saunders JB et al (2002) The long-term effectiveness of brief interventions for unsafe alcohol consumption: a 10-year follow-up. Addiction 97(6):665–675PubMedCrossRef Wutzke SE, Conigrave KM, Saunders JB et al (2002) The long-term effectiveness of brief interventions for unsafe alcohol consumption: a 10-year follow-up. Addiction 97(6):665–675PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Gual A, Anderson P, Segura L et al (2005) Alcohol and primary health care: training programme on identification and brief interventions. Health Department of the Government of Catalonia, Barcelona Gual A, Anderson P, Segura L et al (2005) Alcohol and primary health care: training programme on identification and brief interventions. Health Department of the Government of Catalonia, Barcelona
44.
go back to reference Anderson P, Gual A, Colom J et al (2005) Alcohol and primary health care: clinical guidelines on identification and brief interventions. Health Department of the Government of Catalonia, Barcelona Anderson P, Gual A, Colom J et al (2005) Alcohol and primary health care: clinical guidelines on identification and brief interventions. Health Department of the Government of Catalonia, Barcelona
45.
go back to reference EMCDDA (2010) Annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon EMCDDA (2010) Annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon
46.
go back to reference Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF et al (1993) Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–II. Addiction 88(6):791–804PubMedCrossRef Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF et al (1993) Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–II. Addiction 88(6):791–804PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Heather N, Raistrick D, Godfrey C (2006) Review of the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems. National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, London Heather N, Raistrick D, Godfrey C (2006) Review of the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems. National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, London
48.
go back to reference Bohn MJ, Babor TF, Kranzler HR (1995) The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. J Stud Alcohol 56(4):423–432PubMed Bohn MJ, Babor TF, Kranzler HR (1995) The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. J Stud Alcohol 56(4):423–432PubMed
49.
go back to reference Martini J, Wittchen HU, Soares CN et al (2009) New women-specific diagnostic modules: the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Women (CIDI-VENUS). Arch Womens Ment Health 12(5):281–289PubMedCrossRef Martini J, Wittchen HU, Soares CN et al (2009) New women-specific diagnostic modules: the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Women (CIDI-VENUS). Arch Womens Ment Health 12(5):281–289PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB et al (1998) The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med 158(16):1789–1795PubMedCrossRef Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB et al (1998) The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med 158(16):1789–1795PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Bradley KA, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ et al (2007) AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31(7):1208–1217PubMedCrossRef Bradley KA, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ et al (2007) AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31(7):1208–1217PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Selzer ML (1971) The Michigan alcoholism screening test: the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry 127(12):1653–1658PubMed Selzer ML (1971) The Michigan alcoholism screening test: the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry 127(12):1653–1658PubMed
53.
go back to reference Selzer ML, Vinokur A, van Rooijen L (1975) A self-administered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST). J Stud Alcohol 36(1):117–126PubMed Selzer ML, Vinokur A, van Rooijen L (1975) A self-administered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST). J Stud Alcohol 36(1):117–126PubMed
54.
go back to reference Skipsey K, Burleson JA, Kranzler HR (1997) Utility of the AUDIT for identification of hazardous or harmful drinking in drug-dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 45(3):157–163PubMedCrossRef Skipsey K, Burleson JA, Kranzler HR (1997) Utility of the AUDIT for identification of hazardous or harmful drinking in drug-dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 45(3):157–163PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Bush B, Shaw S, Cleary P et al (1987) Screening for alcohol s using the CAGE questionnaire. Am J Med 82(2):231–235PubMedCrossRef Bush B, Shaw S, Cleary P et al (1987) Screening for alcohol s using the CAGE questionnaire. Am J Med 82(2):231–235PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Smart RG, Adlaf EM, Knoke D (1991) Use of the CAGE scale in a population survey of drinking. J Stud Alcohol 52(6):593–596PubMed Smart RG, Adlaf EM, Knoke D (1991) Use of the CAGE scale in a population survey of drinking. J Stud Alcohol 52(6):593–596PubMed
57.
go back to reference Liskow B, Campbell J, Nickel EJ et al (1995) Validity of the CAGE questionnaire in screening for alcohol dependence in a walk-in (triage) clinic. J Stud Alcohol 56(3):277–281PubMed Liskow B, Campbell J, Nickel EJ et al (1995) Validity of the CAGE questionnaire in screening for alcohol dependence in a walk-in (triage) clinic. J Stud Alcohol 56(3):277–281PubMed
58.
go back to reference Hodgson RJ, Alwyn T, John B et al (2002) The FAST Alcohol Screening Test. Alcohol Alcohol 37(1):61–66PubMed Hodgson RJ, Alwyn T, John B et al (2002) The FAST Alcohol Screening Test. Alcohol Alcohol 37(1):61–66PubMed
59.
go back to reference Hodgson RJ, John B, Abbasi T et al (2003) Fast screening for alcohol misuse. Addict Behav 28(8):1453–1463PubMedCrossRef Hodgson RJ, John B, Abbasi T et al (2003) Fast screening for alcohol misuse. Addict Behav 28(8):1453–1463PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Seppa K, Lepisto J, Sillanaukee P (1998) Five-shot questionnaire on heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22(8):1788–1791PubMedCrossRef Seppa K, Lepisto J, Sillanaukee P (1998) Five-shot questionnaire on heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22(8):1788–1791PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Alcohol screening and brief intervention among drug users in primary care: a discussion paper
Authors
C. A. Field
J. Klimas
J. Barry
G. Bury
E. Keenan
S. Lyons
B. P. Smyth
W. Cullen
Publication date
01-06-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) / Issue 2/2012
Print ISSN: 0021-1265
Electronic ISSN: 1863-4362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-011-0748-7

Other articles of this Issue 2/2012

Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 2/2012 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine