Advancing precision medicine in immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis: a novel prognostic model incorporating multi-organ indicators

To develop a more accurate prognostic model that incorporates indicators of multi-organ involvement for immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) Amyloidosis patients. Biopsy-proven AL amyloidosis patients between January 1, 2012, and February 28, 2023, were enrolled and randomly divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 7:3. Prognostic indicators that comprehensively cover cardiac, renal, and hepatic involvement were identified in the training set by random survival forest (RSF). Then, RSF and Cox models were established. The Concordance index (C-index) and integrated brier scores (IBS) were applied to evaluate the models’ performance in the test set. Besides, the net reclassification index (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were calculated. A total of 173 eligible patients were included. After a median follow-up of 25.9 (9.2, 50.3) months, 48 (27.7%) patients died. Creatine kinase-MB, estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 50 mL/min/1.73 m², interventricular septum ≥ 15 mm, ejection fraction, alanine aminotransferase and Live involved were selected to develop prediction models. The RSF model based on the above indicators achieved C-index and IBS values of 0.834 (95% CI 0.725–0.915) and 0.151 (95% CI 0.1402–0.181), respectively. At last, the NRI and IDI of the RSF model were 0.301 (95% CI 0.048–0.546, P = 0.012) and 0.157 (95% CI 0.041–0.269, P < 0.001) at 5-year by comparing the RSF model with the Cox model which is based on the Mayo 2012 staging system. The RSF model that incorporates indicators of multi-organ involvement had a great performance, which may be helpful for physicians’ decision-making and more accurate overall survival prediction.