Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ASCO Annual Meeting 2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Keep up to date with all the top stories and latest evidence with our hub page, including official congress videos and expert takeaways.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2020

Open Access 01-12-2020 | Mood Disorders | Research article

The relation between dietary intakes and psychological disorders in Iranian adults: a population-based study

Authors: Zohreh Sadat Sangsefidi, Masoud Mirzaei, Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Previous studies showed an association between dietary intakes and psychological disorders. This study aimed to assess the association between dietary intakes and psychiatric disorders in Iran.

Methods

In this cross sectional research, the data on 9965 adults were extracted from enrollment phase of Yazd Health Study (YaHS); a population-based cohort study on Iranian adults which was conducted during 2014 to 2016. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco use, history of chronic disease, and dietary assessment were collected using a validated researcher-made questionnaire. Moreover, anthropometric measurement was conducted. Psychological and physical activity assessments were also performed by depression, anxiety and stress scale questionnaire (DASS 21 items) and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) respectively. Finally, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate relation between dietary intakes and psychological disorders.

Results

After adjusting for the confounders, egg (depression: OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52–0.98; anxiety: OR = 0.72, CI: 0.55–0.94), fruits (depression: OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43–0.82; anxiety: OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53–0.91), milk (depression: OR = 0.72, CI: 0.58–0.89; anxiety: OR = 0.73, CI: 0.61–0.87), and yogurt (depression: OR = 0.67, CI: 0.47–0.97; anxiety: OR = 0.54, CI: 0.4–0.73) were found to have protective effects on depression and anxiety. Higher fish consumption was associated with greater depression odds (OR = 1.54, CI: 1.18–2.04). Vegetables’ intake had an inverse relationship with anxiety (OR = 0.74, CI = 0.58–0.93) and stress (OR = 0.59, CI: 0.42–0.82). Fruits (OR = 0.6, CI: 0.43–0.85) and milk consumption (OR: 0.61, CI: 0.47–0.77) were found to have protective effects on stress.

Conclusions

Egg, fruits, milk, yogurt, and vegetables’ consumption had an inverse relationship with psychiatric disorders; whereas, higher fish intake was associated with higher depression chance. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Literature
1.
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 1997;349(9063):1436–42.PubMedCrossRef
2.
WHO: The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope: World Health Organization; 2001.
3.
Wittchen H-U, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jönsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(9):655–79.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Russ TC, Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Starr JM, Kivimäki M, Batty GD. Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2012;345:e4933.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Rooney C, McKinley MC, Woodside JV. The potential role of fruit and vegetables in aspects of psychological well-being: a review of the literature and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72(04):420–32.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):617–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.PubMedCrossRef
8.
WHO: Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. 2017.
9.
Noorbala A, Yazdi SB, Yasamy M, Mohammad K. Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184(1):70–3.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Murakami K, Sasaki S. Dietary intake and depressive symptoms: a systematic review of observational studies. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(4):471–88.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Lai JS, Hiles S, Bisquera A, Hure AJ, McEvoy M, Attia J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(1):181–97.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Hosseinzadeh M, Vafa M, Esmaillzadeh A, Feizi A, Majdzadeh R, Afshar H, Keshteli AH, Adibi P. Empirically derived dietary patterns in relation to psychological disorders. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(02):204–17.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Saneei P, Hajishafiee M, Keshteli AH, Afshar H, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Adherence to alternative healthy eating index in relation to depression and anxiety in Iranian adults. Br J Nutr. 2016;116(02):335–42.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A, Keshteli AH, Roohafza HR, Afshar H, Feizi A, Adibi P. Combined healthy lifestyle is inversely associated with psychological disorders among adults. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146888.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Valipour G, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L, Afshar H, Hassanzadeh A, Adibi P. Adherence to the DASH diet in relation to psychological profile of Iranian adults. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):309–20.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Sanhueza C, Ryan L, Foxcroft D. Diet and the risk of unipolar depression in adults: systematic review of cohort studies. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013;26(1):56–70.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Bishwajit G, O’Leary DP, Ghosh S, Sanni Y, Shangfeng T, Zhanchun F. Association between depression and fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in South Asia. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
McMartin SE, Jacka FN, Colman I. The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and mental health disorders: evidence from five waves of a national survey of Canadians. Prev Med. 2013;56(3):225–30.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Tsai AC, Chang T-L, Chi S-H. Frequent consumption of vegetables predicts lower risk of depression in older Taiwanese–results of a prospective population-based study. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(06):1087–92.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Grosso G, Micek A, Marventano S, Castellano S, Mistretta A, Pajak A, Galvano F. Dietary n-3 PUFA, fish consumption and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Affect Disord. 2016;205:269–81.PubMedCrossRef
21.
El Ansari W, Adetunji H, Oskrochi R. Food and mental health: relationship between food and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among university students in the United Kingdom. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2014;22(2):90.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Suominen-Taipale AL, Turunen AW, Partonen T, Kaprio J, Männistö S, Montonen J, Jula A, Tiittanen P, Verkasalo PK. Fish consumption and polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to psychological distress. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(2):494–503.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Cui Y, Huang C, Momma H, Ren Z, Sugiyama S, Guan L, Niu K, Nagatomi R. Consumption of low-fat dairy, but not whole-fat dairy, is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in Japanese adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017:1–7.
24.
Aihara Y, Minai J, Aoyama A, Shimanouchi S. Depressive symptoms and past lifestyle among Japanese elderly people. Community Ment Health J. 2011;47(2):186–93.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Okubo H, Sasaki S, Arakawa M. Intake of dairy products and calcium and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: a cross-sectional study. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;122(3):336–43.CrossRef
26.
Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Mann N, Hodge A, Brazionis L, Berk M. Red meat consumption and mood and anxiety disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2012;81(3):196–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Ruxton C, Derbyshire E, Gibson S. The nutritional properties and health benefits of eggs. Nutr Food Sci. 2010;40(3):263–79.CrossRef
28.
Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Meyer BJ, Digger R, Berk M. Dietary intake of fish and PUFA, and clinical depressive and anxiety disorders in women. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(11):2059–66.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Bisht AT, Kukreti VT. Food consumption pattern and lifestyle modification traits in relation to the level of stress among individuals of Uttarakhand, India. Int J Soc Sci Manage. 2016;3(4):239–45.CrossRef
30.
Liu C, Xie B, Chou C-P, Koprowski C, Zhou D, Palmer P, Sun P, Guo Q, Duan L, Sun X. Perceived stress, depression and food consumption frequency in the college students of China seven cities. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(4):748–54.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Roohafza H, Sarrafzadegan N, Sadeghi M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The association between stress levels and food consumption among Iranian population. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16(3):145.PubMed
32.
Whitaker KM, Sharpe PA, Wilcox S, Hutto BE. Depressive symptoms are associated with dietary intake but not physical activity among overweight and obese women from disadvantaged neighborhoods. Nutr Res. 2014;34(4):294–301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Noorbala AA, Faghihzadeh S, Kamali K, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Hajebi A, Mousavi MT, Akhondzadeh S, Faghihzadeh E, Nouri B. Mental health survey of the Iranian adult population in 2015. Arch Iran Med (AIM). 2017;20(3).
34.
Bagalman E, Napili A: Prevalence of mental illness in the United States: data sources and estimates. In: Congressional Research Service; 2014.
35.
Shafiei F, Keshteli AH, Pouraram H, Afshar H, Salari-Moghaddam A, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Egg consumption and prevalence of psychological disorders in adults. Eur J Nutr. 2018:1–10.
36.
Sadeghi O, Hassanzadeh-Keshteli A, Afshar H, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. The association of whole and refined grains consumption with psychological disorders among Iranian adults. Eur J Nutr. 2017:1–15.
37.
Mirzaei M, Salehi-Abargouei A, Mirzaei M, Mohsenpour MA. Cohort profile: the Yazd health study (YaHS): a population-based study of adults aged 20–70 years (study design and baseline population data). Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(3):697–98h.CrossRef
38.
Sahebi A, Asghari MJ, Salari RS. Validation of depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian population. Iran Psychol. 2005;4(1):299–313.
39.
Committee IR: Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short and long forms. http://​www ipaq ki se/scoring pdf 2005.
40.
Moghaddam MB, Aghdam FB, Jafarabadi MA, Allahverdipour H, Nikookheslat SD, Safarpour S. The Iranian version of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl Sci J. 2012;18(8):1073–80.
41.
Mikolajczyk RT, El Ansari W, Maxwell AE. Food consumption frequency and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among students in three European countries. Nutr J. 2009;8(1):31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
43.
Pasman W, Blokdijk V, Bertina F, Hopman W, Hendriks H. Effect of two breakfasts, different in carbohydrate composition, on hunger and satiety and mood in healthy men. Int J Obes. 2003;27(6):663–8.CrossRef
44.
Best T, Kemps E, Bryan J. Perceived changes in well-being following polysaccharide intake in middle-aged adults. Appl Res Qual Life. 2012;7(2):183–92.CrossRef
45.
Jacka FN, Maes M, Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Berk M. Nutrient intakes and the common mental disorders in women. J Affect Disord. 2012;141(1):79–85.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Payne ME, Steck SE, George RR, Steffens DC. Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intakes are lower in older adults with depression. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(12):2022–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Kaplan BJ, Crawford SG, Field CJ, Simpson JSA. Vitamins, minerals, and mood. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(5):747.PubMedCrossRef
48.
49.
Zemel MB, Sun X. Dietary calcium and dairy products modulate oxidative and inflammatory stress in mice and humans. J Nutr. 2008;138(6):1047–52.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Bharadwaj S, Naidu TA, Betageri GV, Prasadarao NV, Naidu AS. Inflammatory responses improve with milk ribonuclease-enriched lactoferrin supplementation in postmenopausal women. Inflamm Res. 2010;59(11):971–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
FitzGerald RJ, Meisel H. Milk protein-derived peptide inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme. Br J Nutr. 2000;84(S1):33–7.CrossRef
52.
Miller GE, Stetler CA, Carney RM, Freedland KE, Banks WA. Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(12):1279–83.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Logan AC. Neurobehavioral aspects of omega-3 fatty acids: possible mechanisms and therapeutic value in major depression. Altern Med Rev. 2003;8(4):410–25.PubMed
54.
Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Mykletun A, Williams LJ, Hodge AM, O'reilly SL, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA, Berk M. Association of Western and traditional diets with depression and anxiety in women. Am J Psychiatr. 2010;167(3):305–11.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Pistell PJ, Morrison CD, Gupta S, Knight AG, Keller JN, Ingram DK, Bruce-Keller AJ. Cognitive impairment following high fat diet consumption is associated with brain inflammation. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;219(1–2):25–32.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Sánchez-Villegas A, Toledo E, de Irala J, Ruiz-Canela M, Pla-Vidal J, Martínez-González MA. Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(03):424–32.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Wagner K-H, Elmadfa I. Chemical and biological modulations of food due to the frying process. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2012;82(3):163.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Echarte M, Zulet MA, Astiasaran I. Oxidation process affecting fatty acids and cholesterol in fried and roasted salmon. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(11):5662–7.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Asghari L, Zeynali F, Sahari M. Effects of boiling, deep-frying, and microwave treatment on the proximate composition of rainbow trout fillets: changes in fatty acids, total protein, and minerals. J Appl Ichthyol. 2013;29(4):847–53.CrossRef
60.
Zhang J, Wu D, Liu D, Fang Z, Chen J, Hu Y, Ye X. Effect of cooking styles on the lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of grass carp (Ctenopharynyodon idellus) fillet. J Food Biochem. 2013;37(2):212–9.CrossRef
61.
Shafiei F, Keshteli AH, Pouraram H, Afshar H, Salari-Moghaddam A, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Egg consumption and prevalence of psychological disorders in adults. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(5):1923–32.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Ormstad H, Dahl J, Verkerk R, Andreassen OA, Maes M. Increased plasma levels of competing amino acids, rather than lowered plasma tryptophan levels, are associated with a non-response to treatment in major depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(8):1286–96.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Murakami K, Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Arakawa M. Dietary folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 and depressive symptoms in early adolescence: the Ryukyus child health study. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(8):763–8.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Nabizade L, Yassini-Ardakani SM, Hadinedoushan H, Barzegar K. The effect of 2 different single injections of high dose of vitamin D on improving the depression in depressed patients with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(3):378–85.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Trebatická J, Dukát A, Ďuračková Z, Muchová J. Cardiovascular diseases, depression disorders and potential effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Physiol Res. 2017;(3):66.
Metadata
Title
The relation between dietary intakes and psychological disorders in Iranian adults: a population-based study
Authors
Zohreh Sadat Sangsefidi
Masoud Mirzaei
Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02678-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

BMC Psychiatry 1/2020 Go to the issue

Research article

Socio-economic inequalities in the association between alcohol use disorder and depressive disorder among Thai adults: a population-based study

Research article

Cognitive effort-avoidance in patients with schizophrenia can reflect Amotivation: an event-related potential study

Research article

Newborn Behavioral Observation, maternal stress, depressive symptoms and the mother-infant relationship: results from the Northern Babies Longitudinal Study (NorBaby)

Case report

Case report of first-episode psychotic symptoms in a patient with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease

Study protocol

Online cognitive behavioral therapy enhanced for binge eating disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Research article

A novel construct of anhedonia revealed in a Chinese sample via the Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales