Top

Current Urology Reports

Published in:

Open Access 01-05-2018 | Endourology (P Mucksavage, Section Editor)

Advances in Ureteral Stent Design and Materials

Authors: Ali Mosayyebi, Costantino Manes, Dario Carugo, Bhaskar K. Somani

Published in: Current Urology Reports | Issue 5/2018

Abstract

Purpose of Review

There are three technological parameters that play a key role on the performance of an ideal stent. These are its material, design and surface coating. This article highlights some fundamental developments that took place in these three areas of stent’s technology, in order to contribute to the identification of an ideal stent.

Recent Findings

In addition to technological developments concerning stent’s material, design and surface coating, the flow dynamic performance of stents has recently attracted increasing attention. Notably, it has been postulated that the local flow field in a stent is correlated with the deposition of crystals and microorganisms. These findings could potentially revolutionise future stent’s designs, and complement developments made on materials and coatings.

Summary

The most relevant changes in materials, designs and surface coatings of ureteric stents are reviewed in this article. These are described in the context of a specific cause of stent’s failure they aim to address, with a particular focus on encrustation and biofilm formation.

Jiang J, Zhu FQ, Jiang Q, Wang LF. Extraction of a long-forgotten ureteral stent by ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy. Chinese Med J-Peking. 2004;117(9):1435–6.

Yenicesu M, Aydur E, Yildirim I, Yenicesu F, Seckin B. A long-forgotten indwelling ureteral stent in a renal transplant patient. Transpl Proc. 2004;36(5):1395–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.05.077.CrossRef

Lai DH, He YZ, Dai YP, Li T, Chen ML, Li X. A long-forgotten indwelling single-J stent in a transplant kidney. Jcpsp-J Coll Physici. 2014;24:S152–S4.

Brotherhood H, Lange D, Chew BH. Advances in ureteral stents. Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(3):314–9. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.06.06. PubMedPubMedCentral

• Scameciu I, Lupu S, Pricop C, Morbidity SC. Impact on quality of life in patients with indwelling ureteral stents: a 10-year clinical experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(3):522–6. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.313.6759. Most recent works on stent design, materials and coatings (within the last 3 years)

Giannarini G, Keeley FX, Valent F, Manassero F, Mogorovich A, Autorino R, et al. Predictors of morbidity in patients with indwelling ureteric stents: results of a prospective study using the validated Ureteric Stent Symptoms Questionnaire. BJU Int. 2011;107(4):648–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09482.x.CrossRefPubMed

Singh I, Gupta NP, Hemal AK, Aron M, Seth A, Dogra PN. Severely encrusted polyurethane ureteral stents: management and analysis of potential risk factors. Urology. 2001;58(4):526–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01317-6.CrossRefPubMed

Leibovici D, Cooper A, Lindner A, Ostrowsky R, Kleinmann J, Velikanov S, et al. Ureteral stents: morbidity and impact on quality of life. Israel Med Assoc J. 2005;7(8):491–4.

Dakkak Y, Janane A, Ould-Ismail T, Ghadouane M, Ameur A, Abbar M. Management of encrusted ureteral stents. Afr J Urol. 2012;18(3):131–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afju.2012.08.013.CrossRef

10.

Urinary tract stone disease. Springer; 2011.

11.

Pansota MS, Rasool M, Saleem MS, Tabassum SA, Hussain A. Indications and complications of double J ureteral stenting: our experience. Gomal J Med Sci. 2013;11(1)

12.

Ratner B. Biomaterials science: Academic Press; 2012.

13.

Chew BH, Lange D, Paterson RF, Hendlin K, Monga M, Clinkscales KW, et al. Next generation biodegradable ureteral stent in a Yucatan pig model. J Urol. 2010;183(2):765–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.09.073.

14.

Wei-Jun F, Zhong-Xin W, Gang L, Fu-Zhai C, Yuanyuan Z, Xu Z. Comparison of a biodegradable ureteral stent versus the traditional double-J stent for the treatment of ureteral injury: an experimental study. Biomed Mater. 2012;7(6):065002.CrossRef

15.

Mardis HK, Hepperlen TW, Kammandel H. Double pigtail ureteral stent. Urology. 1979;14(1):23–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(79)90205-X.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Gorman SP, Jones DS, Bonner MC, Akay M, Keane PF. Mechanical performance of polyurethane ureteral stents in vitro and ex vivo. Biomaterials. 1997;18(20):1379–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00070-7.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Tunney MM, Keane PF, Jones DS, Gorman SP. Comparative assessment of ureteral stent biomaterial encrustation. Biomaterials. 1996;17(15):1541–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(96)89780-8. CrossRefPubMed

18.

Abrams HL. Abrams’ angiography: interventional radiology: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

19.

Hendlin K, Dockendorf K, Horn C, Pshon N, Lund B, Monga M. Ureteral stents: coil strength and durometer. Urology. 2006;68(1):42–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2006.01.062.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Christman MS, L'Esperance JO, Choe CH, Stroup SP, Auge BK. Analysis of ureteral stent compression force and its role in malignant obstruction. J Urol. 2009;181(1):392–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.125.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Bregg K, Riehle RA. Morbidity associated with indwelling internal ureteral stents after shock-wave lithotripsy. J Urol. 1989;141(3):510–2.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Pryor JL, Langley MJ, Jenkins AD. Comparison of symptom characteristics of indwelling ureteral catheters. J Urol. 1991;145(4):719–22.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Joshi HB, Chitale SV, Nagarajan M, Irving SO, Browning AJ, Biyani CS, et al. A prospective randomized single-blind comparison of ureteral stents composed of firm and soft polymer. J Urol. 2005;174(6):2303–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000181815.63998.5f.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Lennon GM, Thornhill JA, Sweeney PA, Grainger R, McDermott TE, Butler MR. ‘Firm’ versus ‘soft’ double pigtail ureteric stents: a randomised blind comparative trial. Eur Urol. 1995;28(1):1–5.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Venkatesan N, Shroff S, Jayachandran K, Doble M. Polymers as ureteral stents. J Endourol. 2010;24(2):191–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2009.0516.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Beiko DT, Knudsen BE, Denstedt JD. Reviews in endourology—advances in ureteral stent design. J Endourol. 2003;17(4):195–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/089277903765444294.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Denstedt J. Biomaterials and tissue engineering in urology (Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials): Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2009.

28.

Liatsikos E, Kallidonis P, Kyriazis I, Constantinidis C, Hendlin K, Stolzenburg J-U, et al. Ureteral obstruction: is the full metallic double-pigtail stent the way to go? Eur Urol. 2010;57(3):480–7.

29.

Kirby RS, Heard SR, Miller P, Eardley I, Holmes S, Vale J, et al. Use of the Asi titanium stent in the management of bladder outflow obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 1992;148(4):1195–7.

30.

Song H-Y, Park H, Suh T-S, Ko G-Y, Kim T-H, Kim E-S, et al. Recurrent traumatic urethral strictures near the external sphincter: treatment with a covered, retrievable, expandable nitinol stent—initial results. Radiology. 2003;226(2):433–40. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2262012160.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Papatsoris AG, Buchholz N. A novel thermo-expandable ureteral metal stent for the minimally invasive management of ureteral strictures. J Endourol. 2010;24(3):487–91.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Finney RP. Experience with new double J-ureteral catheter stent. J Urol. 1978;120(6):678–81.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Al-Aown A, Kyriazis I, Kallidonis P, Kraniotis P, Rigopoulos C, Karnabatidis D, et al. Ureteral stents: new ideas, new designs. Ther Adv Urol. 2010;2(2):85–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287210370699.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Finney RP. Externally grooved ureteral stent. Google Patents; 1981.

35.

Skolnick ML. Intra- and extraluminal fluid. In: Real-time ultrasound imaging in the abdomen. New York: Springer New York; 1981. p. 191–212.CrossRef

36.

Anderson DL, Maerzke JT. Spiral ureteral stent. Google Patents; 1989.

37.

Stoller ML, Schwartz BF, Frigstad JR, Norris L, Park JB, Magliochetti MJ. An in vitro assessment of the flow characteristics of spiral-ridged and smooth-walled JJ ureteric stents. BJU Int. 2000;85(6):628–31.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Mucksavage P, Pick D, Haydel D, Etafy M, Kerbl DC, Lee JY, et al. An in vivo evaluation of a novel spiral cut flexible ureteral stent. Urology. 2012;79(3):733–7.

39.

Denstedt JD. Advances in ureteral stent design. Renal Stone Dis. 2007;900:272–7.

40.

Olweny EO, Portis AJ, Sundaram CP, Afane JS, Humphrey PA, Ewers R, et al. Evaluation of a chronic indwelling prototype mesh ureteral stent in a porcine model. Urology. 2000;56(5):857–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00734-2.

41.

Anis RR, Karsch KR. The future of drug eluting stents. Heart. 2006;92(5):585–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.068288.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Liatsikos EN, Karnabatidis D, Kagadis GC, Rokkas K, Constantinides C, Christeas N, et al. Application of paclitaxel-eluting metal mesh stents within the pig ureter: an experimental study. Eur Urol. 2007;51(1):217–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2006.05.054.

43.

Lugmayr H, Pauer W. Self-expanding metal stents for palliative treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction. Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159(5):1091–4. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.159.5.1384298.CrossRef

44.

Barbalias GA, Siablis D, Liatsikos EN, Karnabatidis D, Yarmenitis S, Bouropoulos K, et al. Metal stents: a new treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction. J Urol. 1997;158(1):54–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-199707000-00015.

45.

Burt HM, Hunter WL. Drug-eluting stents: a multidisciplinary success story. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58(3):350–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.01.014.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Kahn SA, Yan Y, Shalhav AL, Elbahnasy AM, et al. Clinical effectiveness of new stent design: randomized single-blind comparison of tail and double-pigtail stents. J Endourol. 2000;14(2):195–202. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2000.14.195.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Yew J, Bellman G. Modified “tubeless” percutaneous nephrolithotomy using a tail-stent. Urology. 2003;62(2):346–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00461-8.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Boston Scientific. Ureteral Stent Portfolio. Boston Scientific.

49.

Davenport K, Kumar V, Collins J, Melotti R, Timoney AG, Keeley Jr FX. New ureteral stent design does not improve patient quality of life: a randomized, controlled trial. J Urol. 2011;185(1):175–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.089.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Netto NR, Ikonomidis J, Zillo C. Routine ureteral stenting after ureteroscopy for ureteral lithiasis: is it really necessary? J Urol. 2001;166(4):1252–4.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Taylor WN, McDougall IT. Minimally invasive ureteral stent retrieval. J Urol. 2002;168(5):2020–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64286-3.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Hafron J, Ost MC, Tan BJ, Fogarty JD, Hoenig DM, Lee BR, et al. Novel dual-lumen ureteral stents provide better ureteral flow than single ureteral stent in ex vivo porcine kidney model of extrinsic ureteral obstruction. Urology. 2006;68(4):911–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2006.05.025.CrossRefPubMed

53.

CookMedical. Resonance Metallic Ureteral Stent brochure.2.

54.

Wah T, Irving H, Cartledge J. Initial experience with the resonance metallic stent for antegrade ureteric stenting. Cardiovasc Inter Rad. 2007;30(4):705–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-007-9043-4.CrossRef

55.

PM Hanno, Guzzo TJ, Wein AJ Penn clinical manual of urology: expert consult - online and print, 2e. Saunders; 2014.

56.

Urinary Stone Disease: the practical guide to medical and surgical management (current clinical urology). 2007 ed. current clinical urology. Humana Press; 2007.

57.

Lennon GM, Thornhill JA, Grainger R, McDermott TED, Butler MR. Double pigtail ureteric stent versus percutaneous nephrostomy: effects on stone transit and ureteric motility. Eur Urol. 1997;31(1):24–9.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Clavica F, Zhao XF, ElMahdy M, Drake MJ, Zhang XL, Carugo D. Investigating the flow dynamics in the obstructed and stented ureter by means of a biomimetic artificial model. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087433.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Ryan PC, Lennon GM, Mclean PA, Fitzpatrick JM. The effects of acute and chronic Jj stent placement on upper urinary-tract motility and calculus transit. Br J Urol. 1994;74(4):434–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1994.tb00418.x.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Patel U, Kellett MJ. Ureteric drainage and peristalsis after stenting studied using colour Doppler ultrasound. Br J Urol. 1996;77(4):530–5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.09298.x.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Monga M. Ureteroscopy (current clinical urology): Springer; 2012.

62.

Md KV. The practice of interventional radiology, with online cases and video: expert consult premium edition - Enhanced Online Features and Print, 1e (Expert Consult Title: Online + Print). Saunders; 2011.

63.

Rowlands AB, Peter FM, Brian. ABC of tubes, drains, lines and frames (ABC series). Wiley-Blackwell; 2008.

64.

• Bach NB, Oliver H, Junaid M, Christian J. Handbook of urinary stents: basic science and clinical applications. JP Medical Ltd; 2016. Most recent works on stent design, materials and coatings (within the last 3 years)

65.

Ureteral stone management: a practical approach. Springer; 2014.

66.

Dyer RB, Chen MY, Zagoria RJ, Regan JD, Hood CG, Kavanagh PV. Complications of ureteral stent placement. Radiographics. 2002;22(5):1005–22. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.22.5.g02se081005.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Paick SH, Park HK, Oh S-J, Kim HH. Characteristics of bacterial colonization and urinary tract infection after indwelling of double-J ureteral stent. Urology. 2003;62(2):214–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00325-X. CrossRefPubMed

68.

• Lasser M, Pareek G. Smith’s textbook of endourology: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Most recent works on stent design, materials and coatings (within the last 3 years)

69.

Wilks SA, Fader MJ, Keevil CW. Novel insights into the Proteus mirabilis crystalline biofilm using real-time imaging. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141711.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

71.

Liatsikos E, Karnabatidis D, Kallidonis P, Siablis D. Metal stents in the upper urinary tract. Woodhead Publ Mater. 2009;2:104–33. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845696375.

72.

• Ducheyne P, Healy K, Hutmacher D. In Comprehensive Biomaterials II. Ducheyne, P, Grainger, DB, Healy, KE, Hutmacher, DW, Kirkpatrick, CJ, Eds 2017:2017. Most recent works on stent design, materials and coatings (within the last 3 years)

73.

Liatsikos E, Kallidonis P, Kyriazis I, Constantinidis C, Hendlin K, Stolzenburg JU, et al. Ureteral obstruction: is the full metallic double-pigtail stent the way to go? Eur Urol. 2010;57(3):480–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2009.02.004.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Grases F, Ramis M, Villacampa A, Costa-Bauza A. Uric acid urolithiasis and crystallization inhibitors. Urol Int. 1999;62(4):201–4.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Hildebrandt P, Sayyad M, Rzany A, Schaldach M, Seiter H. Prevention of surface encrustation of urological implants by coating with inhibitors. Biomaterials. 2001;22(5):503–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00217-9. CrossRefPubMed

76.

Fellström B, Danielson BD, Karlsson FA, Ljunghall S. Crystal inhibition: binding of heparin and chondroitin sulphate to calcium oxalate, sodium urate and uric acid crystals. In: Schwille PO, Smith LH, Robertson WG, Vahlensieck W, editors. Urolithiasis and related clinical research. Boston: Springer US; 1985. p. 831–4.CrossRef

77.

Cauda F, Cauda V, Fiori C, Onida B, Garrone E. Heparin coating on ureteral double J stents prevents encrustations: an in vivo case study. J Endourol. 2008;22(3):465–72.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Watterson JD, Cadieux PA, Beiko DT, Cook AJ, Burton JP, Harbottle RR, et al. Oxalate-degrading enzymes from Oxalobacter formigenes: a novel device coating to reduce urinary tract biomaterial-related encrustation. J Endourol. 2003;17(5):269–74. https://doi.org/10.1089/089277903322145431.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Grill A. Diamond-like carbon coatings as biocompatible materials—an overview. Diam Relat Mater. 2003;12(2):166–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-9635(03)00018-9. CrossRef

80.

Laube N, Kleinen L, Bradenahl J, Meissner A. Diamond-like carbon coatings on ureteral stents—a new strategy for decreasing the formation of crystalline bacterial biofilms? J Urol. 2007;177(5):1923–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.016. CrossRefPubMed

81.

John T, Rajpurkar A, Smith G, Fairfax M, Triest J. Antibiotic pretreatment of hydrogel ureteral stent. J Endourol. 2007;21(10):1211–6.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Stickler DJ, Evans A, Morris N, Hughes G. Strategies for the control of catheter encrustation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19(6):499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00091-2.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Campbell EJ, O’byrne V, Stratford PW, Quirk I, Vick TA, Wiles MC, et al. Biocompatible surfaces using methacryloylphosphorylcholine laurylmethacrylate copolymer. ASAIO J. 1994;40(3):M853–M7.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Lo J, Lange D, Chew BH. Ureteral stents and foley catheters-associated urinary tract infections: the role of coatings and materials in infection prevention. Antibiotics. 2014;3(1):87–97.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Raad I, Hanna H, Jiang Y, Dvorak T, Reitzel R, Chaiban G, et al. Comparative activities of daptomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline against catheter-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus bacteremic isolates embedded in biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(5):1656–60.

86.

Rose WE, Poppens PT. Impact of biofilm on the in vitro activity of vancomycin alone and in combination with tigecycline and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;63(3):485–8.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Cirioni O, Giacometti A, Ghiselli R, Dell’Acqua G, Gov Y, Kamysz W, et al. Prophylactic efficacy of topical temporin A and RNAIII-inhibiting peptide in a subcutaneous rat Pouch model of graft infection attributable to staphylococci with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides. Circulation. 2003;108(6):767–71.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Singh R, Ray P, Das A, Sharma M. Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(9):1955–8.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Minardi D, Cirioni O, Ghiselli R, Silvestri C, Mocchegiani F, Gabrielli E, et al. Efficacy of tigecycline and rifampin alone and in combination against enterococcus faecalis biofilm infection in a rat model of ureteral stent. J Surg Res. 2012;176(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.05.002.

90.

• Yang L, Whiteside S, Cadieux PA, Denstedt JD. Ureteral stent technology: drug-eluting stents and stent coatings. Asian J Urol. 2015;2(4):194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2015.08.006. Most recent works on stent design, materials and coatings (within the last 3 years)

91.

Chung H-H, Lee SH, Cho SB, Park HS, Kim YS, Kang BC, et al. Comparison of a new polytetrafluoroethylene-covered metallic stent to a noncovered stent in canine ureters. Cardiovasc Inter Rad. 2008;31(3):619–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-007-9087-5.

92.

Lange D, Elwood CN, Choi K, Hendlin K, Monga M, Chew BH. Uropathogen interaction with the surface of urological stents using different surface properties. J Urol. 2009;182(3):1194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.05.008. CrossRefPubMed

93.

Nowatzki PJ, Koepsel RR, Stoodley P, Min K, Harper A, Murata H, et al. Salicylic acid-releasing polyurethane acrylate polymers as anti-biofilm urological catheter coatings. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(5):1869–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.032.

94.

Carlson RP, Taffs R, Davison WM, Stewart PS. Anti-biofilm properties of chitosan-coated surfaces. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008;19(8):1035–46.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Yang SH, Lee YSJ, Lin FH, Yang JM, Chen KS. Chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) blending hydrogel coating improves the surface characteristics of segmented polyurethane urethral catheters. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007;83((2):304–13.CrossRef

96.

Siggers JH, Waters S, Wattis J, Cummings L. Flow dynamics in a stented ureter. Mathematical medicine and biology: a journal of the IMA. 2008;26(1):1–24.CrossRefPubMed

97.

Waters S, Heaton K, Siggers J, Bayston R, Bishop M, Cummings L, et al. Ureteric stents: investigating flow and encrustation. Proc Inst Mech Eng H J Eng Med. 2008;222(4):551–61.CrossRef

98.

Carugo D, Zhang X, Drake JM, Clavica F, editors. Formation and characteristics of laminar vortices in microscale environments within an obstructed and stented ureter: a computational study. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2014;2014;, San Antonio, USA

99.

•• Mosayyebi A, Somani B, Zhang X, Manes C, Carugo D. Accumulation of stent encrustations depends on fluid dynamics: in-vitro study on a stent-on-a-chip model. Eur Urol Suppl. 2017;16(7):e2520. Most recent engineering contributions towards improving stent performance (within the last 3 years)

100.

•• Mosayyebi A, Zhang X, Carugo D, Manes C, editors. Effects of fluid dynamics on encrustation in a microfluidic model of the occluded and stented ureter. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2016;2016 Dublin, Ireland. Most recent engineering contributions towards improving stent performance v(within the last 3 years)

101.

Hofmann R, Hartung R. Ureteral stents—materials and new forms. World J Urol. 1989;7(3):154–7.

102.

Mardis HK, KROEGER RM, MORTON JJ, DONOVAN JM. Comparative evaluation of materials used for internal ureteral stents. J Endourol. 1993;7(2):105–15.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Advances in Ureteral Stent Design and Materials
Authors: Ali Mosayyebi
Costantino Manes
Dario Carugo
Bhaskar K. Somani
Publication date: 01-05-2018
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Current Urology Reports / Issue 5/2018
Print ISSN: 1527-2737
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6285
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-018-0779-y

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Advances in Ureteral Stent Design and Materials

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2018

Benefits of Retroperitoneoscopic Surgery in Pediatric Urology

Neuromodulation for Chronic Pelvic Pain

Asymptomatic Renal Stones—to Treat or Not to Treat

Updates on Robotic Intracorporeal Urinary Diversions

Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery—What Does Certification Mean?

Robotic Autotransplantation and Management of Post-transplant Anastomotic Strictures: the Future Is Here